Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Upcycling high-impact polystyrene waste into fiber membranes incorporated with titania for water filtration applications","authors":"Muhammad Fahroji ,&nbsp;Ratih Amalia ,&nbsp;Bagas Haqi Arrosyid ,&nbsp;Putri Hawa Syaifie ,&nbsp;Muhammad Miftah Jauhar ,&nbsp;Afif Akmal Afkauni ,&nbsp;Arramel ,&nbsp;Didik Aryanto ,&nbsp;Akmal Zulfi ,&nbsp;Alfian Noviyanto","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extensive use of plastics has led to a significant increase in solid waste, necessitating innovative approaches for waste management and resource recovery. This study presents an upcycling pathway by synthesizing fiber membranes from high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) waste combined with TiO₂ through electrospinning. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to fabricate HIPS-TiO₂ membranes for water filtration and photocatalytic applications. The inclusion of TiO₂ enhanced membrane morphology by increasing fiber diameter and optimizing porosity, with the 0.5 wt% TiO₂ composition yielding bead-free fibers and the smallest porosity. While TiO₂ did not alter the water contact angle (WCA), it significantly improved membrane performance. Pseudo-first order kinetic fits (k = 0.0027–0.0037  h⁻¹, R² up to 0.975) demonstrate rapid MB degradation, with 0.5 wt% TiO₂ reaches complete removal within 1.5 h under ultraviolet light, outperforming other compositions. The membranes achieved a pure water flux (PWF) of 589.7 ± 1.22 Lm^-2h⁻¹ and demonstrated excellent rejection rates of over 95 % for antacid suspensions. These results highlight the potential of HIPS-TiO₂ membranes as a sustainable alternative to conventional filtration materials, addressing both plastic waste and water purification challenges. Future research could explore the long-term stability and scalability of these membranes for industrial water treatment applications, further advancing their contribution to the circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a mineralogically replicated Martian regolith simulant informed by Martian meteorites","authors":"Yutong Deng,&nbsp;Feng Li,&nbsp;Siqi Zhou,&nbsp;Xinyang Tao,&nbsp;Jiayuan Liu,&nbsp;Zhiqian Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Martian regolith simulants play a critical role in scientific research, payload testing, and in situ resource utilization (ISRU) experiments. However, the absence of actual Martian soil samples limits the accuracy of current simulants in replicating the complex mineralogical and geochemical properties of Martian regolith. Existing Mars simulants lacked comprehensive mineralogical characterization of Martian regolith due to the absence of direct samples available for laboratory analysis, with Martian meteorites serving as the only feasible samples for experimental research on Martian materials thus far. This study introduces BH-Mars-S, a mineralogically replicated Martian regolith simulant, informed by the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the typical shergottite Taoudenni 002 micro-region characterization techniques, including electron probe micro-analyzer, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, were employed to systematically characterize the primary minerals in meteorite, guiding the selection of analogous single minerals for simulant preparation. The BH-Mars-S simulant comprises carefully selected plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and chromite in the proportion of 0.46:0.3:0.22:0.02, closely mirroring the crystal structure, geochemical composition, and bulk properties of the reference meteorite and authentic Martian regolith. The development of BH-Mars-S establishes a sustainable standard for the production of simulant prototypes, offering adjustable granularity and multi-mineral particle proportions. By enabling repeated, high-fidelity ground-based validation without consuming scarce extraterrestrial resources, it serves as a reliable and low-impact substitute for Mars research applications, including rover testing, dust-interaction studies, and ISRU experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repurposing plastic bottle cap waste in controlled low-strength material for pavement base applications","authors":"Pattharaphon Chindasiriphan ,&nbsp;Chayanit Punyasuth ,&nbsp;Kantipok Hamcumpai ,&nbsp;Nakares Kongmalai ,&nbsp;Pitcha Jongvivatsakul ,&nbsp;Thanakorn Chompoorat ,&nbsp;Weeradetch Tanapalungkorn ,&nbsp;Suched Likitlersuang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic waste, particularly polypropylene bottle caps, presents a growing disposal challenge due to limited recycling potential. This study offers a sustainable solution by repurposing these caps as plastic aggregate (PA) in controlled low-strength material (CLSM) for pavement applications. Both cement-based