Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Rheological properties and microscopic characterization of high viscosity asphalt with different warm mixing agents","authors":"Dian Huo ,&nbsp;Hang Diao ,&nbsp;Beian Li ,&nbsp;Yuzhu Liang ,&nbsp;Tianqing Ling ,&nbsp;Wenjing Kuang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of low carbon and clean sustainable development in road construction is imperative, and warm mix asphalt technology can help the transition from traditional high carbon emission paving materials to cleaner paving materials, thereby promoting the realization of sustainable development of road materials. The objective of this study is to examine the impact patterns of USP (a novel warm-mix additive) and Sasobit, both as individual entities and in combination, on the rheological and conventional characteristics of high viscosity asphalt. Additionally, the study seeks to delve into the mechanisms of action underlying these two distinct categories of warm-mix additives. The results of the research indicate that both warm-mix additives are effective in reducing temperatures when used alone or in combination. When used alone, USP shows significant advantages in low temperature performance, superior to both conventional hot mix asphalt and Sasobit warm-mix asphalt. The high temperature performance of USP modified asphalt is closely related to its dosage. On the other hand, the use of Sasobit alone can improve the high-temperature performance and creep recovery properties of high viscosity asphalt, but results in a decrease in low-temperature performance. When USP is blended with Sasobit, the resulting asphalt exhibits both good high and low temperature performance, with a significant improvement in aging resistance observed in the 5% USP and 2.5% Sasobit group. In conclusion, in order to ensure that warm-mix additives have a beneficial effect on the properties of high viscosity asphalt, the combined use of multiple warm-mix additives can be considered comprehensively to achieve a balance between low carbon emissions and excellent performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable alkali-activated concrete with unconventional precursors for ASR mitigation: Mechanisms and alternative predictors using the miniature concrete prism test","authors":"Shubham Mishra ,&nbsp;Farshad Rajabipour ,&nbsp;Jan Olek ,&nbsp;Sulapha Peethamparan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) mitigation potential of 11 unconventional precursors based alkali-activated concretes (UAACs) developed as sustainable alternatives to portland cement concrete. Using precursors such as calcined low-purity kaolinitic clays, volcanic ashes, coal bottom ash, and fluidized bed combustion ashes, these UAACs aim to reduce environmental impact while enhancing concrete durability. ASR performance of the so-produced UAACs was evaluated through the Miniature Concrete Prism Test (MCPT) across various aggregate reactivities. Most UAACs demonstrated significantly lower ASR expansion than portland cement mixtures, suggesting their viability as ASR-resistant materials. SEM and EDS analyses confirmed that UAACs generate fewer and less viscous ASR gels, with high alumina uptake and negligible levels of calcium enhancing their ASR resilience. Complementary non-invasive assessments on control UAAC specimens, including electrical resistivity, pore solution analysis, and pore structure analysis, were examined for their correlation with MCPT-determined ASR susceptibility. It was observed that mixtures with high inherent pH levels (∼13.34) in the pore solutions showed limited potential for ASR development and progression. Standard electrical resistivity measurements were strongly correlated with reduced ASR expansion in UAACs, with correlation coefficients of −0.85 for bulk resistivity and −0.90 for surface resistivity. Additionally, the native pore structure, particularly the volume of gel pores (&lt;10 nm), appeared to significantly influence the ASR behavior of UAACs, even without exposure to aggressive conditions. These rapid peripheral indicators enable ASR forecasting in UAACs without extensive testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on deterioration Mechanisms, durability prediction and enhancement techniques for recycled aggregate concrete","authors":"Tien-Dung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Rachid Cherif ,&nbsp;Pierre-Yves Mahieux ,&nbsp;Philippe Turcry ,&nbsp;Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The expanding global construction industry is driven by the need to develop sustainable alternatives to replace natural resources in concrete manufacturing. Reusing construction materials and increasing reuse effectiveness have emerged as popular study areas. Recently, the durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has drawn attention of numerous researchers worldwide. This review paper discusses the different approaches used to predict the durability of RAC (deterministic, probabilistic, and artificial intelligence). In addition, a critical review of the parameters more influential on the RAC durability performance is presented, including replacement ratio, particle size, chemical admixtures and additives, mixing technique, and curing