Comprehensive Physiology最新文献_第5页

Exercise and Experiments of Nature. 大自然的锻炼和实验。

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220027

Michael J Joyner, Chad C Wiggins, Sarah E Baker, Stephen A Klassen, Jonathon W Senefeld

{"title":"Exercise and Experiments of Nature.","authors":"Michael J Joyner, Chad C Wiggins, Sarah E Baker, Stephen A Klassen, Jonathon W Senefeld","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220027","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we highlight the contributions of passive experiments that address important exercise-related questions in integrative physiology and medicine. Passive experiments differ from active experiments in that passive experiments involve limited or no active intervention to generate observations and test hypotheses. Experiments of nature and natural experiments are two types of passive experiments. Experiments of nature include research participants with rare genetic or acquired conditions that facilitate exploration of specific physiological mechanisms. In this way, experiments of nature are parallel to classical \"knockout\" animal models among human research participants. Natural experiments are gleaned from data sets that allow population-based questions to be addressed. An advantage of both types of passive experiments is that more extreme and/or prolonged exposures to physiological and behavioral stimuli are possible in humans. In this article, we discuss a number of key passive experiments that have generated foundational medical knowledge or mechanistic physiological insights related to exercise. Both natural experiments and experiments of nature will be essential to generate and test hypotheses about the limits of human adaptability to stressors like exercise. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4879-4907, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 3","pages":"4879-4907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10853940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9714171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis. 胰岛素对肝脂平衡的调节

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220015

Kahealani Uehara, Dominic Santoleri, Anna E Garcia Whitlock, Paul M Titchenell

{"title":"Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis.","authors":"Kahealani Uehara, Dominic Santoleri, Anna E Garcia Whitlock, Paul M Titchenell","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220015","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes (T2DM) continues to rise worldwide. The liver is a central insulin-responsive metabolic organ that governs whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying insulin action in the liver is essential to our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. During periods of fasting, the liver catabolizes fatty acids and stored glycogen to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In postprandial conditions, insulin signals to the liver to store excess nutrients into triglycerides, cholesterol, and glycogen. In insulin-resistant states, such as T2DM, hepatic insulin signaling continues to promote lipid synthesis but fails to suppress glucose production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Of note, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases encompassing fatty liver, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is linked to abnormalities in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the role of insulin signaling under normal and pathologic states may provide insights into preventative and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a review of the field of hepatic insulin signaling and lipid regulation, including providing historical context, detailed molecular mechanisms, and address gaps in our understanding of hepatic lipid regulation and the derangements under insulin-resistant conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4785-4809, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 3","pages":"4785-4809"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10760932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9714172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gallstone and Gallbladder Disease: Biliary Tract and Cholangiopathies. 胆结石和胆囊疾病：胆道和胆管疾病。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220028

Ludovica Ceci, Yuyan Han, Kelsey Krutsinger, Leonardo Baiocchi, Nan Wu, Debjyoti Kundu, Konstantina Kyritsi, Tianhao Zhou, Eugenio Gaudio, Heather Francis, Gianfranco Alpini, Lindsey Kennedy

{"title":"Gallstone and Gallbladder Disease: Biliary Tract and Cholangiopathies.","authors":"Ludovica Ceci, Yuyan Han, Kelsey Krutsinger, Leonardo Baiocchi, Nan Wu, Debjyoti Kundu, Konstantina Kyritsi, Tianhao Zhou, Eugenio Gaudio, Heather Francis, Gianfranco Alpini, Lindsey Kennedy","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c220028","url":null,"abstract":"Cholestatic liver diseases are named primarily due to the blockage of bile flow and buildup of bile acids in the liver. Cholestasis can occur in cholangiopathies, fatty liver diseases, and during COVID-19 infection. Most literature evaluates damage occurring to the intrahepatic biliary tree during cholestasis; however, there may be associations between liver damage and gallbladder damage. Gallbladder damage can manifest as acute or chronic inflammation, perforation, polyps, cancer, and most commonly gallstones. Considering the gallbladder is an extension of the intrahepatic biliary network, and both tissues are lined by biliary epithelial cells that share common mechanisms and properties, it is worth further evaluation to understand the association between bile duct and gallbladder damage. In this comprehensive article, we discuss background information of the biliary tree and gallbladder, from function, damage, and therapeutic approaches. We then discuss published findings that identify gallbladder disorders in various liver diseases. Lastly, we provide the clinical aspect of gallbladder disorders in liver diseases and ways to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for congruent diagnosis. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4909-4943, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 3","pages":"4909-4943"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9714173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physiology of the Wildland Firefighter: Managing Extreme Energy Demands in Hostile, Smoky, Mountainous Environments. 野外消防员的生理学:在恶劣的、烟雾弥漫的、多山的环境中管理极端的能量需求。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220016

