Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Environmental benefits of Agricultural Waste-Derived catalysts in diesel Desulfurization: A review","authors":"Awad E. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Wadood T. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Saba A. Gheni","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Today, the biggest challenge faced by the refining industries globally is the production of environmentally friendly fuels with a high amount produced annually to meet the needs of markets due to the sharp regulations imposed environmentally with allowable sulfur levels in diesel fuel. This study examines the most recent developments in solid sorbent adsorption and catalytic oxidization techniques for desulfurizing diesel fuel.<!--> <!-->Reviewing the benefits, limitations, and future potential of each technique for desulfurizing liquid fuels using solid catalysts constructed using waste from agriculture. Activated carbon is one of these carbon materials; however, the traditional methods of producing activated carbon are time-consuming and costly. Activated carbon has impressive characteristics such as low concentration of ash, enormous surface area, permeability, ease of<!--> <!-->being activated, and high compressive strength, thereby rendering this an ideal substrate for the synthetic production of heterogeneous catalysts. Because they are in charge of igniting the substances that oxidize, their supported catalysts are crucial to the oxidation process. Various types of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, ionic liquids, polyoxometalates, and organic acids have been used to form oxidative desulfurization (ODS) systems. Therefore, to enhance the efficiency of catalytic ODS process some modifications must be taken into account. These adjustments may involve doping the catalyst’s surfaces with metal oxides or increasing the catalyst’s surface area when combined with sulfur compounds. In addition to reviewing the preparation conditions for carbon waste-based activated carbon catalysts, this work also carried out the desulfurization procedures to remove substances containing sulfur. Overall, the comprehensive review of carbon wastes into activated carbon catalysts with conventional and microwave heating shows promises in addressing two pressing environmental issues: agriculture waste management and reducing the ODS cost through the production of a sustainable fuel-efficient catalyst. This review explores the environmental feasibility of agro-waste as a waste-to-energy (solid carbon) technology. The use of agro-waste as a source to produce activated carbon catalysts mitigates the environmental impact associated with traditional waste disposal avenues, such as incineration and landfilling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000467/pdfft?md5=82d2ed5e28dccccb676d4d54a10cc2a5&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000467-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141985490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of aluminosilicate sources from inorganic waste for geopolymer production: Sustainable approach for hydrocarbon waste disposal","authors":"Amalina Hanani Ismail ,&nbsp;Andri Kusbiantoro ,&nbsp;Yuyun Tajunnisa ,&nbsp;Januarti Jaya Ekaputri ,&nbsp;Irwanda Laory","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Concrete is a widely used construction material with notable environmental challenges. One primary concern is its reliance on nonrenewable resources. Additionally, the production of cement, its key ingredient, results in significant carbon emissions. To address these issues, the industry is increasingly considering geopolymer. This alternative stands out due to their sustainable nature and innovative use. Geopolymer effectively consume inorganic waste by utilizing it as one of its ingredients. This approach reduces the need for traditional waste disposal, as geopolymer is also applicable as construction materials. It also confronts the challenges of limited landfill space and the increasing disposal costs. However, there is a challenge in using raw, untreated waste for geopolymer production. These materials often require further processing to ensure their compatibility. This review explores into the potential of using various inorganic waste like fly ash, slag, rice husk ash, palm oil ashes as source material for geopolymer synthesis. Additionally, this paper also explores the potential of petroleum sludge, as one of the least utilized waste materials. Examination of its treatment, disposal techniques, and impact on the geopolymer matrix were reviewed and included in this paper. Overall, the findings highlight the benefits of leveraging waste materials. Another significant advantage is the availability of various source materials for geopolymer production, many of which are sourced from industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste streams, thereby promoting waste recycling, and reducing environmental impacts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000431/pdfft?md5=aa8bd84b41bb1d66d0f4e8f90467239b&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000431-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141605308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using ensemble machine learning and metaheuristic optimization for modelling the elastic modulus of geopolymer concrete","authors":"Emad Golafshani ,&nbsp;Seyed Ali Eftekhar Afzali ,&nbsp;Alireza A. Chiniforush ,&nbsp;Tuan Ngo","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geopolymer concrete emerges as a sustainable