Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"A holistic approach and frame work to optimized fly ash cement brick production integrating technical, life cycle cost and environmental life cycle assessment","authors":"Mohammed Rihan Maaze","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement in the construction industry. This study proposes a comprehensive and novel framework for the development of fly ash cement bricks (FACB), integrating technical performance optimization, environmental assessment, and economic viability analysis. A parametric investigation was conducted using the Taguchi orthogonal array design with three factors and levels, fly ash (50–70 %), cement (7.5–12.5 %), and water-to-binder ratio (20–24 %). A comprehensive environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with and without mass allocation to fly ash and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) were conducted in accordance with ISO 14040/44 and ISO 15686 standards. Multi-parameter optimization was performed to achieve a target compressive strength of 10 MPa while minimizing water absorption, shrinkage, efflorescence, and Global Warming Potential (GWP). The optimal mix proportions were identified as 60 % fly ash, 10 % cement, and a 22 % (0.22) water-to-binder ratio and experimentally validated with a 95 % confidence interval, confirming the accuracy of the predicted response properties. The improved compressive strength and reduced water absorption were attributed to enhanced matrix densification from cement hydration, while lower shrinkage and efflorescence resulted from the filler effect and pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The LCA results with zero mass allocation of fly ash indicated that the GWP per brick ranged from 0.58 to 0.77 kg CO₂ eq, with cement content and transportation being the primary contributors to emissions. The LCCA assessment demonstrated a competitive production cost of ₹5.44 (0.06$) per brick, making it financially viable for large-scale industrial manufacturing. This research provides a comprehensive framework for industries and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to enhance production efficiency, reduce costs, and promote sustainable manufacturing practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of A balanced mix design approach for stone Matrix asphalt mixtures","authors":"Bo Lin ,&nbsp;Yizhuang David Wang ,&nbsp;Jenny Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) has been widely used as a durable, high-quality mixture for primary roads. With the growing interest in incorporating innovative materials into SMA designs, developing effective and reliable mix design methodologies has become essential to ensure durability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. While performance tests have gained national acceptance for asphalt mix design and balanced mix design (BMD) methods have been adopted in many states for hot mix asphalt (HMA), SMA has not been fully considered with the BMD implementation. This study aimed to develop a BMD approach for SMA, incorporating both SMA-specific volumetric parameters and performance requirements. To achieve this, a new approach was developed based on BMD methods outlined in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards MP 46 and PP 105. It combined the advantages of Approaches A, which focused on the volumetric parameters to form the stone-on-stone structure, and Approach B, which allowed adjustments to binder content based on performance test results. The approach was demonstrated using two mix designs: one with traprock (a typical aggregate specified for SMA) and the other with steel slag (a commonly used innovative material) as coarse aggregates. The results indicated that the SMA with traprock met the performance requirements based on the initial volumetric design. However, the initial volumetric design for the SMA mixture with steel slag yielded insufficient cracking resistance. After conducting performance tests at multiple binder levels, a balanced binder content range was determined that met both cracking and rutting resistance criteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of fiber reinforced polymer bars: a scientometric and visualization analysis","authors":"Zhengyuan Yue ,&nbsp;Kefeng Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xin Yao ,&nbsp;Kang Hu ,&nbsp;Lei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties, have emerged as environmentally friendly and low-carbon cleaner materials and are widely applied in the field of civil engineering. To precisely capture the development dynamics and trends in the field of FRP bars, this article selects the literature in the Web of Science core database (SCI, SSCI) as the research object. By employing bibliometric methods, a comprehensive analysis and summary of the relevant research progress of FRP bars were carried out. The annual publication volume, journal source distribution, country/regional distribution, institutional affiliation, author composition, highly cited papers, and cutting-edge research directions of the literature were emphatically examined. Moreover, the VOSviewer software was used to construct a knowledge graph. The study reveals essential information in the field of FRP bars, specifically including core data such as major journals, influential countries, institutions, and academic papers. Keyword analysis reveals that the durability of FRP bars