Comprehensive Physiology最新文献_第5页

The Mouse-To-Elephant Metabolic Curve: Historical Overview. 从老鼠到大象的代谢曲线:历史概述。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220003

Jacopo P Mortola

{"title":"The Mouse-To-Elephant Metabolic Curve: Historical Overview.","authors":"Jacopo P Mortola","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220003","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is intuitive that large mammals need more food than smaller ones, it is not so obvious that, relative to their body mass, larger mammals consume less than smaller ones. In fact, on a per kg basis, the resting metabolic rate of a mouse is some 50 times higher than that of an elephant. The fact that metabolism could not be proportional to the mass of the animal was suggested by Sarrus and Rameaux in 1838. The first indication that oxygen consumption (or other indices of metabolic rate, Y) related to the animal body mass (M) according to an exponential of the type Y = a · Mb , where b was about 0.75, was presented by Max Kleiber in 1932. Two years later Samuel Brody had collected sufficient data to construct the first \"mouse-to-elephant\" metabolic curve. The physiological basis of the relationship has been the object of many hypotheses, often accompanied by a great deal of controversy. This historical essay traces the origin of the mouse-to-elephant metabolic function, recalling the earliest concepts of metabolism and its measurements to understand the body size dependency, which is still one of the most elusive phenomena in comparative physiology. A brief look at the metabolic scaling of nonmammalian organisms will be included to frame the mouse-to-elephant curve into a broader context and to introduce some interesting interpretations of the mammalian function. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4513-4558, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Autonomic Cardiovascular Control in Health and Disease. 健康与疾病中的自主心血管控制。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210037

Shahid Karim, Anwar Chahal, Mohammed Y Khanji, Steffen E Petersen, Virend K Somers

{"title":"Autonomic Cardiovascular Control in Health and Disease.","authors":"Shahid Karim, Anwar Chahal, Mohammed Y Khanji, Steffen E Petersen, Virend K Somers","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c210037","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomic neural control of the cardiovascular system is formed of complex and dynamic processes able to adjust rapidly to mitigate perturbations in hemodynamics and maintain homeostasis. Alterations in autonomic control feature in the development or progression of a multitude of diseases with wide-ranging physiological implications given the neural system's responsibility for controlling inotropy, chronotropy, lusitropy, and dromotropy. Imbalances in sympathetic and parasympathetic neural control are also implicated in the development of arrhythmia in several cardiovascular conditions sparking interest in autonomic modulation as a form of treatment. A number of measures of autonomic function have shown prognostic significance in health and in pathological states and have undergone varying degrees of refinement, yet adoption into clinical practice remains extremely limited. The focus of this contemporary narrative review is to summarize the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system and describe the merits and shortfalls of testing modalities available. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4493-4511, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10406398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10321103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects. 醛固酮:肾脏作用和生理效应。

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190043

Jermaine G Johnston, Amanda K Welch, Brian D Cain, Peter P Sayeski, Michelle L Gumz, Charles S Wingo

{"title":"Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects.","authors":"Jermaine G Johnston, Amanda K Welch, Brian D Cain, Peter P Sayeski, Michelle L Gumz, Charles S Wingo","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c190043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c190043","url":null,"abstract":"Aldosterone exerts profound effects on renal and cardiovascular physiology. In the kidney, aldosterone acts to preserve electrolyte and acid-base balance in response to changes in dietary sodium (Na+ ) or potassium (K+ ) intake. These physiological actions, principally through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), have important effects particularly in patients with renal and cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by multiple clinical trials. Multiple factors, be they genetic, humoral, dietary, or otherwise, can play a role in influencing the rate of aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Normally, aldosterone secretion and action respond to dietary Na+ intake. In the kidney, the distal nephron and collecting duct are the main targets of aldosterone and MR action, which stimulates Na+ absorption in part via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), the principal channel responsible for the fine-tuning of Na+ balance. Our understanding of the regulatory factors that allow aldosterone, via multiple signaling pathways, to function properly clearly implicates this hormone as central to many pathophysiological effects that become dysfunctional in disease states. Numerous pathologies that affect blood pressure (BP), electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health are due to abnormal secretion of aldosterone, mutations in MR, ENaC, or effectors and modulators of their action. Study of the mechanisms of these pathologies has allowed researchers and clinicians to create novel dietary and pharmacological targets to improve human health. This article covers the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion, receptors, effector molecules, and signaling pathways that modulate its action in the kidney. We also consider the role of aldosterone in disease and the benefit of mineralocorticoid antagonists. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4409-4491, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11472823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9299283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Issue Information. 问题的信息。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cv13i02

