Developmental biology最新文献

{"title":"Keratinization and cornification of avian skin appendages during development. Insights from immunolabeling and electron microscopic studies","authors":"Lorenzo Alibardi","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.02.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The basal cytoskeleton of avian keratinocytes consists in a number of Intermediate Filament Keratins (IFKs, also indicated as alpha-keratins), poor (soft) or rich (hard) in cysteine. In keratinocytes of developing skin appendages Corneous Beta Proteins (CBPs, formerly termed beta-keratins), build most of the corneous material of developing scutate scales, claws, beak and feathers. CBPs derive from a gene locus termed Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC), unrelated to genes for IFKs. CBPs and IFKs belong to two different gene families that evolved independently during the evolution of birds. The evolution of feathers derived from the initial morphogenesis of barb ridges containing specialized proteins. During feather development, the framework of IFKs that combine with CBPs in differentiating keratinocytes, barb and barbule cells, give rise to resistant but flexible corneocytes in feathers and hard corneocytes in scales, claws and beaks. Here, we mainly deal with avian IFKs that are accumulated during the development of skin derivatives of birds, especially downfeathers. The latter are corneous appendages and, when mature, are composed from a prevalent mass of feather-CBPs (fCBPs, formerly indicated as feather beta-keratins). During development fCBPs are deposited over a IFKs cytoskeleton formed in barb and barbule cells, and these small beta-proteins rapidly overcame in amount IFKs, generating the corneous barbs and barbules of downfeathers. This process likely occurs through electrostatic interactions between acidic IFKs and basic CBPs, and later by the formation of covalent bonds (-S-S- and epsilon-bonds). Proteome and molecular studies have sequenced most of IFKs and CBPs of feathers in some species of birds. Most of the proteins extracted from feathers are fCBPs, while a lower amount is constituted from IFKs and other minor proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 196-219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drosophila grainyhead gene and its neural stem cell specific enhancers show epigenetic synchrony in the cells of the central nervous system","authors":"Rashmi Sipani ,&nbsp;Yamini Rawal ,&nbsp;Jiban Barman ,&nbsp;Prakeerthi Abburi ,&nbsp;Vishakha Kurlawala ,&nbsp;Rohit Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancers are the epicentres of tissue-specific gene regulation. In this study, we have used the central nervous system (CNS) specific expression of the <em>Drosophila grainyhead</em> (<em>grh</em>) gene to make a case for deleting the enhancers in a sensitised background of other enhancer deletion, to functionally validate their role in tissue-specific gene regulation. We identified novel enhancers for <em>grh</em> and subsequently deleted two of them, to establish their collective importance in regulating <em>grh</em> expression in CNS. This showed that <em>grh</em> relies on multiple enhancers for its robust expression in neural stem cells (NSCs), with different combinations of enhancers playing a critical role in regulating its expression in various subset of these cells. We also found that these enhancers and the <em>grh</em> gene show epigenetic synchrony across the three cell types (NSCs, intermediate progenitors and neurons) of the developing CNS; and <em>grh</em> is not transcribed in intermediate progenitor cells, which inherits the Grh protein from the NSCs. We propose that this could be a general mechanism for regulating the expression of cell fate determinant protein in intermediate progenitor cells. Lastly, our results underline that enhancer redundancy results in phenotypic robustness in <em>grh</em> gene expression, which seems to be a consequence of the cumulative activity of multiple enhancers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 227-239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinoic acid promotes second heart field addition and regulates ventral aorta patterning in zebrafish","authors":"Austin H.C. Griffin ,&nbsp;Allison M. Small ,&nbsp;Riley D. Johnson ,&nbsp;Anna M. Medina ,&nbsp;Kiki T. Kollar ,&nbsp;Ridha A. Nazir ,&nbsp;Acasia M. McGuire ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Schumacher","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is used reiteratively during vertebrate heart development. Its earliest known role is to restrict formation of the earlier-differentiating first heart field (FHF) progenitors, while promoting the differentiation of second heart field (SHF) progenitors that give rise to the arterial pole of the ventricle and outflow tract (OFT). However, requirements for RA signaling at later stages of cardiogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of RA signaling after the later differentiating SHF cells have begun to add to the OFT. We found that inhibiting RA production in zebrafish beginning at 26 hours post fertilization (hpf) produced embryos that have smaller ventricles with fewer ventricular cardiomyocytes, and reduced number of smooth muscle cells in the bulbus arteriosus (BA) of the OFT. Our results suggest that the deficiency