Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Multifunctional performance assessment of insulation panels from recycled textiles and Kenaf/Hemp Fibers: thermal, acoustic, and fire behavior","authors":"Jan Kašpar ,&nbsp;Giada Kyaw Oo D’Amore ,&nbsp;Jessica Ferrari ,&nbsp;Enrico Armelloni ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Ballerini ,&nbsp;Paolo Valdiserri ,&nbsp;Eugenia Rossi di Schio ,&nbsp;Mariagrazia Pilotelli ,&nbsp;Hossein Soltanian ,&nbsp;Manuela Neri","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although natural and recycled fibre-based insulation materials show promising thermal and acoustic performance, several challenges still limit their widespread adoption. This paper explores the properties and potential of recycled textile and natural fiber-based materials in enhancing building renovations. Specifically, it examines two types of insulation panels: those made from recycled textiles (Panels M) and those composed of kenaf and hemp fibers (Panels K). The study investigates various properties, including composition, density, thermal conductivity, acoustic performance, and fire response, highlighting the strengths and challenges associated with each material. The results reveal that while textile-based panels exhibit more variability in composition and performance, natural fiber panels are more uniform, making them a more predictable and reliable option. Thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.035 to 0.049 W/(m·K), with the natural fiber panels showing more consistent results. Acoustic performance, evaluated using both Sonocat sensor and the impedance tube also varied, with textile-based panel M45 performing particularly well approaching the Basotect performance (this latter used as a functional benchmark). Fire response, tested using Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO), indicated that kenaf-based panels demonstrated higher flammability compared to their textile counterparts. Furthermore, the study explored the effectiveness of fire retardants, finding that certain treatments helped suppress ignition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of preparing the stable high-content rubber modified asphalt with low mooney viscosity crumb rubber powder: formulation design and modification mechanism","authors":"Xintong Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruibo Ren ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Qidong Zheng ,&nbsp;Fei Zhai ,&nbsp;Haiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Li ,&nbsp;Jinwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Han Chen ,&nbsp;Jiahui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-content rubber-modified asphalt (HC-RMA), incorporating over 25 % waste tire rubber powder, delivers environmental sustainability alongside enhanced pavement performance. However, a rubber content exceeding 30 % typically induces excessive viscosity and phase separation. To address these issues, HC-RMA samples were prepared using rubber powder with Mooney viscosities ranging from 40 to 120 MU. Among these, the binder containing 40 % rubber powder with 40 MU viscosity (CR40D) showed a practical viscosity of 1.34 Pa s at 180 °C and demonstrated superior performance, including enhanced high-temperature rutting resistance and improved low-temperature crack resistance. Microscopic analyses (CLSM and AFM) combined with Delaunay triangulation confirmed that the CR40D formulation promoted the formation of a uniform, dense rubber particle network with increased crosslinking density. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified a critical rubber content of 40 % by mass, at which optimal binder compatibility and the strongest intermolecular interactions (van der Waals forces up to 5.4 kJ/mol) were observed. Further increases in rubber content led to a notable decline in these interactions. In conclusion, incorporating 40 % low-Mooney-viscosity (40 MU) rubber powder optimizes the performance of HC-RMA. The resulting material is a high-performance, cost-effective, and eco-friendly paving binder with strong potential for sustainable road construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100372"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the filtration characteristics of asphalt mixtures containing different purification materials under multiple environmental impacts","authors":"Jiantao Wu,&nbsp;Chao Liang,&nbsp;Quan Liu,&nbsp;Yijie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the modern highway network continues to expand, the leaching contamination from asphalt pavements may pose environmental risks. Meanwhile, the complex environmental interactions are key factors influencing the leaching behavior of pollutants from pavement structures. To investigate the influence of purification materials on pollutant release behavior under the coupled effects of multiple environmental factors (such as temperature, UV and pH), and to assess their environmental hazards, this study prepared asphalt mixtures by substituting mineral powder with diatomite, zeolite, and activated carbon. Laboratory leaching tests were conducted using a self-developed multi-factor environmental simulation device. The specimens were subjected to temperature and UV coupled aging, followed by leaching in acidic solutions with different pH values. Based on the experimental results, the leaching characterization of various pollutants