Comprehensive Physiology最新文献_第7页

Cell-To-Cell Communication in the Resistance Vasculature. 抵抗血管系统中的细胞间通讯。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210040

D Ryan King, Meghan W Sedovy, Xinyan Eaton, Luke S Dunaway, Miranda E Good, Brant E Isakson, Scott R Johnstone

{"title":"Cell-To-Cell Communication in the Resistance Vasculature.","authors":"D Ryan King, Meghan W Sedovy, Xinyan Eaton, Luke S Dunaway, Miranda E Good, Brant E Isakson, Scott R Johnstone","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210040","url":null,"abstract":"The arterial vasculature can be divided into large conduit arteries, intermediate contractile arteries, resistance arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Resistance arteries and arterioles primarily function to control systemic blood pressure. The resistance arteries are composed of a layer of endothelial cells oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow, which are separated by a matrix layer termed the internal elastic lamina from several layers of smooth muscle cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Cells within the vessel walls communicate in a homocellular and heterocellular fashion to govern luminal diameter, arterial resistance, and blood pressure. At rest, potassium currents govern the basal state of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Multiple stimuli can elicit rises in intracellular calcium levels in either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, sourced from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the extracellular space. In general, activation of endothelial cells results in the production of a vasodilatory signal, usually in the form of nitric oxide or endothelial-derived hyperpolarization. Conversely, activation of smooth muscle cells results in a vasoconstriction response through smooth muscle cell contraction. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-35, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9842518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Strenuous Endurance Exercise and the Heart: Physiological versus Pathological Adaptations. 剧烈耐力运动与心脏:生理与病理适应。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210045

Pedro L Valenzuela, Aaron Baggish, Adrián Castillo-García, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Araceli Boraita, Alejandro Lucia

引用次数: 4

Connexin-Based Channels in the Liver. 肝脏中基于连接蛋白的通道。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220007

Raf Van Campenhout, Kaat Leroy, Axelle Cooreman, Andrés Tabernilla, Bruno Cogliati, Prashant Kadam, Mathieu Vinken

引用次数: 1

Actions of Dendritic Cells in the Kidney during Hypertension. 树突状细胞在高血压患者肾脏中的作用。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210050

Xiaohan Lu, Steven D Crowley

{"title":"Actions of Dendritic Cells in the Kidney during Hypertension.","authors":"Xiaohan Lu, Steven D Crowley","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210050","url":null,"abstract":"The immune response plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and immune cell populations can promote blood pressure elevation via actions in the kidney. Among these cell lineages, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, play a central role in regulating immune response during hypertension and kidney disease. DCs have different subtypes, and renal DCs are comprised of the CD103+ CD11b- and CD103- CD11b+ subsets. DCs become mature and express costimulatory molecules on their surface once they encounter antigen. Isolevuglandin-modified proteins function as antigens to activate DCs and trigger them to stimulate T cells. Activated T cells accumulate in the hypertensive kidney, release effector cytokines, promote renal oxidative stress, and promote renal salt and water retention. Individual subsets of activated T cells can secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17A, and interferon-gamma, each of which has augmented the elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive models by enhancing renal sodium transport. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-dependent classical DCs are required to sustain the full hypertensive response, but C-X3 -C chemokine receptor 1 positive DCs do not regulate blood pressure. Excess sodium enters the DC through transporters to activate DCs, whereas the ubiquitin editor A20 in dendritic cells constrains blood pressure elevation by limiting T cell activation. By contrast, activation of the salt sensing kinase, serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1 in DCs exacerbates salt-sensitive hypertension. This article discusses recent studies illustrating mechanisms through which DC-T cell interactions modulate levels of pro-hypertensive mediators to regulate blood pressure via actions in the kidney. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-15, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10197906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pancreatic Islets as a Target of Adipokines. 胰岛作为脂肪因子的靶点。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210044

Moritz Reiterer, Ankit Gilani, James C Lo

引用次数: 0

The Role of B Lymphocyte Subsets in Adipose Tissue Development, Metabolism, and Aging. B淋巴细胞亚群在脂肪组织发育、代谢和衰老中的作用。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220006

Nicole C Fernandez, Kosaku Shinoda

引用次数: 0

Structure and Function of the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction. 哺乳动物神经肌肉连接的结构和功能。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210022

Leah A Davis, Matthew J Fogarty, Alyssa Brown, Gary C Sieck

{"title":"Structure and Function of the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction.","authors":"Leah A Davis, Matthew J Fogarty, Alyssa Brown, Gary C Sieck","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210022","url":null,"abstract":"The mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) comprises a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic receptor region on the muscle fiber (endplate), and the perisynaptic (terminal) Schwann cell. As with any synapse, the purpose of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the nervous system to muscle fibers. This neural control of muscle fibers is organized as motor units, which display distinct structural and functional phenotypes including differences in pre- and postsynaptic elements of NMJs. Motor units vary considerably in the frequency of their activation (both motor neuron discharge rate and duration/duty cycle), force generation, and susceptibility to fatigue. For earlier and more frequently recruited motor units, the structure and function of the activated NMJs must have high fidelity to ensure consistent activation and continued contractile response to sustain vital motor behaviors (e.g., breathing and postural balance). Similarly, for higher force less frequent behaviors (e.g., coughing and jumping), the structure and function of recruited NMJs must ensure short-term reliable activation but not activation sustained for a prolonged period in which fatigue may occur. The NMJ is highly plastic, changing structurally and functionally throughout the life span from embryonic development to old age. The NMJ also changes under pathological conditions including acute and chronic disease. Such neuroplasticity often varies across motor unit types. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-36, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10461538/pdf/nihms-1921908.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10097811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Does Patient-Applied Testosterone Replacement Therapy Pose Risk for Blood Pressure Elevation? Circadian Medicine Perspectives. 患者应用睾酮替代疗法会导致血压升高吗?昼夜医学展望。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220014

