Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Modified stabilization route for the preparation of HDPE-derived porous carbon fibers","authors":"Jeong-Rae Ahn ,&nbsp;Byung-Joo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous carbon fibers offer high specific surface area, rapid adsorption kinetics, and excellent structural durability, making them attractive for environmental and energy-related applications. However, converting polyolefin-based precursors such as high-density polyethylene into carbon fibers is challenging because severe structural collapse often occurs during carbonization. In this study, we propose a three-step stabilization strategy consisting of electron-beam irradiation, sulfonation, and phosphorylation, which enhances thermal stability and enables the formation of uniformly crosslinked fibers throughout the fiber cross section. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the multi-acid stabilization produced a char yield comparable to that obtained by sulfuric-acid-only treatment (47.36% vs. 47.41% at 800℃). Tensile strength measurements after carbonization revealed that fibers treated with the multi-acid stabilization method exhibited approximately a 40% improvement compared to sulfonation-only fibers. Microstructural analyses using SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD confirmed suppressed core collapse, reduced defect gradients, and improved crystallite ordering, which collectively facilitated enhanced mesopore development in the resulting porous carbon fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100367"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing sustainability: circular economy strategies for fibrous polymer composites","authors":"Tushar Kanti Das ,&nbsp;Marcin Jesionek ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danish Ali ,&nbsp;Sayan Ganguly ,&nbsp;Albert Poater","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fibrous polymer composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and renewable energy due to their lightweight and high-strength properties. Traditional linear production and disposal methods, however, cause resource depletion and environmental impacts. This review critically synthesizes circular economy strategies for fibrous polymer composites, integrating material selection, additive manufacturing, and recycling pathways. Mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling methods are compared in terms of fiber recovery (60–90%), energy consumption (0.5–5.0 MJ/kg), and economic feasibility, highlighting trade-offs between efficiency and scalability. Agro-based and synthetic fibers are evaluated for their performance and sustainability potential. Implementable strategies such as design-for-disassembly, hybrid recycling, AI-driven material traceability, and policy–industry collaboration are discussed to enhance circularity. By providing a systems-level framework linking composite design, end-of-life management, and industrial application, this review identifies critical research gaps, informs sustainable composite development, and offers policy-relevant guidance to promote environmental and economic benefits. By emphasizing recycling, renewable fibers, and resource-efficient design, this study supports the advancement of cleaner, more sustainable composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100381"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review on cold binders for sustainable paving materials","authors":"Rui Li ,&nbsp;Xinyue Ma ,&nbsp;Junheng Chen ,&nbsp;Zhongchen Pan ,&nbsp;Zhen Leng ,&nbsp;Haopeng Wang ,&nbsp;Manfred N. Partl ,&nbsp;Xiong Xu ,&nbsp;Naipeng Tang ,&nbsp;Chunxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Hongzhou Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot mix asphalt (HMA) has been widely used as a pavement material for decades because of its quick construction process and good engineering performance. However, its construction has to be performed at elevated temperature, causing significant energy consumption and hazardous emissions. Cold mix, which demands no heating in the construction process, is a cleaner and more environment-friendly paving technique. The cold mix binder, which bonds aggregates at ambient temperature, plays a key role in the environment-friendly cold mix pavement. However, in-depth understanding of the working mechanism and applications of cold mix binders is still lacking. To fill this gap, three different kinds of cold binders commonly used in pavement industry are extensively discussed, namely, the conventional bitumen emulsions, and the newly emerging epoxy resin and polyurethane.</div><div>Bitumen emulsions are by far the most widely used cold binder in pavement construction for surface dressing, tack coat and cold mix. However, bitumen emulsions are inferior to HMA in terms of early strength and mechanical properties, which limited them from been used in structural layers. To improve the performance of bitumen emulsion, polymer latexes, such as SBR latex and waterborne epoxy resin, are commonly used as modifiers to prepare polymer modified bitumen emulsions. The incorporation of polymer latexes can significantly improve the performance of bitumen emulsion, including high- and low-temperature performance, adhesion with aggregate, and fatigue performance.</div><div>Recently, polymer binders like epoxy resin and polyurethane have been introduced into the pavement industry. Epoxy resin and polyurethane are characterized as fast curing, remarkable mechanical strength, and strong adhesion with aggregate and substrates. However, there are still some shortcomings need to be addressed for the resin binders before they can be applied in large quantities, such as limited workability, insufficient resistance to weathering and high initial cost.