conditions. Several contradictory results concerning the chloride ingress, carbonation, air and water permeability in the RAC are reported and discussed. The methods used to enhance the characteristics coarse recycled aggregate (CRA) are also categorised and summarised. We have found that complex, non-linear, and multivariable mechanisms control chloride ingress, carbonation, and permeability, rendering conventional modelling techniques inadequate. It is therefore advised to use artificial intelligence methods supported by comprehensive databases to provide precise durability predictions. The performance of RAC is greatly impacted by the adhered mortar (AM) in CRA; its increased porosity and water absorption result in weaker interfacial transition zones (ITZs), decreasing impermeability, and weakening resistance to carbonation and chloride ingress. Therefore, we have also reported that strengthening the microstructure or altering AM characteristics are the main treatment strategies used to increase RAC durability performance. By enhancing RAC performance and lowering the ecological footprint of construction and demolition waste, CRA carbonation stands out among these techniques as a potential technology that offers both technical and environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of low carbon concrete with high cement replacement ratio by multi-response optimization","authors":"Suliman Khan,&nbsp;Safat Al-Deen,&nbsp;Chi King Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops three new Low Carbon Concrete (LCC) mix designs with characteristic cylinder compressive strengths of 32 MPa (C32), 25 MPa (C25), and 20 MPa (C20). By using a Taguchi design of experiment (T-DoE) model and combined it with Grey relational analysis (GRA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) for multi-response optimization, sixteen trial mixes employing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to replace 80 % to 95 % of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were tested. Three factors namely, OPC replacement percentage, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) to fly ash (FA) ratio, and silica fume (SF) to binder percentage were considered. Optimization results led to three LCC mix designs with 80 %, 85 %, and 90 % OPC replacement. Their compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and slump were evaluated. Confirmation tests showed that the 80 %, 85 % and 90 % OPC replacement mixes respectively satisfied requirements for C32, C25, and C20 concretes. Carbon footprint study showed that the LCC mixes led to significant reduction of carbon footprint when compared with OPC concrete. Finally, microstructure analysis was conducted to study in the microstructure characteristics of the LCCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability assessment of ultra-high performance concrete made with various supplementary cementitious materials","authors":"Leila Farahzadi ,&nbsp;Saeed Bozorgmehr Nia ,&nbsp;Behrouz Shafei ,&nbsp;Mahdi Kioumarsi","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is widely recognized for its exceptional strength and durability, making it a preferred choice in modern concrete construction. However, the high cement content of conventional UHPC mixtures causes environmental concerns, particularly in terms of carbon footprint. To address such concerns, this study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment of various UHPC mixtures that incorporate high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag and fly ash, individually and in combination, as partial replacements for cement. The use of alternative SCMs also addresses the reliance of UHPC mixtures on silica fume. While beneficial for a range of concrete properties, silica fume poses challenges, in terms of cost and potential particulate emission during handling and mixing. A detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed in the current study to evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative UHPC mixture designs, considering key factors, such as resource utilization, energy consumption, water use, raw material transportation, and production processes. In contrast with past research that primarily focused on simple CO₂-equivalent metrics, this study assessed 14 distinct environmental impact categories, offering a unique and holistic contribution to UHPC sustainability research. The findings demonstrated that incorporating up to 50% GGBF slag as cement replacement significantly reduces the UHPC’s environmental impacts without jeopardizing the main mechanical and durability characteristics. This research underscores the critical role of industrial by-products in enhancing sustainable construction practices and offers practical solutions for adopting low-impact concrete production methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detergent-mediated reduction of fiber fragment emissions during conventional machine laundering of textiles and garments","authors":"Dong Li ,&nbsp;Meritxell Asensio ,&nbsp;Nello Russo ,&nbsp;Mariacristina Cocca ,&nbsp;Stefan Brandt ,&nbsp;Maike Rabe ,&nbsp;Patricia A. Holden","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthetic textile fiber fragments (sFFs) shed via laundering including