of the ventricular cardiomyocytes is due to reduced SHF addition to the arterial pole. In contrast to smaller ventricles and BA, later RA deficiency also results in a dramatically elongated posterior branch of the adjacent ventral aorta, which is surrounded by an increased number of smooth muscle cells. Altogether, our results reveal that RA signaling is required during the period of SHF addition to promote addition of ventricular cardiomyocytes, partition smooth muscle cells onto the BA and posterior ventral aorta, and to establish proper ventral aorta anterior-posterior patterning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 143-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural crest and periderm-specific requirements of Irf6 during neural tube and craniofacial development","authors":"Shannon H. Carroll ,&nbsp;Sogand Schafer ,&nbsp;Eileen Dalessandro ,&nbsp;Thach-Vu Ho ,&nbsp;Yang Chai ,&nbsp;Eric C. Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>IRF6</em> is a key genetic determinant of cleft lip and palate. The ability to interrogate post-embryonic requirements of <em>Irf6</em> has been hindered, as global <em>Irf6</em> ablation in the mouse causes neonatal lethality. Prior work analyzing <em>Irf6</em> in mice defined its role in the embryonic surface epithelium and periderm, where it regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Several reports have also described <em>Irf6</em> expression in other cell types, such as muscle, and neuroectoderm. However, analysis of a functional role in non-epithelial cells has been incomplete due to the severity and lethality of the <em>Irf6</em> knockout model and the paucity of work with a conditional <em>Irf6</em> allele. Here we describe the generation and characterization of a new <em>Irf6</em> floxed mouse model and analysis of <em>Irf6</em> ablation in periderm and neural crest lineages. This work found that loss of <em>Irf6</em> in periderm recapitulates a mild <em>Irf6</em> null phenotype, suggesting that <em>Irf6</em>-mediated signaling in periderm plays a crucial role in regulating embryonic development. Further, conditional ablation of <em>Irf6</em> in neural crest cells resulted in an anterior neural tube defect of variable penetrance. The generation of this conditional <em>Irf6</em> allele allows for new insights into craniofacial development and new exploration into the post-natal role of <em>Irf6</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic renewal in three ectodermal appendage follicles: Hairs, feathers and teeth","authors":"Ping Wu ,&nbsp;Mingxing Lei ,&nbsp;Randall B. Widelitz ,&nbsp;Cheng-Ming Chuong","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ectodermal appendages display a range of renewal mechanisms, with some undergoing continuous growth and others experiencing cyclic regeneration. The latter requires sustainable epithelial stem cells and mesenchymal niche essential for interacting with these stem cells. Furthermore, certain appendages dynamically adjust their mesenchymal niche in response to environmental factors, such as hormonal fluctuations, sex, and seasonal changes, enabling them to cyclically renew with different appendages phenotypes to adapt to different environments and to different life stages. Here we focus on amniotes, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, which exhibit integumentary adaptations that enable their survival across various ecological environments, from aquatic habitats and terrestrial landscapes to aerial domains. We highlight three representative integument appendage follicles: teeth, feathers, and hairs. Despite independent evolutionary origins, these structures share a fundamental architectural design characterized by the presence of stem cells and mesenchymal niches. They differ in the spatial arrangement and topology of these components. By examining the distinct architectural features of these follicles, we demonstrate the different strategies they use to orchestrate the physiological regenerative cycling, from growth initiation to cessation and molting, and regeneration after wounding. We delve into known molecular controls that govern these processes and unravel the evolutionary insights. We also identify new cell interactions that underlie the emergence of evolutionary novel follicle components. Various amniote scales have evolved independently with different configurations, but all lack follicle architecture and maintain homeostasis using a strategy similar to that of skin. The convergently evolved follicles in hairs, feathers, and teeth utilize different designs to achieve cyclic renewability, allowing them to produce spatially and temporally specific appendage phenotypes, thus enhancing the adaptability of the integumentary interface to external environmental pressures. This, in turn, enriches our understanding of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo) of the integument, shedding light on the intricate interplay between form and function across diverse taxa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 76-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational principles of integumentary organs: Maximizing variations for effective adaptation","authors":"Cheng Ming Chuong,&nbsp;Ping Wu,&nbsp;Zhou Yu,&nbsp;Ya-Chen Liang,&nbsp;Randall B. Widelitz","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integument serves as the interface between an organism and its environment. It primarily comprises ectoderm-derived epithelium and mesenchyme derived from various embryonic sources. These integumentary organs serve as a barrier defining the physiological boundary between the internal and exterior environments and fulfill diverse functions. How does the integument generate such a large diversity? Here, we attempt to decipher the organizational principles. We focus on amniotes and use appendage follicles as the primary examples. The integument begins as a simple planar sheet of coupled epithelial and mesenchymal cells, then becomes more complex through the following patterning processes. 