Communications Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Publisher Correction: The mean state of the tropical Pacific Ocean differed between the Medieval Warm Period and the Industrial Era","authors":"Shiwei Jiang, Xin Zhou, Julian P. Sachs, Zhibo Li, Luyao Tu, Yiyi Lin, Xuanqiao Liu, Anze Chen, Yanan Shen","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00777-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00777-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00777-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47535804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poroelastic stress relaxation, slip stress transfer and friction weakening controlled post-injection seismicity at the Basel Enhanced Geothermal System","authors":"Auregan Boyet, Silvia De Simone, Shemin Ge, Víctor Vilarrasa","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00764-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00764-y","url":null,"abstract":"Induced seismicity is a limiting factor for the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). Its causal mechanisms are not fully understood, especially those of post-injection seismicity. To better understand the mechanisms that induced seismicity in the controversial case of the Basel EGS (Switzerland), we perform coupled hydro-mechanical simulation of the plastic response of a discrete pre-existing fault network built on the basis of the monitored seismicity. Simulation results show that the faults located in the vicinity of the injection well fail during injection mainly triggered by pore pressure buildup. Poroelastic stressing, which may be stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the fault orientation, reaches further than pressure diffusion, having a greater effect on distant faults. After injection stops, poroelastic stress relaxation leads to the immediate rupture of previously stabilized faults. Shear-slip stress transfer, which also contributes to post-injection reactivation of distant faults, is enhanced in faults with slip-induced friction weakening. Post-injection seismicity at the enhanced geothermal system of Basel, Switzerland, was caused by poroelastic stress relaxation of stabilized faults during injection, according to numerical simulations of the stress field applied on a fault network.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00764-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49371351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurring summer and winter droughts from 4.2-3.97 thousand years ago in north India","authors":"Alena Giesche, David A. Hodell, Cameron A. Petrie, Gerald H. Haug, Jess F. Adkins, Birgit Plessen, Norbert Marwan, Harold J. Bradbury, Adam Hartland, Amanda D. French, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00763-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00763-z","url":null,"abstract":"The 4.2-kiloyear event has been described as a global megadrought that transformed multiple Bronze Age complex societies, including the Indus Civilization, located in a sensitive transition zone with a bimodal (summer and winter) rainfall regime. Here we reconstruct changes in summer and winter rainfall from trace elements and oxygen, carbon, and calcium isotopes of a speleothem from Dharamjali Cave in the Himalaya spanning 4.2–3.1 thousand years ago. We find a 230-year period of increased summer and winter drought frequency between 4.2 and 3.97 thousand years ago, with multi-decadal aridity events centered on 4.19, 4.11, and 4.02 thousand years ago. The sub-annually resolved record puts seasonal variability on a human decision-making timescale, and shows that repeated intensely dry periods spanned multiple generations. The record highlights the deficits in winter and summer rainfall during the urban phase of the Indus Civilization, which prompted adaptation through flexible, self-reliant, and drought-resistant agricultural strategies. Seasonally resolved speleothem isotope and trace element records from Dharamjali Cave in the central Lower Himalaya show an increased frequency of summer and winter droughts during the period between 4.2 to 3.97 thousand years ago.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00763-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44640035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War and pandemic do not jeopardize Germans’ willingness to support climate measures","authors":"Adrian Rinscheid, Sebastian Koos","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00755-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00755-z","url":null,"abstract":"How do the impacts of acute crises influence citizens’ willingness to support different types of climate measures? An acute crisis can be understood either as an impediment or as an opportunity for climate change mitigation. In the first perspective, crisis impacts would create negative spill-overs and dampen citizens’ willingness to support climate action, while in the second perspective, the opposite would occur. Based on a survey experiment fielded in Germany in 2022 (n = 5438), we find that the economic implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War do not decrease behavioral willingness, while restrictions of civil liberties to combat the COVID-19 pandemic lead to higher climate support, underpinning the crisis-as-opportunity perspective. Willingness to support climate measures is strongest among (1) those most concerned about climate change, and (2) those who trust the government. We conclude that individuals do not wish climate change mitigation to be deprioritized on the back of other crises. The economic implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the impact of lockdown restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic do not negatively affect public support for climate measures and suggest a crisis-as-opportunity perspective, according to a 2022 survey experiment with 5438 German residents.