Comprehensive Physiology最新文献_第6页

Alterations in Pulmonary Physiology with Lung Transplantation. 肺移植对肺生理的影响。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220008

Manish Mohanka, Amit Banga

{"title":"Alterations in Pulmonary Physiology with Lung Transplantation.","authors":"Manish Mohanka, Amit Banga","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220008","url":null,"abstract":"Lung transplant is a treatment option for patients with end-stage lung diseases; however, survival outcomes continue to be inferior when compared to other solid organs. We review the several anatomic and physiologic changes that result from lung transplantation surgery, and their role in the pathophysiology of common complications encountered by lung recipients. The loss of bronchial circulation into the allograft after transplant surgery results in ischemia-related changes in the bronchial artery territory of the allograft. We discuss the role of bronchopulmonary anastomosis in blood circulation in the allograft posttransplant. We review commonly encountered complications related to loss of bronchial circulation such as allograft airway ischemia, necrosis, anastomotic dehiscence, mucociliary dysfunction, and bronchial stenosis. Loss of dual circulation to the lung also increases the risk of pulmonary infarction with acute pulmonary embolism. The loss of lymphatic drainage during transplant surgery also impairs the management of allograft interstitial fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema and early pleural effusion. We discuss the role of lymphatic drainage in primary graft dysfunction. Besides, we review the association of late posttransplant pleural effusion with complications such as acute rejection. We then review the impact of loss of afferent and efferent innervation from the allograft on control of breathing, as well as lung protective reflexes. We conclude with discussion about pulmonary function testing, allograft monitoring with spirometry, and classification of chronic lung allograft dysfunction phenotypes based on total lung capacity measurements. We also review factors limiting physical exercise capacity after lung transplantation, especially impairment of muscle metabolism. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4269-4293, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4269-4293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. 子痫前期与肾脏:病理生理学和临床意义。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210051

Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M Norby, Vesna D Garovic

{"title":"Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M Norby, Vesna D Garovic","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210051","url":null,"abstract":"Preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This group of disorders includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. The body undergoes important physiological changes during pregnancy to allow for normal placental and fetal development. Several mechanisms have been proposed that may lead to preeclampsia, including abnormal placentation and placental hypoxia, impaired angiogenesis, excessive pro-inflammatory response, immune system imbalance, abnormalities of cellular senescence, alterations in regulation and activity of angiotensin II, and oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in upregulation of multiple mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction leading to maternal disease. The clinical implications of preeclampsia are significant as there are important short-term and long-term health consequences for those affected. Preeclampsia leads to increased risk of preterm delivery and increased morbidity and mortality of both the developing fetus and mother. Preeclampsia also commonly leads to acute kidney injury, and women who experience preeclampsia or another hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at increased lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. An understanding of normal pregnancy physiology and the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is essential to develop novel treatment approaches and manage patients with preeclampsia and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4231-4267, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4231-4267"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Beneath the Skin to the Airway Wall: Understanding the Pathological Role of Adipose Tissue in Comorbid Asthma-Obesity. 从皮肤下到气道壁:了解脂肪组织在哮喘-肥胖共病中的病理作用。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220011

Carolyn J Wang, Peter B Noble, John G Elliot, Alan L James, Kimberley C W Wang

{"title":"From Beneath the Skin to the Airway Wall: Understanding the Pathological Role of Adipose Tissue in Comorbid Asthma-Obesity.","authors":"Carolyn J Wang, Peter B Noble, John G Elliot, Alan L James, Kimberley C W Wang","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220011","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a contemporary report on the role of adipose tissue in respiratory dysfunction. Adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, accumulating beneath the skin (subcutaneous), around organs (visceral), and importantly in the context of respiratory disease, has recently been shown to accumulate within the airway wall: \"airway-associated adipose tissue.\" Excessive adipose tissue deposition compromises respiratory function and increases the severity of diseases such as asthma. The mechanisms of respiratory impairment are inflammatory, structural, and mechanical in nature, vary depending on the anatomical site of deposition and adipose tissue subtype, and likely contribute to different phenotypes of comorbid asthma-obesity. An understanding of adipose tissue-driven pathophysiology provides an opportunity for diagnostic advancement and patient-specific treatment. As an exemplar, the potential impact of airway-associated adipose tissue is highlighted, and how this may change the management of a patient with asthma who is also obese. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4321-4353, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4321-4353"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9833755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives. 细胞外基质 (ECM) 和脂肪组织中的纤维化：概述与展望。