washing and drying—historically, but perhaps less accurately, known as synthetic microfibers—are microplastics contaminating environmental biota, ecosystems, and human food supplies. Reducing sFF emissions is of global concern, but there are few source reduction options. sFF emissions vary by fixed factors such as the type of garment edge treatment, the type of fiber or fabric (e.g. staple vs. filament, or surface treatment such as fleece), washing machine type, water conditions, and drying conditions. However, detergent effects are less studied and, while using any detergent—especially powder—may increase sFF emissions, the concept of liquid detergents formulated to reduce sFF emissions remains unexplored. Here, we report a novel “low shed” detergent’s comparative effects on sFF mass emissions, from two studies. First, four institutions washed each of four fabric types using either a conventional detergent or a novel (low shed) detergent, finding that the latter decreased sFF mass emissions despite institutional—operational and methodological—differences. The masses of sFFs per mass of textiles averaged, for each of four institutions, 0.08 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.07, 0.05 ± 0.04, and 0.08 ± 0.04 g/kg when using the novel detergent, versus 0.23 ± 0.13, 0.16 ± 0.11, 0.14 ± 0.05, and 0.11 ± 0.05 g/kg for the conventional detergent. Despite multiple fixed differences in washing conditions across the institutions, the sFF shedding amounts significantly differed according to detergent. Second, for studies at one institution, textile fiber fragment (FF) mass emissions from laundering whole garments comprised of mixed synthetic and cotton fibers were also comparatively decreased with the low shed detergent during washing, wherein the novel detergent resulted in significantly less FF (0.37 g/kg) than the conventional detergent (0.50 g/kg; Wilcoxon test, <em>p</em> = 0.02, n = 8). Although whole garment FF masses captured from the machine dryer (lint trap plus dryer exhaust) did not vary by antecedent detergent (0.50 and 0.49 g/kg, using the novel versus conventional detergent, respectively), the overall garment laundering process across washing and drying emitted relatively decreased FF masses with the low shed detergent (0.87 g/kg) compared to the conventional detergent (0.99 g/kg, <em>p</em> = 0.02). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that detergent type could be an important factor in determining the release of sFFs and FFs during laundering, with a possible way to reduce the release being intentional detergent formulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties, life-cycle assessment, and costs of alternative sustainable binders to stabilise recycled aggregates","authors":"Luca Tefa ,&nbsp;Bartolomeo Coppola ,&nbsp;Paola Palmero ,&nbsp;Marco Bassani","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cement-stabilised subbases provide superior bearing capacity and durability to road pavements compared to unbound aggregate layers. However, stabilisation reduces the environmental benefits derived when recycled aggregates are used. This research compares alternative binders to Portland cement to highlight mechanical, environmental, and economic advantages and disadvantages in a cradle-to-production scenario. Three low-clinker cements with different proportions of pozzolana and three alkali-activated (AA) binders derived from (i) construction and demolition waste fines, (ii) municipal incinerator bottom ash and (iii) waste clay, were compared to Portland limestone cement. The compressive strength of binder pastes was measured after 7 and 28 curing days.</div><div>Pozzolanic cements proved viable alternatives to Portland ones, while AA pastes exhibited lower strengths. The crystallinity of alkali-activated silica- and alumina-rich waste precursors was responsible for their limited strength. The life cycle assessment indicated that the replacement of clinker with pozzolana significantly reduces the environmental impact. AA binders with waste precursors can reduce the environmental impact only with a limited quantity of alkaline solution. If the lower strength achieved by AA binders is compensated by adding higher quantities to recycled aggregate, the increase in environmental impact and cost would make them less competitive. The option of using AA binders would be further strengthened with the production of environmentally friendly alkaline solutions and greater local availability of amorphous precursors. At present, cements are cheaper than AA binders due to the current massive production, widespread availability, and competition between producers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive study on the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced stabilized rammed earth using experimental and data-driven fuzzy logic-based analysis","authors":"Aryan Baibordy,&nbsp;Mohammad Yekrangnia,&nbsp;Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the mechanical properties of rammed earth (RE) stabilized with cement or lime and reinforced with straw. Specifically, the compressive and tensile strengths of 15 different mix designs were analyzed, including unstabilized RE, RE stabilized with lime or cement (at 4 % and 8 % by weight