</div><div>This paper set out to provide a state-of-the-art review on the constitutions, properties, applications, and pros and cons of three cold binders, i.e., bitumen emulsion, epoxy resin and polyurethane, paving the way for future research and applications of these cleaner construction materials in pavement engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale investigation of aged asphalt rejuvenation by treated waste cooking oil: Molecular diffusion kinetics, interfacial fusion, and microstructural restoration","authors":"Zhi Zheng ,&nbsp;Naisheng Guo ,&nbsp;Yiqiu Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the rejuvenation mechanisms of aged asphalt using treated waste cooking oil (TWCO) through an integrated molecular dynamics and experimental approach. The reliable point-contact diffusion models were established and validated by density and glass transition temperature calculations, confirming the accuracy of our molecular representations. Differences in solubility parameters between systems were quantitatively analyzed to assess compatibility. Temperature-dependent molecular mobility was characterized through mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient calculations across virgin, aged, and rejuvenated asphalt systems. The layered-contact diffusion models were developed to calculate fusion coefficients, providing quantitative metrics for evaluating TWCO’s effectiveness in restoring the diffusion and fusion capabilities of aged asphalt. Furthermore, interfacial binding energies between heterogeneous material systems were computed to investigate interface stability. Experimental validation was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to track functional group evolution and atomic force microscopy to assess microstructural recovery. Key findings demonstrated that the solubility parameter differences between TWCO and aged asphalt, as well as between rejuvenated and virgin asphalt, were consistently below 2.1 (J·cm⁻³)^1/2, indicating excellent compatibility. Across all simulated temperatures, the diffusion coefficients of rejuvenated asphalt exceeded those of aged asphalt, confirming partial restoration of molecular diffusion capacity and microscopic mobility in the aged system. Moreover, compared to the virgin-aged asphalt interface model, the TWCO-rejuvenated system exhibited significantly enhanced fusion coefficients, interfacial energy, and work of adhesion. After TWCO incorporation, the peak intensities of polar functional groups in aged asphalt progressively diminished, while surface homogeneity improved—evidenced by increased quantity yet reduced size of “bee-like structures” and lower roughness parameters. This work provides fundamental insights into the diffusion-fusion mechanisms of TWCO in aged asphalt at multiple scales and establishes a robust computational-experimental framework for developing sustainable asphalt recycling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramic waste as a sustainable cementitious resource: pathways to cleaner and high-performance concrete","authors":"G. Murali ,&nbsp;Najmeh Hassas ,&nbsp;Hakim S. Abdelgader","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable construction and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of cement production have led to the exploration of alternative cementitious materials, such as Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP). Derived from tile manufacturing, polishing, and demolition, CWP exhibits pozzolanic properties. However, existing research remains fragmented, with inconsistencies in optimal replacement ratios, early-age strength, and long-term durability, owing to variations in mineral composition, thermal processing, and particle fineness. This highlights the need for a comprehensive review to synthesize the current findings, identify performance trends, and clarify the physicochemical mechanisms influencing CWP’s behavior in concrete. This review article is organized into seven sections. The introduction outlines the rationale, objectives, and significance of using CWP in cementitious systems. The second section covers the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of CWP. The third examines the fresh and mechanical performance of CWP-incorporated mortar and concrete, while the fourth evaluates durability aspects, such as permeability and fire resistance. The fifth section explores the microstructural changes in concrete with CWP, and the sixth discusses the economic and environmental benefits, highlighting sustainability and cost-effectiveness. From the detailed review, CWP shows significant pozzolanic activity at 5–10% replacement, enhancing calcium hydroxide consumption, calcium silicate hydrate formation, and improving strength, densification, and durability. However, replacements above 20–30% lead to increased inert silica, reduced reactivity, higher porosity, and decreased mechanical performance. Moderate CWP levels improved the mechanical strength and lowered the thermal conductivity, whereas higher levels caused strength loss, delayed setting, increased water absorption, and reduced thermal stability. Microstructural analyses confirmed active pozzolanic reactions at moderate levels and a shift to inert filler behavior at higher contents, negatively impacting hydration and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gallium incorporation for enhanced cement hydration: a pilot study in chemical and environmental engineering","authors":"Natt Makul ,&nbsp;Gritsada Sua-iam","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of cement-based materials depends critically on hydration kinetics, thermal stability, and microstructural characteristics. This study investigates the effect of gallium (Ga) as a novel additive on these properties of cement pastes. Experimental studies were conducted with varying water-to-cement ratios (w/c), types of Portland cement, and pozzolanic and inert materials to evaluate to evaluate the impact of Ga incorporation on these properties. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical microscopy (OM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were employed to assess the effects of Ga incorporation. Observations indicate that Ga-modified pastes significantly slowed hydration kinetics, reducing both initial and cumulative heat evolution by approximately 20 %–30 % compared to non-Ga pastes, particularly in reactive mixes with low w/c ratios (0.25 and 0.38) and in mixes containing pozzolans such as silica fume and rice husk ash. TGA reveals that Ga enhances the thermal stability of hydration products, as evidenced by reduced dehydration loss (<em>Ldh</em>), improved residue retention, and increased decomposition peak temperatures (e.g., from 145.28 °C to 163.58 °C for the w/c-0.45 Ga mix). Microstructural analyses using OM and FE-SEM confirmed that Ga significantly reduces porosity, densifies the hydration matrix, and improves connectivity among hydration phases. These findings demonstrate the capacity of Ga to enhance the microstructure and thermal properties of cementitious systems, particularly in highly reactive and low w/c mixtures. The study highlights the potential of Ga as a novel additive for high-performance, durable, and sustainable concrete mixtures while underscoring the need for further optimization for specific mix designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macro- and meso-scale experimental study of encapsulated rejuvenators for self-healing asphalt system","authors":"Yujia Lu,&nbsp;Jacob W. Doehring,&nbsp;Nishant Garg,&nbsp;Ramez Hajj","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-healing asphalt concrete (AC) presents an opportunity to increase the sustainability of pavements by increasing their life cycle. The last decade of research has led to significant breakthroughs in the development and application of self-healing capsules for asphalt concrete. However, optimally tuning the use of these materials still has not been achieved, in part due to the multitude of mechanisms at play. Unlike prior single-scale studies, this study establishes a multiscale laboratory framework to evaluate nine rejuvenator capsule types at four levels, including capsule, binder, fine aggregate matrix (FAM), and asphalt concrete (AC), to systematically link capsule rupture and chemical diffusion behavior with mixture-level fatigue and rutting responses. This cross-scale validation clarifies inconsistencies in earlier studies and provides a transferable pathway for capsule design from laboratory to future pavement application. With nine capsule designs, the study examines key capsule design factors, including shell thickness, healing agent type, healing agent concentration, and capsule content in the mix. The findings suggest that capsule properties are strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the healing agent, alginate shell concentration, and the capsule shell. Capsules containing bio-oil contributed to a softer mixture and facilitated a higher diffusion rate. To optimize healing efficiency, capsules with varying shell thicknesses and rejuvenator types could be deployed to prevent premature release and maximize the use of healing agents. Additionally, capsules with a higher rejuvenator content proved more effective in addressing severe damage, while a higher overall capsule content was better suited for mitigating widely distributed minor damage. The findings underscore that excessive capsule dosage or high oil to water (ow) ratios may lead to permanent deformation, but optimized formulations with moderate capsule contents (<span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>3%) and low ow ratios (<span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>1) can minimize rutting potential. Finally, encapsulated healing agent technology demonstrated the benefits of recurrent use over many loading repetitions and healing cycles, compared to solely adding rejuvenators to mixtures. Although the findings are limited to controlled laboratory conditions, the developed framework provides mechanistic insights and design guidance that can inform future field studies and pavement applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of industrial and demolition Waste: preparation and characterization of a novel carbonate paste","authors":"Huan He ,&nbsp;Zhexun Liu ,&nbsp;Kostas Senetakis ,&nbsp;Wei Fu ,&nbsp;Dingwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Shuwen Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landfilling industrial and demolition waste is an unstainable practice consuming land and posing environmental risks. To mitigate these challenges while promoting carbon reduction and resource efficiency, this study explores the CO₂ activation of industrial and demolition waste to produce a novel carbonated paste suitable for geotechnical and road applications. Magnesium slag (MS), fly ash (FA), and MgO were blended to form a reactive matrix, with recycled aggregate fines (RAF) as the structural skeleton to enhance carbon sequestration. Physical and mechanical properties were examined under carbonation curing, with standard curing as a reference. A 3-day carbonation process significantly activated MS, yielding a strength increase of up to 12.3 times compared to standard curing. Comprehensive chemical and physical properties and the reaction products were detected via pH