Cleaner Materials最新文献

{"title":"Effects of biochar on the shrinkage and mechanical properties of sustainable engineered geopolymer composites: A comparative study between biochar sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes","authors":"Yuekai Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of biochar prepared from different sources, pyrolysis temperatures, and particle sizes on the engineered geopolymer composites have not been well investigated. This paper presented the laboratory investigation of the autogenous shrinkage, compressive and flexural strengths, and tensile performance of sustainable and low-carbon engineered geopolymer composites modified with biochar produced from wood, bamboo, and coconut shell under high (650 °C) and low pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C). The prepared biochar was screened by 300 (coarse) and 75 μm (fine) sieves to obtain different particle sizes. The results indicate that the incorporation of 4 % biochar inhibits the development of the autogenous shrinkage of the engineered geopolymer composites by up to 12.1 %. The autogenous shrinkage decreases with the increased pyrolysis temperature or decreased particle size. The coconut shell biochar is more effective in the shrinkage mitigation than the bamboo or wood biochar. The addition of an appropriate quantity of biochar enhances the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the engineered geopolymer composites, which are increased to 101.7, 14.8 MPa, and 6.62 MPa, with corresponding improvements of 24.2 %, 16.4 %, and 15.0 %, respectively. The tensile strain is improved from 8.83 % to 9.54 %. The cost-benefit analysis indicates that the output of the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths from the unit cost is increased by up to 24.0 %, 16.2 %, and 14.8 %, respectively. The carbon footprint of the materials used in each mix proportion suggests the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength gain from unit carbon emission is improved by 32.4 %, 27.4 %, and 24.9 %, respectively. The source, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and dosage to achieve the highest mechanical properties of EGC in this study are coconut shell, 650 °C, smaller than 75 μm, and 2 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into value-added application of phosphogypsum in asphalt mixture through chemical stabilization of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate","authors":"Xiaomei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiong Xu ,&nbsp;Guohao Xu ,&nbsp;Xiong Tao ,&nbsp;Anand Sreeram ,&nbsp;Zhifei Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PhG), a high-volume industrial byproduct, has considerable potential for use in asphalt mixtures. Its utilization is of great significance for mitigating the excessive consumption of natural mineral fillers. However, the high water absorption and wet expansion of PhG significantly compromise the moisture-induced resistance and durability of asphalt mixtures, thereby limiting its broader engineering application. In this study, PhG was used as a full replacement for conventional mineral filler, and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) was introduced as an asphalt binder modifier to prepare PhG asphalt mixtures (PhGAM). The fatigue and freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of PhGAM were evaluated using semicircular bending (SCB) fatigue and F-T cycle tests, respectively. After simulating thermo-oxidative aging, the long-term service performance of PhGAM was systematically assessed through wheel tracking, low-temperature indirect tensile, Marshall immersion, and F-T cycling tests. The SCB test results demonstrated that 4% PMDI, by weight of asphalt binder, can markedly improve the fatigue life of PhGAM, whereas further increasing PMDI content provides limited additional benefit. F-T cycle test results indicated that the incorporation of PMDI can notably enhance the indirect tensile strength and water damage resistance of PhGAM, enabling it to withstand at least four cycles, whereas the unmodified PhGAM/PMDI0 fails after only one. After long-term aging, aged PhGAM/PMDI mixtures exhibit significantly higher resistances to permanent deformation at elevated temperature compared to unaged ones. The dynamic stability of aged PhGAM/PMDI4 reaches 5736 passes/mm, compared to 2921 passes/mm for aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Furthermore, aged PhGAM/PMDI4 still exhibits better resistance to low-temperature cracking and moisture-induced damage, especially compared to aged PhGAM/PMDI0. Overall, a 4 % PMDI content is optimally recommended for blending with the asphalt binder for enhancing the engineering performance of PhGAM and facilitating the high-value utilization of PhG in the construction of more durable asphalt pavement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcined sand-washing slurry-based LC3: hydration, performance, and environmental impact","authors":"Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Mengxin Bu ,&nbsp;Jingshan Peng ,&nbsp;Weijie Chen ,&nbsp;Yazan Alrefaei ,&nbsp;Yanshuai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the feasibility of using calcined sand washing slurry (SWS) as a sustainable alternative to traditional metakaolin in limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3). Using isothermal calorimetry, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TG-FTIR, the effects of SWS and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on