引用次数: 0

Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. 运动对2型糖尿病的预防和治疗。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220009

John P Kirwan, Elizabeth C Heintz, Candida J Rebello, Christopher L Axelrod

引用次数: 3

Alterations in Pulmonary Physiology with Lung Transplantation. 肺移植对肺生理的影响。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220008

Manish Mohanka, Amit Banga

{"title":"Alterations in Pulmonary Physiology with Lung Transplantation.","authors":"Manish Mohanka, Amit Banga","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220008","url":null,"abstract":"Lung transplant is a treatment option for patients with end-stage lung diseases; however, survival outcomes continue to be inferior when compared to other solid organs. We review the several anatomic and physiologic changes that result from lung transplantation surgery, and their role in the pathophysiology of common complications encountered by lung recipients. The loss of bronchial circulation into the allograft after transplant surgery results in ischemia-related changes in the bronchial artery territory of the allograft. We discuss the role of bronchopulmonary anastomosis in blood circulation in the allograft posttransplant. We review commonly encountered complications related to loss of bronchial circulation such as allograft airway ischemia, necrosis, anastomotic dehiscence, mucociliary dysfunction, and bronchial stenosis. Loss of dual circulation to the lung also increases the risk of pulmonary infarction with acute pulmonary embolism. The loss of lymphatic drainage during transplant surgery also impairs the management of allograft interstitial fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema and early pleural effusion. We discuss the role of lymphatic drainage in primary graft dysfunction. Besides, we review the association of late posttransplant pleural effusion with complications such as acute rejection. We then review the impact of loss of afferent and efferent innervation from the allograft on control of breathing, as well as lung protective reflexes. We conclude with discussion about pulmonary function testing, allograft monitoring with spirometry, and classification of chronic lung allograft dysfunction phenotypes based on total lung capacity measurements. We also review factors limiting physical exercise capacity after lung transplantation, especially impairment of muscle metabolism. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4269-4293, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. 子痫前期与肾脏:病理生理学和临床意义。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210051

Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M Norby, Vesna D Garovic

{"title":"Preeclampsia and the Kidney: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Virginia Dines, Sonja Suvakov, Andrea Kattah, Jane Vermunt, Kavita Narang, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Coline Abou Hassan, Alexander M Norby, Vesna D Garovic","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210051","url":null,"abstract":"Preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This group of disorders includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. The body undergoes important physiological changes during pregnancy to allow for normal placental and fetal development. Several mechanisms have been proposed that may lead to preeclampsia, including abnormal placentation and placental hypoxia, impaired angiogenesis, excessive pro-inflammatory response, immune system imbalance, abnormalities of cellular senescence, alterations in regulation and activity of angiotensin II, and oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in upregulation of multiple mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction leading to maternal disease. The clinical implications of preeclampsia are significant as there are important short-term and long-term health consequences for those affected. Preeclampsia leads to increased risk of preterm delivery and increased morbidity and mortality of both the developing fetus and mother. Preeclampsia also commonly leads to acute kidney injury, and women who experience preeclampsia or another hypertensive disorder of pregnancy are at increased lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. An understanding of normal pregnancy physiology and the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is essential to develop novel treatment approaches and manage patients with preeclampsia and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4231-4267, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Beneath the Skin to the Airway Wall: Understanding the Pathological Role of Adipose Tissue in Comorbid Asthma-Obesity. 从皮肤下到气道壁:了解脂肪组织在哮喘-肥胖共病中的病理作用。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220011