is currently a hot topic of research. In addition, the mechanical properties of FRP bars under extreme conditions (e.g., high strain rates, strong corrosive environments, etc.) and the cross-application with machine learning and neural network technologies are considered as potential hotspots for future research in this field. Through bibliometric analysis, this paper systematically reviews the research history of FRP bars and provides reasonable planning suggestions for subsequent scholar in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the thermal and mechanical properties of plasters reinforced with argan nut shells: New composites for energy efficiency applications","authors":"Soukaina Fekkar ,&nbsp;Mohamed Touil ,&nbsp;Abdelilah Akouibaa ,&nbsp;Soumia Mordane ,&nbsp;Miloud Rahmoune ,&nbsp;Rachid Saadani","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of natural materials derived from argan nut shell waste in the construction and thermal insulation activities offers several technical, economic and environmental advantages. This work presents an experimental study investigating the impact of adding ground argan nut shells (ANS) on the plaster’s thermomechanical properties. The aim is to design new environmentally-friendly composites, which could be used primarily for energy-efficiency applications in buildings. These new materials were prepared by incorporating different proportions of ANS grains into the mix, ranging from 0 % to 20 %. Two grain sizes were studied: fine particles (d <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> 0.5 mm) and coarser particles (2.25 mm <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> d <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span> 4 mm). The EI700 cell, known as the two-box method, was used to determine the thermophysical properties, while the mechanical characterization was carried out using bending tests (H10KL cell). However, the thermophysical tests carried out showed that increasing the particle size and the proportion of ANS in the base matrix considerably improved its thermal properties. Specifically, the density, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity were decreased by around 2.92 %, 68.06 % and 40.45 %, respectively. In addition, mechanical tests have shown that this process leads to a reduction in flexural strength, which has dropped from 3.15 MPa to 2.29 MPa, a reduction of 27.30 %. Nonetheless, this reduction remains acceptable according to the European construction standard EN 13279-2. The microscopic study (SEM) revealed perfect compatibility between the aggregates and the plaster granules and justified the results obtained by increasing the porosity of the conventional matrix. This research demonstrates that argan nut shells may be used to reinforce building materials, improving the energy efficiency of buildings while reducing their environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring hydration and strength development of E-waste concrete: A passive sensing approach using piezo sensors","authors":"Gaurav Kumar ,&nbsp;Tushar Bansal ,&nbsp;Dayanand Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the monitoring of hydration and development of compressive strength at different stages during the curing process of conventional concrete and electronic waste (E-waste) concrete using the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique with embedded piezo sensors (EPS). The experiment was carried out on concrete cube specimens in which the EPS was placed inside the conventional concrete (CC) and E-waste concrete specimens to monitor the changes during hydration and different stages (early age, later age and delayed age) of compressive strength development. Simultaneously, a destructive analysis was performed to identify the compressive strength. Statistical indices, namely root mean square deviation (RMSD) and mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) have been established for the quantification of EMI signatures. The results revealed that with the 15% replacement of coarse aggregate with E-waste, the compressive strength of E-waste concrete decreased by 8.15 % after 28 days. The EPS sensor effectively captured the changes during the hydration and different stages of compressive strength development. The RMSD values indicate that the early-age strength development of CC and E-waste concrete is significantly higher than later-age and delayed age, and the same observations are also observed in destructive analysis with the increase in compressive strength at early age, followed by late age and delayed age. Hence, it was concluded that EPS can be used in monitoring the hydration and strength development of concrete in real time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stripping and cracking resistance of sustainable warm stone mastic asphalt incorporating construction and demolition waste aggregates with digital image processing","authors":"Suleiman Abdulrahman ,&nbsp;Hamad Al-abdul Wahhab ,&nbsp;Waqas Rafiq ,&nbsp;Ali Mohammed Babalghaith ,&nbsp;Mirza Ghouse Baig ,&nbsp;AIB Farouk","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating construction and demolition waste (CDW) into Warm Stone Mastic Asphalt to mitigate the environmental impacts of waste accumulation and asphalt production emissions. The resulting mixtures were evaluated for moisture damage and cracking resistance with digital image processing techniques to provide deeper