and alkali-activated material (AAM)-based binders were evaluated. The AAM binder was produced from high-calcium fly ash activated with sodium hydroxide, without requiring heat curing. Natural river sand was partially replaced with PA at 10–30 % by volume. Experimental evaluations covered flowability, bleeding, unit weight, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), resilient modulus (M_R), and free-free resonance tests. Results showed that increasing PA content reduced slump flow, density, and mechanical performance, while bleeding behavior varied with binder type. At 10 % PA, cement-based CLSM exhibited a 31.6 % reduction in 28-day UCS and a 20 % drop in M_R. AAM-based CLSM showed a reduction of 1 MPa in UCS and 4.7 % in M_R for every 10 % PA added. Free-free resonance tests confirmed reduced stiffness in both systems. Despite the strength reduction, cement-based CLSM with 10 % PA met the strength requirements for both base and subbase layers, while AAM-based mixtures with up to 10 % PA met subbase criteria. Cost analysis indicated that PA reduced material costs, and its use in AAM-based CLSM reduced CO₂ emissions by up to 65 % compared to conventional mixes. Overall, this study demonstrates that incorporating PA provides dual environmental and economic benefits while achieving acceptable engineering performance, supporting its use in sustainable pavement construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phycocyanin from oxygenic photogranules: A feasible ecofriendly dye for cotton and silk fibers","authors":"Vivek Kumar Nair ,&nbsp;Abhishek Sahu ,&nbsp;Saurabh Samuchiwal ,&nbsp;Anushree Malik ,&nbsp;Pooja Ghosh ,&nbsp;Bhupendra Singh Butola","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the extraction and application of phycocyanin from a novel biomass source, oxygenic photogranules. The results show that optimal phycocyanin extraction (104.69±3.8 mg/g) was achieved using freeze-thawing with extraction solvent as sodium phosphate buffer, followed by 15 min of ultrasonication. Furthermore, ammonium sulphate stabilised extracted phycocyanin was found to be suitable for its long-term storage. Also, dyeing by double mordanting followed by the cold dyeing process showed cotton’s superior phycocyanin affinity (dye adsorption: 55.5±2.8 mg/g) compared to silk (dye adsorption: 31.32±1.09 mg/g). Furthermore, during the wash test, cotton retained a higher colour (64.97%) even after 5 washes when compared to silk (44.43%). Although on analysing the functionality of the fabric, the silk exhibited higher antioxidant activity (93.93±1.76 %) than cotton (64.78±3.06 %). However, in the case of UV protection, cotton demonstrated excellent UV protection with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value of more than 200 when compared to the silk’s UPF of ∼35. These findings underscore the potential of phycocyanin from oxygenic photogranules as a sustainable and functional natural dye for textile fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-efficiency assessment and benchmarking of recycled carbon fibre","authors":"Eneko Urruzola ,&nbsp;Laura Merlo-Camuñas ,&nbsp;Fernando Calvo-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Mikel Azcona ,&nbsp;Marta Cerdeira-Peinado ,&nbsp;Eduardo de la Guerra ,&nbsp;Diego Iribarren","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) are very important structural materials due to their mechanical properties, light weight, and versatility. This has led to an increase in both CFRP demand and production. This situation implies an increased number of end-of-life products requiring a viable and environmentally friendly way out. Within this context, this work evaluates the eco-efficiency of a company’s own CFRP recycling system based on a combination of shredding, pyrolysis and solvolysis processes. The eco-efficiency assessment involves techno-economic and environmental analyses of both recycled carbon fibre from the aforementioned system and, for benchmarking purposes, conventional carbon fibre from polyacrylonitrile. The results show a levelised cost of 4.83 € and a carbon footprint of 22.7 kg CO₂ eq per kilogramme of recycled carbon fibre. Furthermore, factor-X results indicate an eco-efficient performance of the assessed recycled carbon fibre compared to conventional carbon fibre.