under different environmental condition combinations were explored, and the influence of diatomite, zeolite, and activated carbon on the leaching behavior of pollutants was evaluated. Furthermore, an evaluation system for pollutants was established by fuzzy mathematics to comprehensively assess the purification efficiency of purification materials. The results indicated that elevated temperatures generally promoted the leaching of most pollutants (except for arsenic). Diatomite exhibited the highest purification efficiency for nutrient pollutants, while activated carbon showed the best purification efficiency for heavy metal pollutants. The overall purification efficiency rankings for mineral powder, diatomite, zeolite, and activated carbon were 8.4345, 6.0815, 5.9644, and 5.6713, respectively, with lower scores indicating higher efficiency, confirming that activated carbon demonstrating the best overall purification performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100370"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of red mud and its utilization in preparing alternative cementitious materials: a review","authors":"Jixiang Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Dongmin Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud-the residue generated during alumina production from bauxite—has become a major challenge to the sustainable development of the bauxite refining industry due to its massive stockpiles and significant environmental risks. Currently, red mud utilization faces dual challenges: continuously increasing discharge volumes and an extremely low recycling rate. Previous reviews have identified the building materials sector as the most promising avenue for large-scale red mud utilization. However, most of these studies have focused primarily on its application in traditional cement and concrete production. With the cement industry transitioning toward a low-carbon future, various alternative cementitious materials (ACMs) have been developed and explored as potential replacements for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this context, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review of the progress in utilizing red mud for ACMs, particularly in novel low-carbon clinkers, alkali-activated materials, geopolymers, phosphate cements, and solid waste–based cementitious systems. This work systematically summarizes the effects of red mud on hydration processes, phase assemblages, microstructure development, and performance characteristics within specific ACM systems. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of red mud utilization in ACMs and to identify the most promising strategies for the safe and effective disposal of the rapidly growing global red mud stockpiles. The literature indicates that, unlike the adverse alkali effects observed in OPC, red mud shows considerable potential in the production of low-carbon, high-ferrite clinkers. Moreover, when optimally incorporated into non-sintered ACMs, red mud can enhance performance, although concerns regarding heavy metal leaching and radiological risks remain. Notably, the application of red mud in solid waste–based cementitious materials appears particularly promising, offering both high incorporation capacity and long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100378"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonated alkali-activated cementitious material with radiative cooling properties for urban heat mitigation","authors":"G. Goracci ,&nbsp;N. Adams ,&nbsp;T.S.N. De la Fuente ,&nbsp;A. Iturrospe ,&nbsp;J.A. Ibañez ,&nbsp;A. Arbe ,&nbsp;K. Allacker ,&nbsp;J.S. Dolado","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban areas generate 70% of global CO₂ emissions, with cement production contributing 8% while exacerbating urban heat islands that increase cooling demands. To address these interconnected challenges through cleaner production methodologies, this exploratory study developed carbonated alkali-activated cementitious materials through ambient pressure carbonation of upcycled ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and calcium hydroxide composites (25–75 wt%). Utilizing a low-energy material pelletization technology, specimens were characterized using XRD, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. Radiative cooling performance was evaluated through spectral measurements and field testing in desert conditions. The optimized formulation indicates promising exceptional CO₂ sequestration (18.6 wt%) through mineralization. Solar reflectance index reached 90, significantly exceeding conventional white concrete (SRI ≈ 80) and approaching commercial cool materials (SRI ≈ 85–119). Field testing demonstrated 16°C lower surface temperatures compared to ordinary Portland cement under 1000 W/m² solar irradiance in Almeria’s Desert. Microstructural analysis revealed synergistic carbonation-pozzolanic reactions creating dense matrices with hierarchical pore refinement. This dual-benefit approach simultaneously addresses embodied and operational carbon emissions, offering transformative potential for sustainable urban infrastructure. The material’s exceptional cooling performance rivals specialized systems while capturing substantial atmospheric CO₂, representing a paradigm shift toward carbon-negative cleaner materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100380"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review