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220020

Kai Sun, Xin Li, Philipp E Scherer

{"title":"Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives.","authors":"Kai Sun, Xin Li, Philipp E Scherer","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220020","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220020","url":null,"abstract":"Fibrosis in adipose tissue is a major driver of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. It is characterized by an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during unhealthy expansion of adipose tissue in response to over nutrition. In obese adipose-depots, hypoxia stimulates multiple pro-fibrotic signaling pathways in different cell populations, thereby inducing the overproduction of the ECM components, including collagens, noncollagenous proteins, and additional enzymatic components of ECM synthesis. As a consequence, local fibrosis develops. The result of fibrosis-induced mechanical stress not only triggers cell necrosis and inflammation locally in adipose tissue but also leads to system-wide lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-induced fibrosis will help design therapeutic approaches to reduce or reverse the pathological changes associated with obese adipose tissue. Here, we aim to summarize the major advances in the field, which include newly identified fibrotic factors, cell populations that contribute to the fibrosis in adipose tissue, as well as novel mechanisms underlying the development of fibrosis. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to target fibrosis in adipose tissue for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic diseases and cancer. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4387-4407, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4387-4407"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9957663/pdf/nihms-1872239.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tensions in Taxonomies: Current Understanding and Future Directions in the Pathobiologic Basis and Treatment of Group 1 and Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. 分类上的紧张:1组和3组肺动脉高压的病理基础和治疗的当前认识和未来方向。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220010

Sue Gu, Khushboo Goel, Lindsay M Forbes, Vitaly O Kheyfets, Yen-Rei A Yu, Rubin M Tuder, Kurt R Stenmark

{"title":"Tensions in Taxonomies: Current Understanding and Future Directions in the Pathobiologic Basis and Treatment of Group 1 and Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension.","authors":"Sue Gu, Khushboo Goel, Lindsay M Forbes, Vitaly O Kheyfets, Yen-Rei A Yu, Rubin M Tuder, Kurt R Stenmark","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220010","url":null,"abstract":"In the over 100 years since the recognition of pulmonary hypertension (PH), immense progress and significant achievements have been made with regard to understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment. These advances have been mostly in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), which was classified as Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) at the Second World Symposia on PH in 1998. However, the pathobiology of PH due to chronic lung disease, classified as Group 3 PH, remains poorly understood and its treatments thus remain limited. We review the history of the classification of the five groups of PH and aim to provide a state-of-the-art review of the understanding of the pathogenesis of Group 1 PH and Group 3 PH including insights gained from novel high-throughput omics technologies that have revealed heterogeneities within these categories as well as similarities between them. Leveraging the substantial gains made in understanding the genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of PAH to understand the full spectrum of the complex, heterogeneous disease of PH is needed. Multimodal omics data as well as supervised and unbiased machine learning approaches after careful consideration of the powerful advantages as well as of the limitations and pitfalls of these technologies could lead to earlier diagnosis, more precise risk stratification, better predictions of disease response, new sub-phenotype groupings within types of PH, and identification of shared pathways between PAH and other types of PH that could lead to new treatment targets. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4295-4319, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4295-4319"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10392122/pdf/nihms-1916391.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10573140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback. 黄斑部一氧化氮合成酶 1 Beta 突变在调节肾小管反馈中的作用

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210043

Ruisheng Liu, Luis A Juncos, Yan Lu, Jin Wei, Jie Zhang, Lei Wang, En Y Lai, Mattias Carlstrom, A Erik G Persson