Brent C Ruby, Robert H Coker, Joe Sol, John Quindry, Scott J Montain

{"title":"Physiology of the Wildland Firefighter: Managing Extreme Energy Demands in Hostile, Smoky, Mountainous Environments.","authors":"Brent C Ruby, Robert H Coker, Joe Sol, John Quindry, Scott J Montain","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220016","url":null,"abstract":"Wildland firefighters (WLFFs) are inserted as the front-line defense to minimize loss of natural resources, property, and human life when fires erupt in forested regions of the world. The WLFF occupation is physically demanding as exemplified by total daily energy expenditures that can exceed 25 MJ/day (6000 calories). WLFFs must also cope with complex physical and environmental situations (i.e., heat, altitude, smoke, compromised sleep, elevated stress) which challenge thermoregulatory responses, impair recovery, and increase short- and long-term injury/health risks while presenting logistical obstacles to nutrient and fluid replenishment. The occupation also imposes emotional strain on both the firefighter and their families. The long-term implications of wildfire management and suppression on the physical and mental health of WLFFs are significant, as the frequency and intensity of wildland fire outbreaks as well as the duration of the fire season is lengthening and expected to continue to expand over the next three decades. This article details the physical demands and emerging health concerns facing WLFFs, in addition to the challenges that the U.S. Forest Service and other international agencies must address to protect the health and performance of WLFFs and their ability to endure the strain of an increasingly dangerous work environment. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4587-4615, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 2","pages":"4587-4615"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pathogenesis of E-Cigarette Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). 电子烟雾化产品使用相关肺损伤(EVALI)的发病机制。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220022

Irina Petrache, Arnav Gupta, Patrick S Hume, Tanner Rivera, Kelly S Schweitzer, Hong Wei Chu

{"title":"Pathogenesis of E-Cigarette Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI).","authors":"Irina Petrache, Arnav Gupta, Patrick S Hume, Tanner Rivera, Kelly S Schweitzer, Hong Wei Chu","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220022","url":null,"abstract":"EVALI is an acute inflammatory disease in response to lung cell injury induced by electronic cigarettes and vaping devices (EV) frequently containing Vitamin E Acetate or tetrahydrocannabinol additives, in the context of risk factors such as microbial exposure. EVALI resembles a respiratory viral illness that may progress to acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but can also affect extra pulmonary organs. Manifestations may be severe, leading to death or long-term morbidity and current treatments are largely supportive. While COVID-19 has demanded public and research attention, EVALI continues to affect young individuals and its better understanding via research remains a priority. Although clinical research led to improved recognition of triggers, clinical and pathological manifestations, and natural course of EVALI, important questions remain that require a better understanding of disease pathogenesis. Preclinical models utilizing laboratory animals and cell or tissue culture platforms provide insight into the physiologic and mechanistic consequences of acute and chronic EV exposure, including the characteristics of the respiratory dysfunction and inflammatory response. However, a key limitation in the field is the absence of an established animal model of EVALI. Important areas of research emphasis include identifying triggers and risk factors to understand why only certain vapers develop EVALI, the role of specific lung immune and structural cells in the pathogenesis of EVALI, and the most important molecular mediators and therapeutic targets in EVALI. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4617-4630, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 2","pages":"4617-4630"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Mouse-To-Elephant Metabolic Curve: Historical Overview. 从老鼠到大象的代谢曲线:历史概述。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220003