1) <em>De novo Turing periodic patterning process</em>: This process converts the integument into multiple skin appendage units. 2) <em>Adaptive patterning process:</em> Dermal muscle, blood vessels, adipose tissue, and other components are assembled and organized around appendage follicles when present. 3) <em>Cyclic renewal</em>: Skin appendage follicles contain stem cells and their niches, enabling physiological molting and regeneration in the adult animal. 4) <em>Spatial variations</em>: Multiple appendage units allow modulation of shape, size, keratin types, and color patterns of feathers and hairs across the animal's surface. 5) <em>Temporal phenotypic plasticity</em>: Cyclic renewal permits temporal transition of appendage phenotypes, i.e. <em>regulatory patterning</em> or integumentary metamorphosis, throughout an animal's lifetime. The diversities in (4) and (5) can be generated epigenetically within the same animal. Over the evolutionary timescale, different species can modulate the number, size, and distributions of existing ectodermal organs in the context of micro-evolution, allowing effective adaptation to new climates as seen in the variation of hair length among mammals. Novel ectodermal organs can also emerge in the context of macro-evolution, enabling animals to explore new ecological niches, as seen in the emergence of feathers on dinosaurs. These principles demonstrate how multi-scale organ adaption in the amniotes can maximize diverse and flexible integumentary organ phenotypes, producing a vast repertoire for natural selection and thereby providing effective adaptation and evolutionary advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 171-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shroom3 facilitates optic fissure closure via tissue alignment and reestablishment of apical-basal polarity during epithelial fusion","authors":"Jessica A. Herstine ,&nbsp;Jordyn Mensh ,&nbsp;Electra Coffman ,&nbsp;Stephanie M. George ,&nbsp;Kenneth Herman ,&nbsp;Jessica B. Martin ,&nbsp;Ali Zatari ,&nbsp;Heather L. Chandler ,&nbsp;Zbynek Kozmik ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Drysdale ,&nbsp;Darren Bridgewater ,&nbsp;Timothy F. Plageman Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optic cup morphogenesis is a complex process involving cellular behaviors such as epithelial folding, cell shape changes, proliferation, and tissue fusion. Disruptions to these processes can lead to an ocular coloboma, a congenital defect where the optic fissure fails to close. This study investigates the role of Shroom3, a protein implicated in epithelial morphogenesis, in mouse embryos during optic cup development. It was observed that Shroom3 is apically localized in the neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium, and its deficiency leads to a both a conventional coloboma phenotype characterized by a gap in pigmented tissue as well as a unique type of coloboma where an ectopic ventral fold of neural tissue is present. Increased apical areas of both neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelial cells are present in the absence of Shroom3 leading to a greater apical surface area and disruption of optic fissure alignment. Neural retina specific gene ablation revealed that Shroom3 function in the RPE is likely sufficient to facilitate tissue alignment and permit fusion. However, the fusion process is ultimately disturbed due to a failure of the neural tissue to reestablish apical-basal polarity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Shroom3 deficiency also affects other epithelial fusion events in the embryo that rely on polarity reestablishment, such as lens vesicle separation, eyelid formation, and secondary palate closure. These findings highlight the importance of Shroom3 during optic cup morphogenesis, aid our understanding of optic fissure closure and coloboma formation, and implicates a role for Shroom3 in regulating apical-basal polarity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 91-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bud, branch, breathe! Building a mammalian lung over space and time","authors":"Brigid L.M. Hogan","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many mammalian organs, such as the mammary and lachrymal glands, kidney and lungs develop by the process known as branching morphogenesis. An essential feature of this process is the reciprocal interaction between the inner branched tubular epithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme to optimize the final amount of epithelial tissue that is generated for specific functions. To achieve this expansion the initial epithelial population undergoes repeated rounds of