on carbon-based nanomaterials for engineering applications","authors":"Zijun Xu ,&nbsp;Zhe Wu ,&nbsp;Philippe Poulin ,&nbsp;Yilin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengbo Liu ,&nbsp;S. Thomas Ng ,&nbsp;Guoyang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Without a comprehensive examination of the available literature on carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) across various engineering contexts and dimensions, the field is left vulnerable to a disproportionate focus on specific application requirements or conditions, curtailing the ability to leverage the multifunctionality and interdisciplinary advantages of CBNs. Carbon-based nanocomposites serve as a pivotal conduit for the extensive utilization of CBNs. Their functional performance is commonly tailored through approaches such as functional modification, doping, interface engineering, and multiscale structural design. A systematic discussion is presented on the current design strategies of nanocomposites incorporating carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs). Representative cases illustrate their significant engineering application potential in five rapidly evolving and highly active fields: electronic devices, energy storage, civil engineering, water treatment, and biomedical engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CBNs, emphasizing key applications, ongoing challenges, and emerging research opportunities across diverse domains. Interdisciplinary collaboration is poised to further drive innovation, particularly in areas such as energy storage, structural health monitoring, and biosensing. Future advancements are expected to focus on advanced material design, sustainable and scalable fabrication, intelligent optimization using artificial intelligence, interdisciplinary collaboration, and systematic validation to overcome challenges in synthesis, performance, commercialization, and integration. These insights collectively underscore the pivotal role of CBNs in shaping multifunctional, cross-cutting solutions for next-generation engineering systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100363"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How chitosan-clay-based coatings contribute to improved poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film properties","authors":"Meriem Fadhel ,&nbsp;Clément Poulain ,&nbsp;Claire-Hélène Brachais ,&nbsp;Rafaela Rendón ,&nbsp;Julio Bruna ,&nbsp;Alejandra Torres-Mediano ,&nbsp;Frédéric Debeaufort ,&nbsp;Francisco Rodríguez-Mercado ,&nbsp;Nasreddine Benbettaieb","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The feasibility of chitosan and montmorillonite (Cloisite-Na⁺) coatings as an alternative oxygen barrier material to biodegradable commercial films (polylactic acid, PLA) was investigated. This work aimed at understanding how active chitosan coatings could affect the functional properties of the PLA films. Moreover, chitosan-based coatings also serve as a support for bioactive molecules. The application of these coatings when containing allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) as an antimicrobial agent, is proved as an efficient active releasing system. PLA films were prepared by cast extrusion process and corona treated prior to being coated by chitosan-Cloisite-Na⁺ suspensions. The incorporation of Cloisite-Na⁺ and/or AITC into chitosan coating increased the oxygen barrier efficacy of PLA films by almost 10 folds. Indeed, the tortuosity of the diffusion path for oxygen molecules, thanks to the nanoclays dispersion, was highly increased. The water vapor permeability of the coated film was not degraded by the hydrophilic character of the chitosan-based layer. FTIR spectra revealed intermolecular interactions between AITC, chitosan and cloisite explaining the improved properties. The release diffusivity of AITC from the chitosan layer without Cloisite-Na⁺ was almost 10000 times higher than that of film containing the Cloisite-Na⁺ at 10%. These active coatings using chitosan is a promising way to improve barrier and functional properties of commercial PLA films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100377"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkali–silicate–aluminate synergistic hydration mechanisms for enhanced strength development in high-volume lithium slag cement","authors":"Yantong Zhao ,&nbsp;Chunyang Cui ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Gao ,&nbsp;Qingxin Qi ,&nbsp;Zeyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Ma ,&nbsp;Xi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium slag (LS) demonstrates synergistic reactivity and element complementarity in cement systems. However, LS exhibits low pozzolanic reactivity when blended with ordinary Portland cement (PC). This study designed a new kind of cleaner cementitious material via solid-waste and low-alkalinity activation. Four possible low-alkali activators were investigated: calcium aluminate (CA), sodium aluminosilicate (SS), sodium carbonate (SC), and sodium aluminate (SA), as well as their combinations for activating high-volume lithium slag cement (HVLSC) via microstructural evolution. Results indicate that the SS–SA considerably enhances C–(A)–S–H and N–A–S–H co-gel formation and promotes ettringite (AFt) nucleation, increasing compressive strength by 306 %, 123 %, and 108 % after 