measurements, conductivity assessments, quantitative X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to shed light on the reaction mechanisms. The primary strength contributors in the paste were Nesquehonite, Dypingite, Magnesite, and Calcite, which formed through the carbonation reactions of MgO, MS, and RAF. The porous structure was found to be a key to the CO₂ diffusion and carbonation reaction; Water-to-cement ratio, calcium-to-magnesium ratio (MS:MgO) and the porous FA particles played critical roles in controlling the internal pore volume thus affecting the strength. These findings provide insights into the synergistic utilization of CO₂ and solid waste for future grean and low-carbon construction materials, offering a sustainable solution for carbon capture and waste valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of biochar on the shrinkage and mechanical properties of sustainable engineered geopolymer composites: A comparative study between biochar sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes","authors":"Yuekai Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of biochar prepared from different sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes on the engineered geopolymer composites have not been well investigated. This paper presented the laboratory investigation of the autogenous shrinkage, compressive and flexural strengths, and tensile performance of sustainable and low-carbon engineered geopolymer composites modified with biochar produced from wood, bamboo, and coconut shell under high (650 °C) and low pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C). The prepared biochar was screened by 300 (coarse) and 75 μm (fine) sieves to obtain different particle sizes. The results indicate that the incorporation of 4 % biochar inhibits the development of the autogenous shrinkage of the engineered geopolymer composites by up to 12.1 %. The autogenous shrinkage decreases with the increased pyrolysis temperature or decreased particle size. The coconut shell biochar is more effective in the shrinkage mitigation than the bamboo or wood biochar. The addition of an appropriate quantity of biochar enhances the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the engineered geopolymer composites, which are increased to 101.7, 14.8 MPa, and 6.62 MPa, with corresponding improvements of 24.2 %, 16.4 %, and 15.0 %, respectively. The tensile strain is improved from 8.83 % to 9.54 %. The cost-benefit analysis indicates that the output of the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths from the unit cost is increased by up to 24.0 %, 16.2 %, and 14.8 %, respectively. The carbon footprint of the materials used in each mix proportion suggests the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength gain from unit carbon emission is improved by 32.4 %, 27.4 %, and 24.9 %, respectively. The source, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and dosage to achieve the highest mechanical properties of EGC in this study are coconut shell, 650 °C, smaller than 75 μm, and 2 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into value-added application of phosphogypsum in asphalt mixture through chemical stabilization of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate","authors":"Xiaomei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiong Xu ,&nbsp;Guohao Xu ,&nbsp;Xiong Tao ,&nbsp;Anand Sreeram ,&nbsp;Zhifei Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PhG), a high-volume industrial byproduct, has considerable potential for use in asphalt mixtures. Its utilization is of great significance for mitigating the excessive consumption of natural mineral fillers. However, the high water absorption and wet expansion of PhG significantly compromise the moisture-induced resistance and durability of asphalt mixtures, thereby limiting its broader engineering application. In this study, PhG was used as a full replacement for conventional mineral filler, and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) was introduced as an asphalt binder modifier to prepare PhG asphalt mixtures (PhGAM). The fatigue and freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of PhGAM were evaluated using semicircular bending (SCB) fatigue and F-T cycle tests, respectively. After simulating thermo-oxidative aging, the long-term service performance of PhGAM was systematically assessed through wheel tracking, low-temperature indirect tensile, Marshall immersion, and F-T cycling tests. The SCB test results demonstrated that 4% PMDI, by weight of asphalt binder, can markedly improve the fatigue life of PhGAM, whereas further increasing PMDI content provides limited additional benefit. F-T cycle test results indicated that the incorporation of PMDI can notably enhance the indirect tensile strength and water damage resistance of PhGAM, enabling it to withstand at least four cycles, whereas the unmodified PhGAM/PMDI0 fails after only one. After long-term aging, aged PhGAM/PMDI mixtures exhibit significantly higher resistances to permanent deformation at elevated temperature compared to unaged ones. The dynamic stability of aged PhGAM/PMDI4 reaches 5736 passes/mm, compared to 2921 passes/mm for aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Furthermore, aged PhGAM/PMDI4 still exhibits better resistance to low-temperature cracking and moisture-induced damage, especially compared to aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Overall, a 4 % PMDI content is optimally recommended for blending with the asphalt binder for enhancing the engineering performance of PhGAM and facilitating the high-value utilization of PhG in the construction of more durable asphalt pavement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}