of soil), and RE reinforced with straw (at 0.5 % and 1.0 % by weight of soil), along with various combinations of stabilized and unstabilized RE reinforced with straw. Mechanical properties were further assessed through ultrasonic testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, a data-driven fuzzy logic model was developed to estimate the mechanical properties of RE, addressing a key gap in the application of fuzzy logic to RE construction. The results showed that stabilizing RE with cement and lime increased its 28-day dry compressive strength by 365 % to 640 % and 109 % to 237 %, respectively. The addition of straw generally reduced compressive strength. The stress–strain curves indicated that the elastic modulus of RE stabilized with cement and lime increased by up to 350 % and 11 %, respectively. The 28-day dry tensile strength of the samples ranged from 0.17 to 0.56 MPa. Furthermore, the addition of stabilizers improved tensile strength by approximately 88 % to 224 %, while straw enhanced the tensile strength of unstabilized RE by about 35 %. Ultrasonic and SEM analyses provided valuable insights into the mechanical properties of RE. Additionally, the fuzzy logic model proved useful, yielding satisfactory results in predicting the properties of RE, particularly when using the centroid defuzzification method. The study concluded that RE materials when properly cured and effectively stabilized with cement, lime, and straw, can achieve acceptable mechanical properties and offer sustainable benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative use of different AI methods for the prediction of concrete compressive strength","authors":"Mouhamadou Amar","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete mix design requires specialized knowledge and techniques for characterization. However, this process is time-consuming, and the mechanical properties, such as strength, can vary due to factors like cement type, water content, aggregates, and curing time. Additionally, analytical mathematical models are often used to estimate concrete characteristics. However, accurately determining concrete properties without laboratory testing is challenging, especially when nontraditional materials, such as certain supplementary cementitious materials, are involved. Recently, artificial intelligence has become a powerful resource that enables machine learning-based forecasting using available data. This study utilized RapidMiner® software to design models capable of analyzing various types of tagged data and performing machine learning predictions. These models were applied to over 5,373 concrete formulations compiled from 137 literature sources. The simulations used artificial neural networks or deep learning, generalized linear, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and gradient-boosted tree models to predict the compressive strength of 8 concrete mix designs containing different SCMs. The accuracy of models was estimated using traditional statistical indices such as R², MAPE and RMSE. The most accurate model was found to be a gradient-boosted tree followed by deep learning and random forest. Forecasts were validated with high accuracy by comparing experimental results to numerical data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143208220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing performance of recycled aggregate concrete with supplementary cementitious materials","authors":"Abba Fatiha ,&nbsp;Ezziane Karim ,&nbsp;Adjoudj Mhamed ,&nbsp;Abed Farid","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The substitution of natural coarse aggregates (NCA) by recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) is part of the environmental approach aimed at reducing waste and preserve natural resources. Unfortunately, RCA is of poor quality due to the presence of old mortar attached to its surface. It is characterized by its low density, high absorption, low rigidity and a poor quality interfacial transition zone (ITZ) which results in a lower quality concrete. This experimental study aims to introduce together with RCA aggregates supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in order to reduce the decrease in mechanical performance, durability and microstructure of concrete. In a concrete based on RCA aggregates, ordinary cement was replaced with 20% natural pozzolan (NP), 10% limestone powder (LP), 20% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) or 10% fumed silica (SF). Concrete was studied in terms of workability, superplasticizer requirements, mechanical strength, water absorption and microstructure. The results reveal that SCM significantly improves the performance of RAC concrete by promoting filling effects, nucleation, pozzolanic reactions and hydraulic activity. In the long term, RAC concrete has a 12% lower strength than OAC concrete. This decrease is reduced to only 3% when using LP and even results in 9% and 28% higher strengths when using GGBFS or SF. Similarly, an improvement in structural porosity up to 28% is observed, which led to a significant reduction in shrinkage strain, ranging from 20% to 44%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143208219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}