and durable alternative to conventional concrete, addressing its high carbon footprint and enhanced durability. The distinct properties of geopolymer concrete, governed by supplementary cementitious materials and alkaline activators, promise reduced environmental impact and improved structural resilience. However, its complex composition complicates the prediction of mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, crucial for structural applications. This study introduces an innovative approach using the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) technique integrated with the multi-objective grey wolf optimizer to model the elastic modulus of geopolymer concrete. By dynamically selecting influential features and optimizing model accuracy, this methodology advances beyond traditional empirical models, which fail to capture the nonlinear interactions intrinsic to geopolymer concrete. Utilizing a comprehensive database gathered from extensive literature, 22 potential variables were examined that influence geopolymer concrete’s elastic modulus. After mitigating multicollinearity and optimizing hyperparameters via Bayesian optimization, six XGBoost models were developed with different combinations of input variables, revealing compressive strength and total water content as pivotal predictors. The findings illustrate the models’ precision, with the trade-off between prediction accuracy and model simplicity visualized through the relationship between the number of input variables and prediction error. The study culminates in a user-friendly graphical user interface that enables easy prediction of geopolymer concrete’s elastic modulus and fosters educational engagement. This interface, available online, underscores the practicality and accessibility of advanced machine learning predictions. Overall, this research not only provides a robust predictive framework for geopolymer concrete’s elastic modulus using optimized input variables but also enhances the understanding of its underlying determinants, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277239762400042X/pdfft?md5=6650c516d5072dd8dd70f4dc788bcb3e&pid=1-s2.0-S277239762400042X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141540050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Support medium development for 3D printing natural rubber latex via direct ink writing in the support bath technique","authors":"Kanchanabhorn Chansoda ,&nbsp;Chakrit Suvanjumrat ,&nbsp;Panithi Wiroonpochit ,&nbsp;Thongsak Kaewprakob ,&nbsp;Watcharapong Chookaew","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The direct manufacturing of rubber products from natural rubber latex through 3D printing, particularly extrusion in air, faces challenges in creating intricate shapes. Research suggests that utilizing 3D printing with extrusion in a support medium, known as direct ink writing (DIW), is effective for crafting complex-shaped rubber products. However, few studies have explored 3D printing natural rubber as a support medium. This study focuses on formulating a support medium for the DIW printing of natural rubber by incorporating triethanolamine (TEA) and alcohol in varying proportions. Key characteristics, such as viscosity, were assessed for each formulation, along with essential printing parameters, such as speed and flow rate. A suitable support liquid consisting of TEA (2.5 g), alcohol (160 g), Carbopol (1.5 g), and water (200 g) was determined for DIW printing natural rubber. The optimal settings were determined to be a nozzle size of 0.85 mm, a speed of 30 mm/s, and a flow rate of 30 mm³/s. Comparative results from the forming process indicate that 3D-printed rubber specimens exhibit poorer mechanical properties than traditionally molded specimens, owing to material uniformity. The vulcanized rubber system with the EV pattern exhibited superior mechanical characteristics. The developed support medium for DIW printing shows potential for use in intricate natural rubber products; however, further exploration of additional parameters is crucial for advancing complex-shaped natural rubber manufacturing using 3D printers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000418/pdfft?md5=2c64e9e108492563c78f87d3c7178e96&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000418-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141479848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corn stover-derived biochar supporting dual functional catalyst for direct sorbitol production from cellulosic materials","authors":"Romtira Soda ,&nbsp;Wanwitoo Wanmolee ,&nbsp;Bunyarit Panyapinyopol ,&nbsp;Pawan Boonyoung ,&nbsp;Wasawat Kraithong ,&nbsp;Nawin Viriya-empikul ,&nbsp;Navadol Laosiripojana ,&nbsp;Kamonwat Nakason","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sorbitol is one of the top twelve platform chemicals and is industrially produced via glucose hydrogenation reaction. Direct sorbitol production from cellulosic material using a low-cost catalyst is a current challenge. In this study, corn stover-derived biochar supporting dual functional catalyst (Ru/S-CCS) was prepared and extensively characterized. The Ru/S-CCS catalyst was used for direct sorbitol production from microcrystalline cellulose at various reaction temperatures (180–220 °C), times (3–18 h), H₂ pressures (1–5 MPa), and Ru contents (1–5 %). The maximum sorbitol yield (66.3 wt%) and selectivity (66.1 %) were achieved at 220 °C for 6 h under 5 MPa H₂ with 5 % Ru. Various catalyst characterization techniques revealed that the acidic characteristics and metal hydrogenation sites of the Ru/S-CCS played