insights into their structural and performance characteristics. The study found that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with CDW aggregates preserved the tensile strength, stripping resistance, and fatigue performance, rendering the mixtures suitable for heavy traffic pavements. However, when the CDW aggregates replacement exceeded 30%, mechanical properties and moisture resistance declined, primarily due to increased aggregate porosity and breakage. Incorporating cellulose fibers mitigated binder drain-down, ensuring stable mixtures across all CDW aggregate levels. Correlation analysis suggests that enhancing the tensile strength ratio and indirect tensile strength as crucial for improving asphalt durability by minimizing aggregate breakage (to prevent accelerated failure) and enhancing fatigue life for superior performance. This research aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 9, 11, 12, and 13 by promoting sustainable construction practices, minimizing waste, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to advance eco-friendly development, thereby achieving cleaner materials and production processes. Future studies should focus on enhancing the performance of mixtures with higher CDW content by utilizing additives and advanced treatment methods, enabling broader applications in high-traffic pavements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data driven tensile strength prediction for fiber-reinforced rubberized recycled aggregate concrete using machine learning","authors":"Avijit Pal ,&nbsp;Khondaker Sakil Ahmed ,&nbsp;Nur Yazdani","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural integrity and long-term durability of concrete depend on its tensile strength, which endows the material with the capacity to resist crack initiation and propagation. The tensile strength of concrete is largely influenced by the mixing proportions, the type of aggregates, and the presence of fibers or additives. The incorporation of different ingredients and mixing proportions makes this property nearly unpredictable. To tackle this, this research examined the tensile strength behavior of fiber-reinforced rubberized recycled aggregate concrete (FR³C) using nine machine learning (ML) models. In this study, nine machine learning models—Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Regression, Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network, AdaBoost, Gradient Boost, CatBoost, and Extreme Gradient Boost—were trained and tested using a dataset of 346 samples representing various mix proportions. The models were applied to predict the tensile strengths of the concrete and to determine the optimal proportions of ingredients. Key input characteristics include water-to-cement ratio (W/C), nominal aggregate size, rubber content, amount of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), type of fiber and usage, plasticizer use, fly ash (%), and compressive strength. The findings showed that K-Nearest Neighbors performed best in predicting FR³C tensile strength, achieving the lowest mean absolute error MAE (0.001) and root mean squared error (RMSE 0.001) and highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.999) in test scores. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis indicated that compressive strength, W/C ratio, and fiber (%) are the most influential parameters affecting the tensile strength of FR³C. Moreover, increased W/C ratios and higher plasticizer content were associated with a 60–72 % reduction in tensile strength. This research may contribute to practical concrete mix design in the construction industry and also in the design process of structural elements particularly for crack width control and mitigation. Therefore, it is feasible to increase the usage of FR³C concrete by precisely forecasting its tensile strength, transforming wastes into resources, and minimizing the adverse environmental effects of construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a sustainable and cost-optimized cementitious composites incorporating local resources and jute fibre","authors":"Md.Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Md.Imran Kabir","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop a cost-optimized Jute Fibre-Reinforced Cementitious Composites (JFRCCs) utilizing regionally sourced materials, including ordinary Portland cement, fine sand, jute fibre, superplasticizer, and by-products such as fly ash. A Full Factorial Design (2⁴) was employed to investigate four critical mixing parameters: water-to-binder proportion (W/B: 0.26–0.29), fly ash-to-cement proportion (FA/C: 1.2–2.0), sand-to-binder proportion (S/B: 0.3–0.5), and jute fibre content (0.5–1.0 % by volume), with parameter bounds established through preliminary experimental analysis. Thus, sixteen unique mixtures were formulated following a 2⁴ factorial framework, and key mechanical performance metrics–28-day compressive strength (<em>f’_c</em>), strain at peak compressive stress, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), splitting tensile strength (<em>f_st</em>), and material cost—were evaluated. The optimized JFRCCs complied with the minimum structural requirements for residential concrete specified in ACI 318–19. However, carbon footprint quantification across material production, transportation, and mixing phases revealed CO₂ emissions ranging from 458 to 668 kg/m³, underscoring the necessity for emission reduction