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. The SC activator reduces fluidity in SC systems because CO₃²⁻ induces CaCO₃ precipitation. The SS–SA exhibits the best strength enhancing effect by leveraging the synergy of the Na⁺–SiO₃²⁻–AlO₂⁻ ternary system. This synergy optimizes the density of the gel network and considerably enhances the strength of HVLSC and reduces CO₂ emissions per unit strength by 52.2 % of the carbon dioxide emission per unit strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100368"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of products from aqueous mineral carbonation of industrial residues as supplementary cementitious materials","authors":"Antonio Gasós ,&nbsp;Marco Mazzotti ,&nbsp;Frank Winnefeld","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2026.100369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for low-carbon construction materials and the declining availability of traditional supplementary cementitious materials have driven interest in alternative substitutes. Alkaline industrial residues—such as incineration ashes, cement kiln dusts, and steel slags—are abundant but often unsuitable for direct use in cement due to unfavorable chemical and mineralogical compositions. This study investigates the CO₂ uptake and the potential of six such residues for partial cement replacement after treatment through aqueous mineral carbonation, using both direct carbonation in water and indirect carbonation in aqueous ammonium nitrate. Direct carbonation forms carbonates within the residues, while indirect carbonation produces two separate streams: a calcium-depleted leached residue and precipitated calcium carbonate. Mortars incorporating directly carbonated residues generally achieved higher compressive strength than those with fresh and leached residues, at 30 wt% cement replacement, likely due to calcite-induced nucleation and the pozzolanic reactivity of silica-rich gels. Although overall reactivity was limited—suggesting low to moderate clinker replacement potential—both aqueous carbonation routes removed or stabilized deleterious phases such as free lime, alkalis, and chlorides, expanding the potential use of these residues in construction, either as cement substitutes or fine fillers. Leaching tests revealed changes in hazardous element mobility, with implications for regulatory classification. Market analysis showed that while the cement sector could absorb suitable supplementary cementitious materials at moderate replacement levels, the limited demand for high-purity precipitated calcium carbonate constrains indirect carbonation to select feedstocks. This study provides a comparative framework for integrating mineral carbonation products into construction, which would enable CO₂ storage and resource circularity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100369"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-based meta model for predicting the performance of low-carbon concrete, considering the effects of multiple waste materials","authors":"Mehran Aziminezhad ,&nbsp;Mahdi Shadabfar ,&nbsp;Ahmed Bediwy ,&nbsp;Eltayeb Mohamedelhassan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-carbon concrete incorporating waste materials offers significant environmental benefits while maintaining structural performance. However, designing an optimal mix of these waste materials is challenging due to their potential impact on the concrete properties. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel meta model that introduces a non-deterministic mix design framework and simultaneously optimizes four performance metrics: environmental (global warming potential), durability (rapid chloride permeability and bulk electrical resistivity), mechanical (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength), and workability (air content and slump). The model is trained using a hybrid dataset combining literature data with response surface methodology (RSM) generated samples. To this end, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained to capture the effects of waste materials, including shredded rubber (SR), glass powder (GP), and biomass fly ash (BFA), on concrete performance and is further combined with Monte Carlo simulation to identify optimal mix designs based on specific performance targets. The results demonstrate the AI model’s accuracy in predicting concrete performance, as evidenced by statistical measures such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). This accuracy is further validated by comparing the AI predictions with laboratory concrete mix results. The results indicated that a 23.1% increase in compressive strength and an 83% decrease in chloride ion permeability were achieved by partially substituting 30% GP for cement. The incorporation of 15% BFA consistently reduced slump by 65% and increased air content by 49%. Moreover, the control mix had the highest GWP at 325 kg CO₂-eq/m³. Using 30% GP, 15% BFA, and 15% SR reduced it to 135 kg CO₂-eq/m³, a 41% decrease. Additionally, the back analysis provides optimized mix designs tailored to specific performance constraints. According to the specified target for designing low-carbon, chloride-resistant, and normal strength (45–55 MPa) concrete, a mixture of waste materials with SR = 3.2%, GP = 25.8%, and BFA = 7.4% is proposed by the developed meta model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}