a vital role in direct sorbitol production from cellulose. The sorbitol yield and selectivity could be enhanced by the vigorous interactive effect of sulfonic groups and Ru metal sites. The recycling performance of the Ru/S-CCS catalyst was explored under the optimal reaction conditions. Moreover, sorbitol production from glucose, raw CS, and pretreated CS was further investigated. Overall, the results of this study show that the CS biochar used in Ru/S-CCS preparation can be a competitive material for the catalyst preparation in sorbitol production, which may subsequently be used for designing large-scale sugar alcohol production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000388/pdfft?md5=0b24beb271477494d792fcd992c59fde&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000388-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141328380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and environmentally friendly techniques for extracting lignin from lignocellulose biomass and subsequent uses: A review","authors":"Mohammad Mahbubul Alam ,&nbsp;Antonio Greco ,&nbsp;Zahra Rajabimashhadi ,&nbsp;Carola Esposito Corcione","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of sustainable and effective methods for extracting lignin is crucial for achieving the advantages and promoting the shift towards a more sustainable and circular bioeconomy. This study addresses the use of environmentally friendly processes, including organosolv technique, supercritical fluid (SCF), non-thermal plasma (NTP), ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DES), and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) techniques for lignin extraction. Organosolv treatment offers high selectivity and purity of lignin make this process economically feasible. Using supercritical water, carbon dioxide, or ethanol to extract lignin without harmful solvents is successful and customizable. NTP technologies break down lignin, simplifying processing and increasing its value. Whereas ILs may boost lignin synthesis and change its properties via solvent design. DES-based extraction methods can efficiently and specifically extract lignin. The rapid and effective MAE method employs microwave radiation to reduce extraction times and boost yields for lignin extraction. These methods feature high selectivity, little environmental impact, and the capacity to target lignin fractions. The study describes the fundamentals, benefits, and drawbacks of each extraction process, focusing on their ability to extract lignin on a large scale and its future usage. Additionally, this review explores the most recent advancements in the application sector, as well as the challenges and potential advantages of valorizing streams derived from extraction, thereby fostering the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions. This research concludes that to overcome future challenges, need to address scale concerns, cost, emissions, and efficient lignin use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000376/pdfft?md5=592fc0c9e0a3da4bbd368bc302648eff&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000376-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141410518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyurethane dispersion/carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber blends produced by a greener dual crosslinking approach","authors":"Ivy Gan ,&nbsp;W.S. Chow ,&nbsp;S.H. Khoo ,&nbsp;M.D. Shafiq","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A latex blend comprising polyurethane dispersion (PUD) and carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) in an 80:20 ratio was prepared in the presence of epoxide and organo-modified siloxane crosslinkers. The aim of the study was to enhance the tensile, thermal, and chemical properties of the PUD/XNBR latex blend without the incorporation of sulphur and accelerator. Studies revealed that the combined action of epoxide and organo-modified siloxane crosslinker demonstrated adequate intermolecular hydrogen bonding, thereby resulting in superior tensile strength. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed alterations in chain orientation and melting enthalpy due to the introduction of two crosslinkers that impart ordered hydrogen bonding to a certain degree. The compactness of the structure of the cure molecule may be closely related to the heating enthalpy, as in the following sequence, PUD₈₀/XNBR₂₀/E₁ will have a loosely packed structure, followed by PUD₈₀/XNBR₂₀/E_0.5S_0.5 and PUD₈₀/XNBR₂₀/S_1. Chemical swelling studies revealed the impact of crosslinker combinations on hydrogen bonding (both ordered and disordered), affirming the consequential enhancement in chemical resistance. This study confirms that the attained intermolecular hydrogen bonding results in desirable mechanical and chemical resistance performance, making the latex blend suitable for glove applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000364/pdfft?md5=30ac54bea2f5d747a19e58ece7cb1199&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000364-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141243200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of polymer-modified asphalt binder: Modification mechanisms and mechanical properties","authors":"Qilin Yang ,&nbsp;Jiao Lin ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Wang ,&nbsp;Dawei Wang ,&nbsp;Ning Xie ,&nbsp;Xianming Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The significant increase in the number of vehicles, traffic speed, and load has significantly reduced the lifespan of pavements and increased