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10068711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9279495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global survey shows planners use widely varying sea-level rise projections for coastal adaptation","authors":"Daniella Hirschfeld, David Behar, Robert J. Nicholls, Niamh Cahill, Thomas James, Benjamin P. Horton, Michelle E. Portman, Rob Bell, Matthew Campo, Miguel Esteban, Bronwyn Goble, Munsur Rahman, Kwasi Appeaning Addo, Faiz Ahmed Chundeli, Monique Aunger, Orly Babitsky, Anders Beal, Ray Boyle, Jiayi Fang, Amir Gohar, Susan Hanson, Saul Karamesines, M. J. Kim, Hilary Lohmann, Kathy McInnes, Nobuo Mimura, Doug Ramsay, Landis Wenger, Hiromune Yokoki","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00703-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00703-x","url":null,"abstract":"Including sea-level rise (SLR) projections in planning and implementing coastal adaptation is crucial. Here we analyze the first global survey on the use of SLR projections for 2050 and 2100. Two-hundred and fifty-three coastal practitioners engaged in adaptation/planning from 49 countries provided complete answers to the survey which was distributed in nine languages – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese and Spanish. While recognition of the threat of SLR is almost universal, only 72% of respondents currently utilize SLR projections. Generally, developing countries have lower levels of utilization. There is no global standard in the use of SLR projections: for locations using a standard data structure, 53% are planning using a single projection, while the remainder are using multiple projections, with 13% considering a low-probability high-end scenario. Countries with histories of adaptation and consistent national support show greater assimilation of SLR projections into adaptation decisions. This research provides new insights about current planning practices and can inform important ongoing efforts on the application of the science that is essential to the promotion of effective adaptation. Coastal practitioners in countries with longer histories and more national support show greater assimilation of sea level rise projections in adaptation planning, according to quantitative and qualitative analysis of a global survey.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00703-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48336759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonality of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in tropical seagrass and unvegetated ecosystems","authors":"Vincent Saderne, Aislinn Francesca Dunne, Walter Ambrose Rich, Ronald Cadiz, Susana Carvalho, Joao Cúrdia, Alexander Kattan","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00759-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00759-9","url":null,"abstract":"Seagrass ecosystems are important carbon dioxide sinks that can sequester carbon for centuries as organic matter in sediment. They are also a major source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which limits their carbon sink capacity. However, data are lacking on their methane emission dynamics. Here, we conduct a one-year survey of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations and air-sea fluxes in Red Sea seagrass, mudflat, and coral backreef ecosystems. All ecosystems were sources of methane and carbon dioxide. Methane concentrations were lowest in the reef lagoon. We suggest that lagoons may be a globally important source of greenhouse gases. Methane concentrations were lower in seagrass than mudflat ecosystems at temperatures below 29.2 °C. Seagrass had the highest annual methane air-sea fluxes but the lowest global warming potential in carbon dioxide equivalent due to a decrease in its flux. Hence, seagrasses can help climate change mitigation compared to bare sediments. Tropical seagrasses and adjacent unvegetated mudflats both emit the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, though seagrasses have lower global warming potential relative to mudflats, suggest a year of high temporal resolution measurements of air-sea gas fluxes in the Red Sea.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00759-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47995976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 350,000-year history of groundwater recharge in the southern Great Basin, USA","authors":"Tracie R. Jackson, Simon D. Steidle, Kathleen A. Wendt, Yuri Dublyansky, R. Lawrence Edwards, Christoph Spötl","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00762-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00762-0","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating groundwater recharge under various climate conditions is important for predicting future freshwater availability. This is especially true for the water-limited region of the southern Great Basin, USA. To investigate the response of groundwater recharge to different climate states, we calculate the paleo recharge to a groundwater basin in southern Nevada over the last 350,000 years. Our approach combines a groundwater model with paleo-water-table data from Devils Hole cave. The minimum water-table during peak interglacial conditions was more than 1.6 m below modern levels, representing a recharge decline of less than 17% from present-day conditions. During peak glacial conditions, the water-table elevation was at least 9.5 m above modern levels, representing a recharge increase of more than 233–244% compared to present-day conditions. The elevation of the Devils Hole water-table is 3–4 times more sensitive to groundwater recharge during dry interglacial periods, compared to wet glacial periods. This study can serve as a benchmark for understanding long-term effects of past and future climate change on groundwater resources. Water-table changes in the southern Great Basin, USA, over the last 350,000 years are 3–4 times as sensitive to recharge changes during drier interglacial than wetter glacial conditions, according to modelling of groundwater flow model informed by paleo-water-level data.