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay between geopolymer formulation, microstructure, and strontium sorption properties","authors":"A. Varon ,&nbsp;A. Gossard ,&nbsp;Y. Coppel ,&nbsp;Y. Barré ,&nbsp;A. Poulesquen","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article focused on developing chemically stable, high-performance adsorbents for selective Sr²⁺ removal from nuclear wastewater, enabling safer long-term storage and disposal. Geopolymers, due to the negative charge of aluminum acting as a sorption exchange site (Al^IV), promote ion exchange, thereby exhibiting favourable adsorption kinetics and exchange capacities. A novel approach is developed to comprehensively characterize geopolymers and establish structure-sorption property relationships. This study examines how key synthesis factors, specifically the Si/Al and H₂O/M₂O molar ratios, influence structural properties, characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption and ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). These techniques probe material structural properties and Al^IV concentration, enabling assessment of their impact on strontium and calcium sorption behaviour. Increasing the Si/Al ratio enhances porosity but reduces Al^IV concentration, thereby diminishing sorption capacity. This decline is attributed to greater distances between Al^IV units and a structural shift toward a more silicon-dominated network. A 2D surface state model based on the Q⁴(mAl) silicon centers from the ²⁹Si NMR was developed to correlate it to the sorption properties of the geopolymer. Selectivity toward the strontium is observed for Si/Al = 1.52, highlining the impact of the porous structure and silicon environment, with favourable distance between Al^IV sites for strontium sorption over calcium. Similarly, increasing the H₂O/K₂O ratio improves sorption properties. However, once a specific ratio is reached (H₂O/K₂O = 12), microstructure no longer influence sorption properties. Silicon environment differ across compositions, influencing selectivity factor H₂O/K₂O = 12, exhibiting the highest one, indicating a more suitable sorption environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reusable packaging: The impact of repeated use on the visual quality, properties and food contact safety of plastic packaging materials","authors":"Ronan Farrell ,&nbsp;Yvonne J. Cortese ,&nbsp;Golnoosh Abdeali ,&nbsp;Vlasta Chyzna ,&nbsp;Declan M. Devine ,&nbsp;Romina Pezzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reusable packaging offers a promising solution to reducing plastic waste and promoting the sustainable and cleaner use of plastic materials. However, most plastic packaging is designed for single use and may lack the durability required to withstand repeated use under demanding conditions. In this study, we evaluate the performance of different polymer materials under repeated use conditions, focusing on changes in their appearance, material properties, and food contact safety. The investigated materials include the commodity polymers polypropylene (PP) and semi-crystalline polyethylene terephthalate (CPET), as well as the technical materials polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and Tritan™ copolyester. Each material was subjected to simulated real-world conditions, including contamination with food, exposure to microwave heating or long-term cold storage, and repeated cleaning cycles. This methodology replicates the wear and tear experienced in everyday reuse scenarios. The results demonstrate that all tested materials maintained their dimensions, mechanical performance, and chemical migration. However, notable changes in visual quality and wettability were observed, which should be carefully considered for specific applications. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the suitability of plastic materials for reusable food packaging, supporting the development of more sustainable products that align with cleaner production principles, and informing future reusable food packaging regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A holistic approach and frame work to optimized fly ash cement brick production integrating technical, life cycle cost and environmental life cycle assessment","authors":"Mohammed Rihan Maaze","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement in the construction industry. This study proposes a comprehensive and novel framework for the development of fly ash cement bricks (FACB), integrating technical performance optimization, environmental assessment, and economic viability analysis. A parametric investigation was conducted using the Taguchi orthogonal array design with three factors and levels, fly ash (50–70 %), cement (7.5–12.5 %), and water-to-binder ratio (20–24 %). A comprehensive environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with and without mass allocation to fly ash and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) were conducted in accordance with ISO 14040/44 and ISO 15686 standards. Multi-parameter optimization was performed to achieve a target compressive strength of 10 MPa while minimizing water absorption, shrinkage, efflorescence, and Global Warming Potential (GWP). The optimal mix proportions were identified as 60 % fly ash, 10 % cement, and a 22 % (0.22) water-to-binder ratio and experimentally validated