{"title":"The Role of Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Beta Splice Variant in Modulating Tubuloglomerular Feedback.","authors":"Ruisheng Liu, Luis A Juncos, Yan Lu, Jin Wei, Jie Zhang, Lei Wang, En Y Lai, Mattias Carlstrom, A Erik G Persson","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c210043","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormalities in renal electrolyte and water excretion may result in inappropriate salt and water retention, which facilitates the development and maintenance of hypertension, as well as acid-base and electrolyte disorders. A key mechanism by which the kidney regulates renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion is via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), an intrarenal negative feedback between tubules and arterioles. TGF is initiated by an increase of NaCl delivery at the macula densa cells. The increased NaCl activates luminal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) of the macula densa cells, which leads to activation of several intracellular processes followed by the production of paracrine signals that ultimately result in a constriction of the afferent arteriole and a tonic inhibition of single nephron glomerular filtration rate. Neuronal nitric oxide (NOS1) is highly expressed in the macula densa. NOS1β is the major splice variant and accounts for most of NO generation by the macula densa, which inhibits TGF response. Macula densa NOS1β-mediated modulation of TGF responses plays an essential role in control of sodium excretion, volume and electrolyte hemostasis, and blood pressure. In this article, we describe the mechanisms that regulate macula densa-derived NO and their effect on TGF response in physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4215-4229, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4215-4229"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9990375/pdf/nihms-1875149.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aging and Bone Metabolism. 衰老和骨代谢。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220012

Robert J Pignolo

{"title":"Aging and Bone Metabolism.","authors":"Robert J Pignolo","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220012","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in bone architecture and metabolism with aging increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and fracture. Age-onset osteoporosis is multifactorial, with contributory extrinsic and intrinsic factors including certain medical problems, specific prescription drugs, estrogen loss, secondary hyperparathyroidism, microenvironmental and cellular alterations in bone tissue, and mechanical unloading or immobilization. At the histological level, there are changes in trabecular and cortical bone as well as marrow cellularity, lineage switching of mesenchymal stem cells to an adipogenic fate, inadequate transduction of signals during skeletal loading, and predisposition toward senescent cell accumulation with production of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cumulatively, these changes result in bone remodeling abnormalities that over time cause net bone loss typically seen in older adults. Age-related osteoporosis is a geriatric syndrome due to the multiple etiologies that converge upon the skeleton to produce the ultimate phenotypic changes that manifest as bone fragility. Bone tissue is dynamic but with tendencies toward poor osteoblastic bone formation and relative osteoclastic bone resorption with aging. Interactions with other aging physiologic systems, such as muscle, may also confer detrimental effects on the aging skeleton. Conversely, individuals who maintain their BMD experience a lower risk of fractures, disability, and mortality, suggesting that this phenotype may be a marker of successful aging. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4355-4386, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4355-4386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Issue Information. 问题的信息。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cv13i01

引用次数: 0

Adipose Tissue Plasticity in Aging. 衰老过程中脂肪组织的可塑性。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220005

Guan Wang, Anying Song, Marie Bae, Qiong A Wang

引用次数: 1

Circadian Regulation of Hormonal Timing and the Pathophysiology of Circadian Dysregulation. 激素时间的昼夜节律调节和昼夜节律失调的病理生理学。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2022-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220018

Jacob S Moeller, Savannah R Bever, Samantha L Finn, Chayarndorn Phumsatitpong, Madison F Browne, Lance J Kriegsfeld

{"title":"Circadian Regulation of Hormonal Timing and the Pathophysiology of Circadian Dysregulation.","authors":"Jacob S Moeller, Savannah R Bever, Samantha L Finn, Chayarndorn Phumsatitpong, Madison F Browne, Lance J Kriegsfeld","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220018","url":null,"abstract":"Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, daily patterns of behavior and physiology that are essential for optimal health and disease prevention. Disruptions to circadian timing are associated with a host of maladies, including metabolic disease and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and mental health disturbances. The circadian timing system is hierarchically organized, with a master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks throughout the CNS and periphery. The SCN receives light information via a direct retinal pathway, synchronizing the master clock to environmental time. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are ubiquitous, with rhythms generated by interlocking, autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loops. At the level of the SCN, tight cellular coupling maintains rhythms even in the absence of environmental input. The SCN, in turn, communicates timing information via the autonomic nervous system and hormonal signaling. This signaling couples individual cellular oscillators at the tissue level in extra-SCN brain loci and the periphery and synchronizes subordinate clocks to external time. In the modern world, circadian disruption is widespread due to limited exposure to sunlight during the day, exposure to artificial light at night, and widespread use of light-emitting electronic devices, likely contributing to an increase in the prevalence, and the progression, of a host of disease states. The present overview focuses on the circadian control of endocrine secretions, the significance of rhythms within key endocrine axes for typical, homeostatic functioning, and implications for health and disease when dysregulated. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-30, 2022.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"12 4","pages":"4185-4214"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9840451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2