hydration, microstructure, and strength development were systematically analyzed. Results show that SWS contains reactive amorphous aluminosilicates that promote AFt formation and enhance early strength. The 750 °C − calcined SWS sample (S750) achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 46.6  MPa − only 3.5 % lower than traditional LC3. PCE significantly improved flowability (175  mm for S750-1) without compromising early strength, and enhanced matrix densification via accelerated AFt generation. Notably, S700 (i.e., 700 °C − calcined SWS sample) exhibited comparable strength and hydration behavior to S750, suggesting that low-temperature calcination is both feasible and energy-efficient. Besides, life cycle analysis shows that compared with CG, the CO₂ emissions of S700 are reduced by approximately 34.6 %. These findings highlight the application potential of SWS in the production of high-performance and low-carbon LC3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of degree of devulcanization on the compatibility and rheological properties of ground tire rubber-modified asphalt","authors":"Danni Li ,&nbsp;Hongru Yao ,&nbsp;Jason Moore ,&nbsp;Kai Huang ,&nbsp;Qiang He ,&nbsp;Baoshan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling waste rubber to produce rubber-modified asphalt is a promising way for sustainable material reuse while enhancing pavement performance. However, poor storage stability caused by the separation of rubber and asphalt remains a significant challenge. The devulcanization process, which partially changes the chemical structure of rubber, presents a solution to these compatibility issues. This study employed a thermal–mechanical process (using a twin-screw extruder with controlled shear strain and temperature) to partially devulcanize ground tire rubber (GTR) at different temperatures (240 °C, 260 °C, 280 °C), characterized the microstructural properties of the devulcanized GTR, and evaluated the performance of the rubber-modified asphalt. The objective is to quantify the relationship between rubber devulcanization and the production of high-performance rubber-modified asphalt. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical changes occurring during devulcanization. After preparing GTR modified asphalt samples under controlled temperature and shearing rate, the storage stability and basic properties of the modified asphalt were assessed using separation tests, rotational viscosity (RV) measurements, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results indicated that storage stability improved, with Separation Index dropping from over 40 % (untreated) to below 10 % at 260–280 °C for 12 % and 18 % GTR. Viscosity at 165 °C decreased by up to 50 %, enhancing workability. However, rutting factor |<em>G</em>*|/sin <em>δ</em> at 64 °C decreased from 25.7 kPa (untreated, 24 % GTR) to 3.7 kPa (280 °C devulcanized), reducing high-temperature resistance. While devulcanization reduces the elasticity of rubber—simplifying the mixing and application process—it can compromise high-temperature performance due to increased deformation under high temperatures. Optimizing the control of devulcanization temperature and rubber content can help balance the asphalt binder’s performance and stability. These findings provide valuable insights into the GTR devulcanization process and support the development of more efficient and cleaner production techniques for rubber-modified asphalt, thereby broadening its potential applications in pavement engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of composite microencapsulated phase change material on the rheological property and applicability of asphalt","authors":"Xueting Wang ,&nbsp;Dongliang Kuang ,&nbsp;Anhua Xu ,&nbsp;Huaxin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt pavement cooling technology utilizing phase change materials offers significant long-term potential for mitigating the urban heat island effect, positioning it as a critical technology for advancing urban environmental protection and sustainable development. This study introduces a novel composite microencapsulated phase change material (CMPCM) synthesized from the organic monomer methyl methacrylate and SiO₂ through dehydration polycondensation, to prepare phase change modified asphalt (CMA). The stability of CMPCM in hot asphalt was verified through chemical and thermal tests. The impact of CMPCM on the rheological behavior of asphalt was thoroughly analyzed using dynamic shear rheometer, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and low-temperature bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests, aiming to evaluate the feasibility of its application in cooling asphalt pavements. The results demonstrate that CMPCM remains stable in asphalt and exhibits excellent chemical compatibility with it. The melting enthalpy of CMPCM-containing asphalt reaches 21.88 J·g⁻¹, indicating strong temperature regulation potential. Dynamic viscoelastic analysis of CMA, using the Black diagram and 2S2P1D model, reveals that CMPCM increases the complex modulus of asphalt in the low-frequency region, maintaining a relatively stable viscoelastic state. MSCR test results show that, at lower stress levels, CMA exhibits excellent elastic recovery and low non-recoverable creep compliance between 40 and 50 °C, highlighting CMPCM’s substantial enhancement of high-temperature deformation resistance. However, BBR results, based on the Burgers model, suggest that higher CMPCM content reduces