Michael H Smolensky, Ramon C Hermida, Linda Sackett-Lundeen, Ramon G Hermida-Ayala, Yong-Jian Geng

{"title":"Does Patient-Applied Testosterone Replacement Therapy Pose Risk for Blood Pressure Elevation? Circadian Medicine Perspectives.","authors":"Michael H Smolensky, Ramon C Hermida, Linda Sackett-Lundeen, Ramon G Hermida-Ayala, Yong-Jian Geng","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220014","url":null,"abstract":"We reviewed medication package inserts, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports, and journal publications concerning the 10 nonbiosimilar patient-applied (PA) testosterone (T) replacement therapies (TRTs) for intraday serum T patterning and blood pressure (BP) effects. Blood T concentration is circadian rhythmic in young adult eugonadal males, being highest around awakening and lowest before bedtime. T level and 24 h variation are blunted in primary and secondary hypogonadism. Utilized as recommended, most PA-TRTs achieve nonphysiologic T 24 h patterning. Only Androderm® , an evening PA transdermal patch, closely replicates the normal T circadian rhythmicity. Accurate determination of risk for BP elevation and hypertension (HTN) by PA-TRTs is difficult due to limitations of office BP measurements (OBPM) and suboptimal methods and endpoints of ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). OBPM is subject to \"White Coat\" pressor effect resulting in unrepresentative BP values plus masked normotension and masked HTN, causing misclassification of approximately 45% of trial participants, both before and during treatment. Change in guideline-recommended diagnostic thresholds over time causes misclassification of an additional approximately 15% of participants. ABPM is improperly incorporated into TRT safety trials. It is done for 24 h rather than preferred 48 h; BP is oversampled during wakefulness, biasing derived 24 h mean values; 24 h mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) are inappropriate primary outcomes, because of not being best predictors of risk for major acute cardiovascular events (MACE); \"daytime\" and \"nighttime\" BP means referenced to clock time are reported rather than biologically relevant wake-time and sleep-time BP means; most importantly, asleep SBP mean and dipping, strongest predictors of MACE, are disregarded. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-20, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10197911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structure and Functions of the Vagus Nerve in Mammals. 哺乳动物迷走神经的结构和功能。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210042

Matteo M Ottaviani, Vaughan G Macefield

{"title":"Structure and Functions of the Vagus Nerve in Mammals.","authors":"Matteo M Ottaviani, Vaughan G Macefield","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210042","url":null,"abstract":"We review the structure and function of the vagus nerve, drawing on information obtained in humans and experimental animals. The vagus nerve is the largest and longest cranial nerve, supplying structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen. It is also the only cranial nerve in which the vast majority of its innervation territory resides outside the head. While belonging to the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the nerve is primarily sensory-it is dominated by sensory axons. We discuss the macroscopic and microscopic features of the nerve, including a detailed description of its extensive territory. Histochemical and genetic profiles of afferent and efferent axons are also detailed, as are the central nuclei involved in the processing of sensory information conveyed by the vagus nerve and the generation of motor (including parasympathetic) outflow via the vagus nerve. We provide a comprehensive review of the physiological roles of vagal sensory and motor neurons in control of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, and finish with a discussion on the interactions between the vagus nerve and the immune system. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-49, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10216414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Imaging in Pulmonary Vascular Disease-Understanding Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling. 肺血管疾病的影像学——了解右心室-肺动脉耦合。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210017

Katsiaryna Tsarova, Ashley E Morgan, Lana Melendres-Groves, Majd M Ibrahim, Christy L Ma, Irene Z Pan, Nathan D Hatton, Emily M Beck, Meganne N Ferrel, Craig H Selzman, Dominique Ingram, Ayedh K Alamri, Mark B Ratcliffe, Brent D Wilson, John J Ryan

{"title":"Imaging in Pulmonary Vascular Disease-Understanding Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling.","authors":"Katsiaryna Tsarova, Ashley E Morgan, Lana Melendres-Groves, Majd M Ibrahim, Christy L Ma, Irene Z Pan, Nathan D Hatton, Emily M Beck, Meganne N Ferrel, Craig H Selzman, Dominique Ingram, Ayedh K Alamri, Mark B Ratcliffe, Brent D Wilson, John J Ryan","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210017","url":null,"abstract":"The right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary arterial (PA) tree are inextricably linked, continually transferring energy back and forth in a process known as RV-PA coupling. Healthy organisms maintain this relationship in optimal balance by modulating RV contractility, pulmonary vascular resistance, and compliance to sustain RV-PA coupling through life's many physiologic challenges. Early in states of adaptation to cardiovascular disease-for example, in diastolic heart failure-RV-PA coupling is maintained via a multitude of cellular and mechanical transformations. However, with disease progression, these compensatory mechanisms fail and become maladaptive, leading to the often-fatal state of \"uncoupling.\" Noninvasive imaging modalities, including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography, allow us deeper insight into the state of coupling for an individual patient, providing for prognostication and potential intervention before uncoupling occurs. In this review, we discuss the physiologic foundations of RV-PA coupling, elaborate on the imaging techniques to qualify and quantify it, and correlate these fundamental principles with clinical scenarios in health and disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-26, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10216412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3