strategies in sustainable mix design. Statistical analysis via response surface methodology yielded adjusted coefficients of determination (<em>R²_adj</em>) of 88.92 %, 75.53 %, 96.47 %, 94.82 %, and 100.00 % for compressive strength, strain, UPV, splitting tensile strength, and cost models, respectively, validated through ANOVA (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) except for strain variability. Parametric sensitivity analysis elucidated the influence of individual factors on mechanical performances and cost-efficiency, while multi-objective desirability optimization identified an optimal mix ratio (W/B = 0.26, FA/C = 1.68, S/B = 0.50, jute content = 0.63 %) with a desirability value of 0.9614. This formulation achieved a balance between target mechanical properties (35 MPa compressive strength, 4 MPa splitting tensile strength) and cost-effectiveness, while maximizing strain capacity and UPV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered char from waste plastic: A review on the physicochemical properties, carbon dioxide uptake, and application in construction materials","authors":"Kushagra Singh,&nbsp;Souradeep Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of carbon-rich char-based admixtures, including biochar and plastic char, in construction products has received substantial attention from global industries due to their potential to “lock in” carbon for the long term, thus mitigating the climatic impacts of future constructions. Furthermore, a sharp rise in plastic waste generation and uncontrolled landfilling threatens natural ecosystems. Depending on type, plastic waste can be used as fuel, and the generated char (solid residue) can be reintegrated into the construction value chain by utilizing it as a carbon-sequestering admixture in construction materials. This article discusses critical factors, including the synthesis temperature, heating rate, and different activation pathways, for tuning plastic char’s porosity and surface properties, contributing to enhanced carbon fixation and CO₂ uptake. Chemical pyrolysis using alkaline agents produces microporous structure (&lt; 2 nm) with high surface areas (&gt; 1000 m²g⁻¹) and CO₂ uptake, ranging up to 4.6 mmolg⁻¹ while acidic agents produce a higher fraction of mesopores (&gt; 2 nm) with lower surface areas &lt; 1500 m²g⁻¹ and CO₂ uptake capacities (up to 1.8 mmolg⁻¹). The review finds that surface functionalization of plastic char and altering its physicochemical properties improve the engineering properties of construction binders. The locked carbon in the char, complemented by additional CO₂ uptake in the engineered pore and surface sites, can be instrumental in mitigating the embodied carbon of construction products. However, future investigations should study the microstructural interactions of engineered char within construction binders and conduct a holistic life-cycle assessment to fully realize the benefits of using engineered plastic char as a supplementary additive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating environmental and economic sustainability of engineered chitosan particles for water treatment","authors":"Fatima Iqbal ,&nbsp;Astha Upadhyay ,&nbsp;Rouzbeh Tehrani ,&nbsp;Lewis S. Rowles","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global water demands have prompted the development of sustainable treatment solutions, with adsorptive chitosan composites emerging as promising alternatives to petroleum-based materials. As a cleaner material, chitosan offers significant advantages over conventional adsorbents, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and the potential to create a circular economy in water treatment applications. This study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment of three novel porous chitosan particles synthesized using low-toxicity solvents, focusing solely on the production of pure chitosan scaffolds without additional adsorptive materials for targeted removal. Integrating techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment, we evaluate the economic viability and environmental impact of methylpentane, azocarboxamide, and tween porous chitosan particles. Our analysis, normalized to both production mass and methylene blue removal efficiency, reveals complex tradeoffs among costs, environmental impacts, and performance. Azocarboxamide particles was the most cost-effective in production at 32.89 [26.13-41.00] USD/g, while having greater environmental impacts and less removal (&lt; 20 %). In contrast, methylpentane particles demonstrated superior environmental sustainability, achieving a removal efficiency of &gt; 90 % with moderate production cost of 104.07 [80.76-135.07] USD/g. This divergence in results highlights the critical importance of considering both production costs and functional performance when evaluating the sustainability of these materials. Sensitivity analysis identified key sustainability drivers, including precursor costs, synthesis yield, material quantities, and energy consumption. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing synthesis conditions and considering full life cycle impacts in developing chitosan-based adsorbents. This study provides a robust framework for evaluating the sustainability of biopolymer-based materials and supports informed decision-making in advancing water treatment technologies and promoting a circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}