the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt. When the CMPCM content is maintained between 10–15 %, CMA not only satisfies the low-temperature performance requirements for asphalt pavements but also improves high-temperature deformation resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100354"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of Asphalt Pavements: The role of life cycle assessment (LCA) and emerging technologies","authors":"Abolfazl Afshin,&nbsp;Ali Behnood","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt pavements contribute significantly to the construction sector’s environmental footprint, particularly through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use, and material extraction. This review critically evaluates the role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in quantifying and mitigating these impacts, with attention to how system boundaries, Product Category Rules (PCRs), and background datasets influence reported outcomes. Drawing on over 500 peer-reviewed studies, the manuscript synthesizes evidence on material and process-level strategies, such as warm-mix asphalt (WMA), high-reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, cold in-place recycling, bio-based binders, and waste derived additives, that demonstrate measurable reductions in life cycle indicators across different scope boundaries.</div><div>This study highlights the emerging potential of digital technologies. Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors can generate project specific inventory data, while Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables automated data cleaning, quality control, and predictive scenario modeling. Together, these tools support the development of dynamic, high-resolution environmental profiles that improve transparency and comparability. Policy developments across the United States, European Union, and other regions illustrate how EPDs are becoming embedded in public procurement practices, with growing alignment around EN and ISO standards enhancing consistency and cross-border comparability. Despite recent advancements, several key challenges still remain unresolved, including fragmented PCR frameworks, limited high quality datasets for emerging materials, and uncertainty in modeling long-term pavement performance. To address these, this review proposes a roadmap focused on standardized impact reporting, direct measurement of material and energy flows, and verifiable digital workflows. Overall, the findings support a shift from static environmental documentation to actionable, performance-based tools that promote cleaner asphalt materials and sustainable infrastructure development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of SBS polymer in mitigating organic emissions from base asphalt","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinping Pei ,&nbsp;Hongzhou Zhu ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Song Yang ,&nbsp;Xingyu Chen ,&nbsp;Ruiming Li ,&nbsp;Yuhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt mixtures could emit substantial organic compounds during production and construction, posing potential health risks and potentially degrading asphalt binder performance. However, it remains unclear whether polymer modification can alter these emissions. This study systematically assesses how styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modification influences the effects, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of organic emissions from base asphalt, using an integrated approach spanning environmental science, toxicology, chemistry, surface science, and rheology. The results show that SBS polymer effectively reduces emissions of multiple organic compounds and suppresses the formation of secondary air pollutants, odor nuisance, and human health risks. Among the tested dosages, a dosage of 4.5 % SBS leads to the greatest mitigation effect. Based on compound identification and prior literature, secondary pollutant formation and odor nuisance are driven mainly by certain n‑alkanes, whereas health risks are predominantly associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Beyond mitigating environmental and health risks, SBS polymer improves asphalt binder performance, including surface free energy characteristics, rheological behavior, and structural phase transitions. These benefits are likely attributed to the unique network structure and physical cross‑linking between SBS and asphalt binder. Overall, the findings elucidate the effects, mechanisms, and environmental implications of SBS modification that reduces organic emissions from base asphalt, thereby advancing the development of cleaner, high‑performance, sustainable, and health‑protective paving materials and technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of prefab shelter using bamboo culms and bamboo bio-concrete for emergency scenarios","authors":"Carla Magalhães Lima ,&nbsp;Marco Felipe Fialho Santos ,&nbsp;Vanessa Maria Andreola ,&nbsp;M'hamed Yassin Rajiv da Gloria ,&nbsp;Romildo Dias Toledo Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise in forcibly displaced individuals has prompted the need for the construction of emergency support units. However, as the need for shelters grows, so does the demand for conventional materials, which are potential emitters of carbon dioxide. To interrupt this cycle, building with alternative materials needs to be further examined. This study aims to present a prefabricated modular constructive system for a shelter composed of