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{"title":"Neuromuscular Transmission in a Biological Context.","authors":"Clarke R Slater","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c240001","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromuscular transmission is the process by which motor neurons activate muscle contraction and thus plays an essential role in generating the purposeful body movements that aid survival. While many features of this process are common throughout the Animal Kingdom, such as the release of transmitter in multimolecular \"quanta,\" and the response to it by opening ligand-gated postsynaptic ion channels, there is also much diversity between and within species. Much of this diversity is associated with specialization for either slow, sustained movements such as maintain posture or fast but brief movements used during escape or prey capture. In invertebrates, with hydrostatic and exoskeletons, most motor neurons evoke graded depolarizations of the muscle which cause graded muscle contractions. By contrast, vertebrate motor neurons trigger action potentials in the muscle fibers which give rise to all-or-none contractions. The properties of neuromuscular transmission, in particular the intensity and persistence of transmitter release, reflect these differences. Neuromuscular transmission varies both between and within individual animals, which often have distinct tonic and phasic subsystems. Adaptive plasticity of neuromuscular transmission, on a range of time scales, occurs in many species. This article describes the main steps in neuromuscular transmission and how they vary in a number of \"model\" species, including C. elegans , Drosophila , zebrafish, mice, and humans. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5641-5702, 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"14 4","pages":"5641-5702"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Comprehensive Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c240001","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Neuromuscular transmission is the process by which motor neurons activate muscle contraction and thus plays an essential role in generating the purposeful body movements that aid survival. While many features of this process are common throughout the Animal Kingdom, such as the release of transmitter in multimolecular "quanta," and the response to it by opening ligand-gated postsynaptic ion channels, there is also much diversity between and within species. Much of this diversity is associated with specialization for either slow, sustained movements such as maintain posture or fast but brief movements used during escape or prey capture. In invertebrates, with hydrostatic and exoskeletons, most motor neurons evoke graded depolarizations of the muscle which cause graded muscle contractions. By contrast, vertebrate motor neurons trigger action potentials in the muscle fibers which give rise to all-or-none contractions. The properties of neuromuscular transmission, in particular the intensity and persistence of transmitter release, reflect these differences. Neuromuscular transmission varies both between and within individual animals, which often have distinct tonic and phasic subsystems. Adaptive plasticity of neuromuscular transmission, on a range of time scales, occurs in many species. This article describes the main steps in neuromuscular transmission and how they vary in a number of "model" species, including C. elegans , Drosophila , zebrafish, mice, and humans. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5641-5702, 2024.
生物学背景下的神经肌肉传递。
神经肌肉传递是运动神经元激活肌肉收缩的过程,因此在产生有助于生存的有目的的肢体运动方面起着至关重要的作用。虽然这一过程的许多特征在整个动物界都是相同的,例如以多分子 "量子 "形式释放递质,以及通过打开配体门控突触后离子通道对其做出反应,但在物种之间和物种内部也存在许多多样性。这种多样性在很大程度上与以下两种运动的专门化有关:一种是缓慢、持续的运动,如保持姿势;另一种是快速但短暂的运动,用于逃跑或捕获猎物。在无脊椎动物中,由于有静水和外骨骼,大多数运动神经元会唤起肌肉的分级去极化,从而引起肌肉的分级收缩。相比之下,脊椎动物的运动神经元会触发肌纤维中的动作电位,从而引起全收缩或无收缩。神经肌肉传导的特性,尤其是递质释放的强度和持续性,反映了这些差异。神经肌肉传递在动物个体之间和个体内部都存在差异,动物个体通常具有不同的强直和相位子系统。在许多物种中,神经肌肉传导在不同时间尺度上具有适应性可塑性。本文介绍了神经肌肉传导的主要步骤,以及这些步骤在一些 "模式 "物种中的变化情况,包括秀丽隐杆线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠和人类。© 2024 美国生理学会。Compr Physiol 14:5641-5702, 2024.
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