maintenance costs. Therefore, the incorporation of polymers into bituminous binders is imperative to enhance pavement quality and performance. Nowadays, polymer-modified asphalt binders (PMBs) play a crucial role in pavement engineering. This polymer absorbs asphalt molecules to form a network connecting the entire binder, giving it better viscoelasticity than the base asphalt. Although polymers do enhance the properties of asphalt to some extent, there are still certain limitations hindering the future development of polymer-modified asphalt, such as high costs, low resistance to aging, and poor storage stability. Additionally, there is limited literature available that reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various polymer modifiers. The aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic review that evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of different polymer types in modifying asphalt materials. This comprehensive synthesis study thoroughly examines the historical evolution of polymer modified binders (PMBs) for asphalt pavement, including selection criteria for polymers used in asphalt modification, current state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the internal structure and morphology of PMBs, evaluation methodologies for PMB properties, binder specifications specific to PMBs, recommendations based on findings, and future research. This review will not only merit research from an academic perspective, but also provide guidance for pavement engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277239762400039X/pdfft?md5=26af89f62c758837c47676c277377691&pid=1-s2.0-S277239762400039X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141323860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent developments on low carbon 3D printing concrete: Revolutionizing construction through innovative technology","authors":"Mehran Khan,&nbsp;Ciaran McNally","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>3D Printing Concrete (3DPC) represents an innovative advancement in construction, enabling the creation of intricate and custom structures while simultaneously reducing material waste and expediting construction schedules. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements in 3DPC technology and its capacity to reshape the building and construction sectors. The paper explores recent progress in 3DPC printing systems, methodologies, materials, and applications. It places particular emphasis on the diverse parameters and concrete mix proportions that wield substantial influence over the 3DPC process. Furthermore, this study delves into the utilization of waste materials as Supplementary Cementitious Materials, i.e., nano clay, nano-silica, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, to enhance the properties of 3DPC. This discussion extends to the consideration of 3DPC as a low-carbon concrete, outlining both its advantages and the challenges associated with its practical implementation. Additionally, the paper presents case studies of large-scale 3DPC applications and structures, discussing their economic and environmental outcomes, particularly when incorporating waste materials into 3DPC applications. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper highlights the potential of 3DPC to revolutionize construction practices and anticipates further advancements in this dynamic field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000352/pdfft?md5=7ea14f857621f61a4a439e57da1d31d9&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000352-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical recycling of foam from end-of-life mattresses by AIR-LAY process for the production of new mattresses with a fully circular approach","authors":"G. Liberati ,&nbsp;F. Biagi ,&nbsp;A. Nanni ,&nbsp;M.F. Parisi ,&nbsp;L. Barbaresi ,&nbsp;L. Querci ,&nbsp;S. Ceccarelli ,&nbsp;M. Regazzi ,&nbsp;A. Bonoli ,&nbsp;M. Colonna","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2024.100249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel method for the recycling of end-of-life mattresses foam, using an AIR-LAY process which employs a bi-component fiber as a binder for the polyurethane foam, have been developed and optimized. This method permits to obtain materials with the same density of the starting foam (25 kg/m³) and with a significantly lower density with respect to that obtainable with the rebonding process (above 70 kg/m³) that uses isocyanates to bond the foam particles. The obtained recycled foams have been tested by mechanical compression and recovery tests showing that compression values of 3.7 KPa, similar to that of the mattress foam (3.0 KPa), can be achieved using 20 % of bi-component fibers as binders and a density of 35 kg/m³. On the contrary, only 3 times stiffer and denser materials can be obtained using the rebonding technology, thus making them not suitable for application in mattresses. On the basis of the results of the optimization tests a set of mattresses containing a layer of the recycled foams have been prepared. The results of the tests on the prepared mattresses have shown that they have the same compression behavior, recovery time and durability (after 30,000 cycles of compression) of a standard mattress without the recycled layer, thus proving that a fully circular approach in the recycling of the foam of the mattresses is possible using the AIR-LAY process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772397624000339/pdfft?md5=e8d82659befb9e7bd2077a61f0de73f5&pid=1-s2.0-S2772397624000339-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}