prefabricated pieces with a moso bamboo culms structure and bamboo bio-concrete panels. Studies were conducted on form, environmental comfort, and how to provide adaptability of the shelter’s space. The bio-concrete, the bamboo culms with three different configurations and the connection of the shelter were experimentally analyzed. The bio-concrete studied was produced with 45% of bamboo waste in volume and mechanically characterized. The compressive tests of the bamboo structural system pointed out that the beam diaphragm positioned on the center of the fish mouth was the best configuration for this type of orthogonal fitting. This setup presented a maximum stress of 9.12 MPa, being 1.33 times greater than the alternative with internode in the center of the fish mouth. The tensile tests with anchored joints indicated an average maximum load of 3.66 kN. The modular architecture with the constructive system proposed was analyzed applying the direct stiffness method, obtaining satisfactory results for its use in different locations in Brazil, due to the material availability and mechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and environmental impacts of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavement: a comprehensive review","authors":"Xingchi Wu ,&nbsp;Euniza Jusli ,&nbsp;Vivi Anggraini ,&nbsp;Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ,&nbsp;Xinqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic waste has become a major global concern due to its adverse environmental and human health impacts. Incorporating waste plastic into asphalt pavements provides a sustainable solution that reduces pollution while enhancing pavement performance. This review synthesises recent advances (2021–2025) in plastic-modified bitumen and asphalt by integrating engineering performance, environmental risk, and life cycle assessment (LCA) perspectives. It develops a clear framework that links material performance with environmental emissions and overall sustainability, and highlights key research gaps related to materials utilisation, microplastic release, recyclability and LCA. Findings indicate that plastic modification improves rutting resistance, fatigue life, and moisture durability, and reduces emissions of harmful substances during production and service, which aligns with SDG 12, 13, and 14. In addition, the integration of waste plastics into asphalt enables cleaner material pathways by minimising the reliance on virgin polymers and mitigating emissions during production and application stages. However, challenges such as poor plastic-bitumen compatibility and limited low-temperature flexibility persist. The review further highlights the need for standardised datasets, region-specific LCAs, and long-term field monitoring to ensure reliable environmental assessments. Overall, this study provides an updated synthesis and research roadmap for materials scientists, pavement engineers, and policymakers to advance the sustainable design, evaluation, and large-scale implementation of waste plastic-modified asphalt pavements within a circular-economy framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of waste glass on the flexural response of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled brick aggregate","authors":"Khondaker Sakil Ahmed ,&nbsp;Lutfar Rahman Rana ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al-Moneim ,&nbsp;Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clema.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in waste glass and demolished concrete is a concern because both pollute the environment while also wasting precious land. Their robust application in concrete, particularly in structural elements, has the potential to minimise those wastes drastically and convert them into resources. Considering this situation, this study investigates the flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams containing waste glass (WG) and recycled brick aggregate (RBA). The WG was used as a partial or full replacement of fine aggregate with RBA concrete to produce RC beams. Primarily, the basic concrete tests for measuring physical, fresh, and hardened properties, such as density, gradation, air content, slump, and flexural strength of RBA-based concrete with glass (RCG), are evaluated followingASTM standards. Then, a total of twelve RC beam specimens with different proportions of WG and RBA were prepared, cured, and tested under a four-point bending test in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Test results showed that the load-carrying capacity of RCG beams was decreased by 8.5–9.9% only when the glass content was increased up to 25% replacement. Flexural strength of the beams was affected by the relatively weaker strength properties of recycled concrete with glass (RCG). The majority of cracks initiate at the flexural zones, though the final failures occurred in the concrete with a general combination of shear and flexure in many cases. Finally, the flexural strength of the beams is compared to predictions from CSA 2004, EC2, and ACI-318, and it is observed that the ratio of experimental to theoretical moment capacity ranges from 0.8 to 1.3. These disparities in moment capacity (particularly for ratios below 1.0) demonstrate the need for revisions to the existing code provisions to accurately predict the flexural capacity of RCG beams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100254,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Materials","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}