Carolyn J Wang, Peter B Noble, John G Elliot, Alan L James, Kimberley C W Wang

{"title":"From Beneath the Skin to the Airway Wall: Understanding the Pathological Role of Adipose Tissue in Comorbid Asthma-Obesity.","authors":"Carolyn J Wang, Peter B Noble, John G Elliot, Alan L James, Kimberley C W Wang","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220011","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a contemporary report on the role of adipose tissue in respiratory dysfunction. Adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, accumulating beneath the skin (subcutaneous), around organs (visceral), and importantly in the context of respiratory disease, has recently been shown to accumulate within the airway wall: \"airway-associated adipose tissue.\" Excessive adipose tissue deposition compromises respiratory function and increases the severity of diseases such as asthma. The mechanisms of respiratory impairment are inflammatory, structural, and mechanical in nature, vary depending on the anatomical site of deposition and adipose tissue subtype, and likely contribute to different phenotypes of comorbid asthma-obesity. An understanding of adipose tissue-driven pathophysiology provides an opportunity for diagnostic advancement and patient-specific treatment. As an exemplar, the potential impact of airway-associated adipose tissue is highlighted, and how this may change the management of a patient with asthma who is also obese. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4321-4353, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9833755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives. 细胞外基质 (ECM) 和脂肪组织中的纤维化：概述与展望。

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220020

Kai Sun, Xin Li, Philipp E Scherer

{"title":"Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives.","authors":"Kai Sun, Xin Li, Philipp E Scherer","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220020","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220020","url":null,"abstract":"Fibrosis in adipose tissue is a major driver of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. It is characterized by an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during unhealthy expansion of adipose tissue in response to over nutrition. In obese adipose-depots, hypoxia stimulates multiple pro-fibrotic signaling pathways in different cell populations, thereby inducing the overproduction of the ECM components, including collagens, noncollagenous proteins, and additional enzymatic components of ECM synthesis. As a consequence, local fibrosis develops. The result of fibrosis-induced mechanical stress not only triggers cell necrosis and inflammation locally in adipose tissue but also leads to system-wide lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-induced fibrosis will help design therapeutic approaches to reduce or reverse the pathological changes associated with obese adipose tissue. Here, we aim to summarize the major advances in the field, which include newly identified fibrotic factors, cell populations that contribute to the fibrosis in adipose tissue, as well as novel mechanisms underlying the development of fibrosis. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to target fibrosis in adipose tissue for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic diseases and cancer. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4387-4407, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9957663/pdf/nihms-1872239.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tensions in Taxonomies: Current Understanding and Future Directions in the Pathobiologic Basis and Treatment of Group 1 and Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. 分类上的紧张:1组和3组肺动脉高压的病理基础和治疗的当前认识和未来方向。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220010

Sue Gu, Khushboo Goel, Lindsay M Forbes, Vitaly O Kheyfets, Yen-Rei A Yu, Rubin M Tuder, Kurt R Stenmark

{"title":"Tensions in Taxonomies: Current Understanding and Future Directions in the Pathobiologic Basis and Treatment of Group 1 and Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension.","authors":"Sue Gu, Khushboo Goel, Lindsay M Forbes, Vitaly O Kheyfets, Yen-Rei A Yu, Rubin M Tuder, Kurt R Stenmark","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220010","url":null,"abstract":"In the over 100 years since the recognition of pulmonary hypertension (PH), immense progress and significant achievements have been made with regard to understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment. These advances have been mostly in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), which was classified as Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) at the Second World Symposia on PH in 1998. However, the pathobiology of PH due to chronic lung disease, classified as Group 3 PH, remains poorly understood and its treatments thus remain limited. We review the history of the classification of the five groups of PH and aim to provide a state-of-the-art review of the understanding of the pathogenesis of Group 1 PH and Group 3 PH including insights gained from novel high-throughput omics technologies that have revealed heterogeneities within these categories as well as similarities between them. Leveraging the substantial gains made in understanding the genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of PAH to understand the full spectrum of the complex, heterogeneous disease of PH is needed. Multimodal omics data as well as supervised and unbiased machine learning approaches after careful consideration of the powerful advantages as well as of the limitations and pitfalls of these technologies could lead to earlier diagnosis, more precise risk stratification, better predictions of disease response, new sub-phenotype groupings within types of PH, and identification of shared pathways between PAH and other types of PH that could lead to new treatment targets. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4295-4319, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10392122/pdf/nihms-1916391.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10573140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1