Jacopo P Mortola

{"title":"The Mouse-To-Elephant Metabolic Curve: Historical Overview.","authors":"Jacopo P Mortola","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c220003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c220003","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is intuitive that large mammals need more food than smaller ones, it is not so obvious that, relative to their body mass, larger mammals consume less than smaller ones. In fact, on a per kg basis, the resting metabolic rate of a mouse is some 50 times higher than that of an elephant. The fact that metabolism could not be proportional to the mass of the animal was suggested by Sarrus and Rameaux in 1838. The first indication that oxygen consumption (or other indices of metabolic rate, Y) related to the animal body mass (M) according to an exponential of the type Y = a · Mb , where b was about 0.75, was presented by Max Kleiber in 1932. Two years later Samuel Brody had collected sufficient data to construct the first \"mouse-to-elephant\" metabolic curve. The physiological basis of the relationship has been the object of many hypotheses, often accompanied by a great deal of controversy. This historical essay traces the origin of the mouse-to-elephant metabolic function, recalling the earliest concepts of metabolism and its measurements to understand the body size dependency, which is still one of the most elusive phenomena in comparative physiology. A brief look at the metabolic scaling of nonmammalian organisms will be included to frame the mouse-to-elephant curve into a broader context and to introduce some interesting interpretations of the mammalian function. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4513-4558, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 2","pages":"4513-4558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects. 醛固酮:肾脏作用和生理效应。

IF 4.2 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190043

Jermaine G Johnston, Amanda K Welch, Brian D Cain, Peter P Sayeski, Michelle L Gumz, Charles S Wingo

{"title":"Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects.","authors":"Jermaine G Johnston, Amanda K Welch, Brian D Cain, Peter P Sayeski, Michelle L Gumz, Charles S Wingo","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c190043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c190043","url":null,"abstract":"Aldosterone exerts profound effects on renal and cardiovascular physiology. In the kidney, aldosterone acts to preserve electrolyte and acid-base balance in response to changes in dietary sodium (Na+ ) or potassium (K+ ) intake. These physiological actions, principally through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), have important effects particularly in patients with renal and cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by multiple clinical trials. Multiple factors, be they genetic, humoral, dietary, or otherwise, can play a role in influencing the rate of aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Normally, aldosterone secretion and action respond to dietary Na+ intake. In the kidney, the distal nephron and collecting duct are the main targets of aldosterone and MR action, which stimulates Na+ absorption in part via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), the principal channel responsible for the fine-tuning of Na+ balance. Our understanding of the regulatory factors that allow aldosterone, via multiple signaling pathways, to function properly clearly implicates this hormone as central to many pathophysiological effects that become dysfunctional in disease states. Numerous pathologies that affect blood pressure (BP), electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health are due to abnormal secretion of aldosterone, mutations in MR, ENaC, or effectors and modulators of their action. Study of the mechanisms of these pathologies has allowed researchers and clinicians to create novel dietary and pharmacological targets to improve human health. This article covers the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion, receptors, effector molecules, and signaling pathways that modulate its action in the kidney. We also consider the role of aldosterone in disease and the benefit of mineralocorticoid antagonists. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4409-4491, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 2","pages":"4409-4491"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11472823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9299283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Autonomic Cardiovascular Control in Health and Disease. 健康与疾病中的自主心血管控制。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210037

Shahid Karim, Anwar Chahal, Mohammed Y Khanji, Steffen E Petersen, Virend K Somers

{"title":"Autonomic Cardiovascular Control in Health and Disease.","authors":"Shahid Karim, Anwar Chahal, Mohammed Y Khanji, Steffen E Petersen, Virend K Somers","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cphy.c210037","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomic neural control of the cardiovascular system is formed of complex and dynamic processes able to adjust rapidly to mitigate perturbations in hemodynamics and maintain homeostasis. Alterations in autonomic control feature in the development or progression of a multitude of diseases with wide-ranging physiological implications given the neural system's responsibility for controlling inotropy, chronotropy, lusitropy, and dromotropy. Imbalances in sympathetic and parasympathetic neural control are also implicated in the development of arrhythmia in several cardiovascular conditions sparking interest in autonomic modulation as a form of treatment. A number of measures of autonomic function have shown prognostic significance in health and in pathological states and have undergone varying degrees of refinement, yet adoption into clinical practice remains extremely limited. The focus of this contemporary narrative review is to summarize the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system and describe the merits and shortfalls of testing modalities available. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4493-4511, 2023.","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 2","pages":"4493-4511"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10406398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10321103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Issue Information. 问题的信息。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cv13i02

引用次数: 0

Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. 运动对2型糖尿病的预防和治疗。

IF 5.8 2区医学

Comprehensive Physiology Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220009

John P Kirwan, Elizabeth C Heintz, Candida J Rebello, Christopher L Axelrod

引用次数: 3