Developmental biology最新文献

{"title":"PRDM paralogs are required for Meckel's cartilage formation during mandibular bone development","authors":"Qootsvenma Denipah-Cook ,&nbsp;Bryanna V. Saxton ,&nbsp;Kristin B. Artinger ,&nbsp;Lomeli C. Shull","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mandibular bone development depends on the formation of a cartilaginous anlage Meckel's cartilage derived from neural crest cells (NCC) and intramembranous ossification or direct differentiation of NCCs toward osteoblasts. Wnt/β-catenin signaling drives osteogenic vs chondrogenic differentiation and must be tightly controlled during the differentiation of osteochondroprogenitors. Chromatin remodelers add hierarchal regulation to the activation and repression of crucially timed gene regulatory networks and signaling cascades. In this study, we investigated the function of two chromatin remodelers—histone methyltransferases, PRDM3 and PRDM16 during murine craniofacial development. Conditionally ablating both <em>Prdm3</em> and <em>Prdm16</em> in the neural crest lineage using the Wnt1-Cre driver resulted in dramatic craniofacial phenotypes, including a severely hypoplastic mandible with complete absence of Meckel's cartilage at E18.5. Focusing on the Meckel's cartilage and mandibular bone phenotype, histological analysis demonstrated a significant increase in RUNX2+ osteoblast precursors, and loss of SOX9+ chondrogenic cells, suggesting an increase in osteoblast progenitors at the expense of chondrocytes that would otherwise form the Meckel's cartilage. This was not due to alterations in proliferation or apoptosis, as we observed no significant changes in the number of phosphoH3+ or cleaved caspase3+ cells in the mandibular process at E11.5, suggesting lack of NCC-derived chondrocytes is due to a change in NCC osteochondroprogenitor fate decisions. mRNA transcripts and protein abundance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components were elevated in the mandibular process during initial NCC osteochondroprogenitor condensation events, suggesting PRDM3 and PRDM16 normally restrict expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components during NCC-derived osteochondroprogenitor differentiation to promote chondrogenesis and Meckel's cartilage formation. Taken together, PRDM3 and PRDM16 are required for NCC differentiation toward chondrocytes during Meckel's cartilage formation by controlling proper spatiotemporal Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional activity and this process is necessary for morphogenesis of the developing mandible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 210-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic background influences the extent and severity of cilia-related congenital anomalies in Ift56/Ttc26 mutant mice","authors":"Daisy Xin ,&nbsp;Mycah Sewell ,&nbsp;Elli Emmanouil ,&nbsp;Scott D. Weatherbee","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple congenital anomalies have been linked to defects in the formation or function of a small cellular organelle called the cilium. The severity of cilia-related syndromes (ciliopathies) ranges from viable with fertility defects to embryonic lethal, often with different mutations in the same gene resulting in highly variable phenotypes. While some of the disparity is likely due to differential effects of specific mutations, genetic variants at other loci could serve as ciliopathy modifiers. This could lead to the same mutation causing distinct effects in different individuals. Here, we show that a loss-of-function mutation in <em>Ift56</em>, a key gene involved in cilia protein trafficking, has dramatic phenotypic differences depending on the genetic background in mice. It has previously been reported that in the Balb/cByJ background, <em>Ift56</em>^<em>hop</em> homozygous mutants are viable as adults, males are sterile, and homozygotes move their hindlimbs in tandem, resulting in a hopping gait. In contrast, we demonstrate that in the C57BL/6J background, <em>Ift56</em>^<em>hop</em> homozygotes are perinatal lethal, and have multiple skeletal and organ defects, including the formation of tracheoesophageal fistulas. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that differ between these mouse strains, we show that a modifier of the <em>Ift56</em>^<em>hop</em> phenotype maps to Chromosome 4. Mutations in <em>IFT56</em> and other cilia-related genes are being discovered in a growing number of human patients so understanding the mechanisms of their pathology is critical. Our study highlights the use of mouse models to identify ciliopathy modifier loci, with direct implications for human diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stay or stray: Lpar1 regulates neutrophil retention and epidermal homeostasis in early zebrafish development","authors":"Shih-Chi Li ,&nbsp;Yu-Chi Lin ,&nbsp;Chung-Der Hsiao ,&nbsp;Shyh-Jye Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neutrophils play essential roles in host defense, but the mechanisms governing their developmental distribution remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized function of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (Lpar1) in maintaining neutrophil retention during early zebrafish development. Contrary to its previously described pro-inflammatory role, Lpar1 acts in an anti-inflammatory manner by preventing premature neutrophil dispersal. Mechanistically, Lpar1 regulates the expression of <em>cxcl12a</em> in the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), establishing a novel Lpar1–Cxcl12a signaling axis that governs neutrophil localization. Lpar1 also influences neutrophil mobility through its effects on vascular integrity in the CHT, which is severely disrupted in Lpar1 morphants but may be mildly affected in Lpar1 mutants. Dispersed neutrophils are predominantly recruited to the superficial epidermal layer, where numerous apoptotic cells are present. Collectively, these findings refine current models of immune regulation during development and reveal an alternative mechanism that may contribute to the development of inflammatory skin disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145721424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting the melanocytes of the inner ear: A comparison of different CreER lines","authors":"Mahesh K. Nayak ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Du ,&nbsp;Rene Vielman Quevedo ,&nbsp;Kristina Ly ,&nbsp;Celia R. Bloom ,&nbsp;Martín L. Basch ,&nbsp;Justine Renauld","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inner ear is responsible for hearing and balance. During development, the inner ear undergoes extensive morphogenesis to create a coil shaped cochlea and three semicircular canals from an original flat otic placode. During this morphogenesis, neural crest cells migrate into the inner ear in formation to become either glial cells or melanocytes. The glial cells are located in the cochleo-vestibular ganglion and the melanocytes reside in the stria vascularis in the cochlea and dark cells zone in the vestibule. The stria vascularis pumps potassium ions into the <em>scala media</em>, generating a positive endocochlear potential which is crucial to the mechanosensory cells for auditory signal transduction. Any defect in strial cells leads to the dysregulation of ionic composition of the endolymph, ultimately resulting in deafness. Despite this, we still do not know exactly how the stria vascularis develops and functions.</div><div>To date, there is an absence of Cre driver mouse lines that effectively facilitate the study of individual cell development and functions within the stria vascularis, limiting our ability to understand strial deafness. Furthermore, the use of CreER transgenic mice lines introduces the possibility of poor recombination and non-specific expression. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a mouse line targeting each cell type within the stria vascularis.</div><div>The present study aims to determine the most appropriate CreER transgenic line targeting the melanocytes of the inner ear by comparing three CreER mouse lines related to melanocyte development: <em>Pax3</em>, <em>Dct</em>, and <em>Tyr</em>. The CreER mice were crossed with tdTomato reporter mice and induced with tamoxifen at three time points E11.5, P0, and P28 to study the spatiotemporal recombination in the inner ear. We quantify the recombination efficiency in the intermediate cells at each time point and identify important variations in both efficiency and specificity for the three lines. This study focusing on cochlear and vestibular melanocytes provides a much-needed tool to study melanocyte development and function in the inner ear with spatiotemporal control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 224-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145762612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroporation-based gene delivery and whole-organoid imaging in human retinal organoids","authors":"Keevon Flohr ,&nbsp;Michael Janeček ,&nbsp;Lingyun Wang ,&nbsp;Vicente Valle ,&nbsp;Shaohua Pi ,&nbsp;Rui T. Peixoto ,&nbsp;Susana da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human retinal organoids (hRetOrg) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as powerful <em>in vitro</em> systems for studying retinal development, modeling retinal diseases, and evaluating therapeutic