bud formation, branch outgrowth and tip bifurcations, with each repertoire requiring dynamic changes in cell behavior. The process of branching morphogenesis was first studied experimentally by Grobstein and others who showed that the embryonic epithelium did not develop without so-called inductive signals from the mesenchyme. However, it was not known whether this activity was uniformly distributed throughout the mesoderm or localized to specific regions. The mouse lung was seen as a powerful system in which to investigate such questions since its early branching is highly stereotypic, both <em>in vivo</em> and in culture. This advantage was exploited by two young scientists, Alescio and Cassini, who used grafting techniques with explanted embryonic mouse lungs. They showed that mesenchyme from around distal buds could induce ectopic buds in the trachea and other non-branching regions of the epithelium. At the same time, distal regions denuded of their mesoderm failed to develop further. They speculated that inductive factors that promote bud formation and continued outgrowth in competent endoderm are specifically localized within the distal mesenchyme, establishing a conceptual framework for future experimentation. Since then, advances in many areas of biology and bioengineering have enabled the identification of gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and biomechanical properties that mediate lung branching morphogenesis. However, a quantitative model of how these parameters are coordinated over space and time to control the pattern and scale of branching and the overall size of the lung, still remains elusive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 64-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A gene regulatory network for specification and morphogenesis of a Mauthner Cell homolog in non-vertebrate chordates","authors":"Kwantae Kim,&nbsp;Katarzyna M. Piekarz,&nbsp;Alberto Stolfi","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is an indispensable process in multicellular development, yet we still do not fully understand how the complex networks of transcription factors operating in neuronal precursors coordinately control the expression of effector genes that shape morphogenesis and terminal differentiation. Here we break down in greater detail a provisional regulatory circuit downstream of the transcription factor Pax3/7 operating in the descending decussating neurons (ddNs) of the tunicate <em>Ciona robusta.</em> The ddNs are a pair of hindbrain neurons proposed to be homologous to the Mauthner cells of anamniotes, and Pax3/7 is sufficient and necessary for their specification. We show that different transcription factors downstream of Pax3/7, namely Pou4, Lhx1/5, and Dmbx, regulate distinct “branches” of this ddN network that appear to be dedicated to different developmental tasks. Some of these network branches are shared with other neurons throughout the larva, reinforcing the idea that modularity is likely a key feature of such networks. We discuss these ideas and their evolutionary implications here, including the observation that homologs of all four transcription factors (Pax3/7, Lhx5, Pou4f3, and Dmbx1) are key for the specification of cranial neural crest in vertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching developmental biology to drive social change: Pedagogy that challenges biologically deterministic views on phenotypic variation","authors":"Julia Paxson","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Discrimination against groups of people based on socially-normed phenotypic variations is commonplace in many societies. The stigmatized phenotypic variations are dependent on specific societal norms but might include features that align with social constructs of race, phenotypic variations that may result in different ability levels, or those that align with social constructs of sex and/or gender identity. Science has contributed to this discrimination through biological essentialism, either by assigning specific undesirable biological characteristics to socially-normed phenotypic groupings, or more recently by assigning a genetic basis for these phenotypic differences. Biological essentialism can promote deterministic views lead to alienation and the persistence of social hierarchies. To overcome this, scientists have a responsibility to create positive changes to decenter practices that contribute to such discrimination. The study of developmental biology straddles the intersection of many biological concepts that have social and political ramifications. This paper outlines a pedagogical approach to create connections between concepts central to developmental biology and broader social issues to which they relate using a biocultural perspective. Specifically, the focus will be on understanding how phenotypes are generated through a combination of biological, environmental and social factors; exploring how deterministic views of biological essentialism contribute to social hierarchies and discrimination (such as racism, sexism, genderism and ableism); and understanding how this discrimination can become embodied through negative chronic and transgenerational biological consequences for stigmatized groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"522 ","pages":"Pages 116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}