with a 95 % confidence interval, confirming the accuracy of the predicted response properties. The improved compressive strength and reduced water absorption were attributed to enhanced matrix densification from cement hydration, while lower shrinkage and efflorescence resulted from the filler effect and pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The LCA results with zero mass allocation of fly ash indicated that the GWP per brick ranged from 0.58 to 0.77 kg CO₂ eq, with cement content and transportation being the primary contributors to emissions. The LCCA assessment demonstrated a competitive production cost of ₹5.44 (0.06$) per brick, making it financially viable for large-scale industrial manufacturing. This research provides a comprehensive framework for industries and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to enhance production efficiency, reduce costs, and promote sustainable manufacturing practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of fiber reinforced polymer bars: a scientometric and visualization analysis","authors":"Zhengyuan Yue ,&nbsp;Kefeng Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xin Yao ,&nbsp;Kang Hu ,&nbsp;Lei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties, have emerged as environmentally friendly and low-carbon cleaner materials and are widely applied in the field of civil engineering. To precisely capture the development dynamics and trends in the field of FRP bars, this article selects the literature in the Web of Science core database (SCI, SSCI) as the research object. By employing bibliometric methods, a comprehensive analysis and summary of the relevant research progress of FRP bars were carried out. The annual publication volume, journal source distribution, country/regional distribution, institutional affiliation, author composition, highly cited papers, and cutting-edge research directions of the literature were emphatically examined. Moreover, the VOSviewer software was used to construct a knowledge graph. The study reveals essential information in the field of FRP bars, specifically including core data such as major journals, influential countries, institutions, and academic papers. Keyword analysis reveals that the durability of FRP bars is currently a hot topic of research. In addition, the mechanical properties of FRP bars under extreme conditions (e.g., high strain rates, strong corrosive environments, etc.) and the cross-application with machine learning and neural network technologies are considered as potential hotspots for future research in this field. Through bibliometric analysis, this paper systematically reviews the research history of FRP bars and provides reasonable planning suggestions for subsequent scholar in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-cleaning solar steam generator based on engineered carbonized waste tea photothermal layer","authors":"Farid Mahjoub,&nbsp;Behzad Naghdi,&nbsp;Farzaneh Arabpour Roghabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an efficient, eco-friendly, self-cleaning, and low-cost solar steam generator with a reverse conical-shape is fabricated using carbonized waste tea as a photothermal layer. Waste tea is carbonized through three different methods comprising heating in the furnace at high temperature, pyrolysis process, and mild carbonization utilizing aluminophosphate solution. Among the three processes used, thermal treatment in the furnace (CWTF-400) results in the highest performance due to its superior characteristics, which are applicable in this field. Using a conical configuration for the photothermal layer, making device independent of light orientation and self-cleaning. Taking the advantages of the conical configuration, not only the incident photons are absorbed more efficiently, but also salt deposition is localized at the edge. Remarkably, because of the provided self-cleaning property, salt crystals dissolve back into the bulk water in 11 h. Treating CWTF-400 device with sodium alginate, the water supply is improved, leading to roughly no salt crystal formation in artificial seawater experiment and the reduction of time duration of salt crystals dissolving to 5.5 h at 20 wt% saline solution. Additionally, it could considerably improve the overall performance of device in potable water experiments. A remarkable evaporation rate of 2.93 kg.m⁻².h⁻¹ and an efficiency of 97.51 % are achieved for CWTF-400 + SA device. Under real conditions, after 7 h of desalination in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, no salt crystals are formed. This study advances the principles of sustainable material use by converting biowaste (waste tea) into a functional photothermal layer for water purification, minimizing dependence on synthetic or hazardous substances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}