strategies. However, current genetic manipulation approaches, such as stable hiPSC line generation and viral transduction, are laborious and costly, offering limited spatial specificity and high variability in transgene expression. Here, we report a rapid, scalable, and spatially precise electroporation-based platform for efficient plasmid-based gene delivery in early-stage hRetOrg. Our method enables tunable and region-specific transfection of retinal progenitor cells without viral vectors or clonal selection. When coupled with resonant-scanning two-photon microscopy, this approach allows fast live cell imaging of whole organoids with subcellular resolution. Taken together, our versatile system supports high-throughput genetic manipulation and imaging in intact hRetOrg, advancing studies of human retinal development, gene function, and disease pathophysiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 148-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial rotation comprises concurrent twisting and bending as distinct morphogenetic components in Ciona","authors":"Yuki S. Kogure ,&nbsp;Satoru Okuda ,&nbsp;Kotaro Oka ,&nbsp;Kohji Hotta","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Axial rotation (AR), a morphogenetic movement that reshapes the body axis, is widely observed in chordates, including mice and rats. AR involves complex three-dimensional deformations; however, its geometric characteristics and regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, using the chordate <em>Ciona robusta</em> (<em>Ciona intestinalis</em> type A), we demonstrate that AR consists of two differentially regulated components—leftward bending and clockwise twisting along the anterior–posterior axis. A comparison between chorionated and dechorionated embryos revealed that dechorionation randomized the bending direction, while twisting remained consistently clockwise. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling with SB431542 randomized both deformations. Quantitative analysis of twisting angles indicated uniform clockwise twisting along the axis, peaking during the tailbud stage and proceeding in the tail region, independent of the tip, trunk, or myofibril patterning. Although overall twisting was reduced under TGF-β inhibition, the tail exhibited disorganized twisting. The sum of absolute twisting-angle differences in every 10 μm remained comparable to the wild type (WT). This suggests that twisting is intrinsically generated, while TGF-β signaling aligns local twisting into a coordinated global direction. Our findings dissected the mechanisms of AR in <em>Ciona</em> and highlight the multilayered regulation underlying the morphogenesis of the chordate body plan and providing a foundation for understanding its biomechanical and molecular bases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 234-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145741513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-mediated synthesis of biocompatible Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia therapy: A preclinical study in pharmaceutical nanotechnology","authors":"A.B. Pandhare ,&nbsp;S.V. Mulik ,&nbsp;A.S. Patil ,&nbsp;D. Sohn ,&nbsp;N.B. Birajdar ,&nbsp;V.M. Khot ,&nbsp;Moonis Ali Khan ,&nbsp;A. Manikandan ,&nbsp;Lalitha Gnanasekaran ,&nbsp;D.S. Vijayan ,&nbsp;S. Santhoshkumar ,&nbsp;B.E. Keshta ,&nbsp;S.D. Delekar ,&nbsp;R.P. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs an eco-friendly approach to synthesize superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (SPIO) using <em>Aegle Marmelos (A. Marmelos)</em> pulp extract as a surfactant as well as a reducing agent. The pulp extract from <em>A. marmelos</em> is medicinally employed to treat cholera, diabetes, skin infections, earaches, blood purification, and heart problems. Further, the XRD and TEM analyses confirmed the formation of SPIO nanoparticles with a cubic structure and crystallite sizes ranging from 5 to 12 nm. The FE-SEM showed that the SPIO displayed a uniform distribution with quasi-spherical morphology. FTIR evaluation directed the existence of iron-oxygen (Fe-O) bonds, while XPS analysis confirmed iron (Fe) in both +3 and + 2 oxidation states. SQUID studies verify the superparamagnetic nature of the material, with a magnetization (Ms) of 42.02 emu/g. Following characterization, the hyperthermia performance and specific loss power (SLP) of SPIO nanoparticles were systematically explored to assess their dependency on concentration, frequency, and the alternating magnetic field (AC field). These SPIO nanoparticles exhibit excellent hyperthermia proficiency (42–45 °C), with SLP values of 153.48 and 40.33 W/g at concentrations of 1 mg/mL in aqueous media (DI