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00762-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45480120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaceborne LiDAR reveals the effectiveness of European Protected Areas in conserving forest height and vertical structure","authors":"Guido Ceccherini, Marco Girardello, Pieter S. A. Beck, Mirco Migliavacca, Gregory Duveiller, Grégoire Dubois, Valerio Avitabile, Luca Battistella, José I. Barredo, Alessandro Cescatti","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00758-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00758-w","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of Protected Areas in conserving forest ecosystems has been examined at the continental scale using area-based habitat parameters, but knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of forest habitats is still lacking. Here, we assess the effectiveness of European Protected Areas in conserving the vertical structure of forests by analysing more than 30 million records from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), a spaceborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) mission. We compare a suite of indicators of the vertical structure of forests inside and outside nearly 10,000 protected areas. We find that European forests are on average 2 m taller and vertically more complex in protected areas than in nearby unprotected areas, albeit with some regional differences. At the same time, forests outside protected areas show greater variations in canopy height than inside, probably as a result of past and current forest management operations. Our findings highlight the positive imprint of environmental policies on forest structure across Europe and underscore how spaceborne LiDAR enables the large-scale monitoring of forest vertical structural attributes that are key to conservation and restoration policies. Protected areas are effective in preserving the height and vertical structure of European forests, according to an analysis of spaceborne data from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation.","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00758-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44776410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locating real-time water level sensors in coastal communities to assess flood risk by optimizing across multiple objectives","authors":"Iris Tien, Jorge-Mario Lozano, Akhil Chavan","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00761-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00761-1","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal communities around the world are experiencing increased flooding. Water level sensors provide real-time information on water levels and detections of flood risk. Previous sensor installations, however, have relied on qualitative judgments or limited quantitative factors to decide on sensor locations. Here, we provide a method to optimally place real-time water level sensors across a community. We utilize a multi-objective optimization approach, including traditional measures of sensor network performance such as coverage and uncertainty, and new flood-specific parameters such as hazard estimations (flood likelihood, critical infrastructure exposure), serviceability (sensor accessibility), and social vulnerability (socio-economic index, vulnerable residential communities index). We propose a workflow combining quantitative analyses with local expertise and experience. We show the method is able to reduce the set of possible new sensor locations to just 1.3% of the full solution set, supporting effective and feasible community decision-making. The method also supports sequential expansion of a sensor network, creating a network that provides detailed and accurate real-time water level information at the hyperlocal level for flood risk assessment and mitigation in coastal communities. Networks of coastal flood sensors are effectively located by following a multi-objective optimization approach that considers hazard estimations, serviceability, and social vulnerability, as well as the more traditional measures of coverage and uncertainty","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00761-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43027319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising water-use efficiency in European grasslands is driven by increased primary production","authors":"Christian Poppe Terán, Bibi S. Naz, Alexander Graf, Yuquan Qu, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Roland Baatz, Phillipe Ciais, Harry Vereecken","doi":"10.1038/s43247-023-00757-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43247-023-00757-x","url":null,"abstract":"Water-use efficiency is the amount of carbon assimilated per water used by an ecosystem and a key indicator of ecosystem functioning, but its variability in response to climate change and droughts is not thoroughly understood. Here, we investigated trends, drought response and drivers of three water-use efficiency indices from 1995–2018 in Europe with remote sensing data that considered long-term environmental effects. We show that inherent water-use efficiency decreased by −4.2% in Central Europe, exhibiting threatened ecosystem functioning. In European grasslands it increased by +24.2%, by regulated transpiration and increased carbon assimilation. Further, we highlight modulation of water-use efficiency drought response by hydro-climate and the importance of adaptive canopy conductance on ecosystem function. Our results imply that decoupling carbon assimilation from canopy conductance and efficient water management strategies could make the difference between threatened and well-coping ecosystems with ongoing climate change, and provide important insights for land surface model development. European grasslands increase their water-use efficiency in summer through increased gross primary production and regulated transpiration, according to an analysis of three indices derived from remote sensing over the period 1995-2018","PeriodicalId":10530,"journal":{"name":"Communications Earth & Environment","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00757-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43369989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}