H₂O) and ethylene glycol media (E.G.), respectively, under an AC field (400 A). Furthermore, different concentrations of SPIO were tested for acute toxicity using a static renewal bioassay method. The results indicate non-toxic behavior towards vital organs such as the ovaries, gills, liver, heart, kidneys, brain, and muscles of the benthopelagic fish <em>Cirrhinusmrigala</em>. These findings highlight the potential of the SPIO nanoparticles as biocompatible for magnetic hyperthermia applications (MHT). These newly developed SPIO nanoparticles are suitable for deployment in the medical field, as they exhibit remarkable performance in the treatment of MHT when exposed to an AC field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RhoA signaling pathway is required for planarian intestinal regeneration","authors":"Runqiu Han ,&nbsp;Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Shuqi Li,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Yankai Liu,&nbsp;Qingnan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although some animals are capable of regenerating organs, the mechanisms by which this is achieved are poorly understood. For most tissues and organs, the spatiotemporal dynamics of stem cell differentiation and the fate of tissue that existed prior to injury have not been characterized systematically. Planarians are able to regenerate any missing part of their body after injury, and are thus ideally suited for investigating organ regeneration. Here, we show that <em>Rap1</em>/<em>RhoA</em>/<em>Cofilin</em> pathway is responsible for the intestinal and neural regeneration in planarians. We found that <em>Rap1</em> is enriched in planarian eyes and intestinal tissues. Both <em>Rap1(RNAi)</em> and <em>RhoA</em>(<em>RNAi)</em> animal commence with decreased expression of gut-specific progenitor marker. Meanwhile, knockdown of <em>Cofilin</em>, which co-expressed with <em>RhoA</em>, caused similar phenotypes with <em>RhoA(RNAi)</em>. Moreover, we identified <em>Rnd</em> as a negative regulator of <em>RhoA</em>, the silencing of which recover the defects observed in <em>RhoA(RNAi)</em> animals. Therefore, our findings indicate that <em>Rap1</em>/<em>RhoA</em>/<em>Cofilin</em> pathway is an important regulator of the intestinal regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 248-257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: “Oogenesis: following the pattern and eccentricities”","authors":"Malgorzata Kloc PhD, Dr. Sc.","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 258-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrafish pou3f3b controls saccular/auditory development and marks non-neuronal cells that delaminate from the otic vesicle to promote neuroblast maturation","authors":"Sydney E. Christensen ,&nbsp;Maria Ali ,&nbsp;Jorden N. Holland,&nbsp;Bruce B. Riley","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The zebrafish otic vesicle initially develops with only two sensory maculae, each with distinct functions. The anterior utricular macula is indispensable for vestibular function, while the posterior saccular macula is the primary auditory endorgan in zebrafish. The unique identities of these maculae are specified in the early otic vesicle by differing levels of Fgf vs. Shh signaling, but few downstream effectors have been identified. <em>pou3f3b</em> is the only saccule-specific marker known, but its function has not been established. We generated a knockout allele of <em>pou3f3b</em> and found that it causes a persistent delay in accumulation of saccular hair cells due to a failure to activate saccular expression of <em>fgf3.</em> In addition, saccular hair cells exhibit reduced expression of Otoferlin caused by ectopic expression of <em>neurog1</em>. Defects in saccular hair cell development are fully rescued by misexpressing <em>fgf3</em> or knocking down <em>neurog1</em>. Misexpression of <em>pou3f3b</em> causes loss of utricular <em>pax5</em> expression and further truncates <em>neurog1</em> in the posterior otic vesicle but does not otherwise alter macular development. In addition to regulating saccular development, <em>pou3f3b</em> is also expressed in a previously undescribed population of non-neuronal cells that delaminate from the otic vesicle and migrate together with developing neuroblasts to promote their maturation. Mutant neuroblasts show a marked delay in activation of expression of <em>neurod1</em>, causing a transient delay in accumulation of mature SAG neurons. Thus <em>pou3f3b</em> is required for timely development of SAG neurons and saccular/auditory hair cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"530 ","pages":"Pages 38-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}