Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Anacardic acid isolated from cashew nut shells liquid: A potential precursor for the synthesis of anthraquinone dyes","authors":"Lutamyo Nambela ,&nbsp;Liberato V. Haule ,&nbsp;Quintino A. Mgani","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The strategy for synthesis of anthraquinone based dyes from anacardic acid were developed. Five anthraquinone derivative dyes (1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 7-bromo-1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1,7-hydroxyanthrquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone and indanthrone) were synthesised from anacardic acid isolated from Cashew Nut Shells Liquid (CNSL). The novelty of the strategy is that the dyes have been synthesised from commercially inexpensive and renewable starting materials. The synthesised dyes were characterised by spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, HRMS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The two synthesised anthraquinone dyes (1-hydroxyanthraquinone and 7-bromo-1-hydroxyanthraquinone) were tested on 100% polyester fabric while the synthesised indanthrone dye was tested on 100% cotton fabric. Reflectance spectrophotometer analysis of the dyed fabrics indicated good colour strength and wash fastness properties. This demonstrates that CNSL is a potential precursor in the synthesis of anthraquinone dyes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000547/pdfft?md5=549ede7da66d388bc498a97c69009a6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000547-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88929015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical characterization and health risk assessement of size segreated PM at world heritage site, Agra","authors":"Rahul Tiwari ,&nbsp;Akshay Botle ,&nbsp;Sartaj Ahmad Bhat ,&nbsp;Prabal P． Singh ,&nbsp;Ajay Taneja","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air quality at two traffic junctions representing GLA indicating pollution at highway and Iradatnagar indicating rural pollution was evaluated in Uttar Pradesh, India. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of size-segregated PM with the characterization of metals at different traffic junctions i.e. (Agra and Mathura). In the study, PM_2.5–1.0 and PM_1.0–0.5 were measured with the help of Cascade Sioutas Impactor during the study period December to January 2018. The size fraction of PM_2.5–1.0 was found to be higher at GLA (350.92 µg/m³) followed by Iradatnagar (329.12 µg/m³), whereas the average value of size fraction of PM_1.0–0.5 was found higher at Iradatnagar (341.01 µg/m³) in comparison with GLA (313.47 µg/m³) respectively. The average PM_2.5 concentration in all the sampling sites was found to be 7–8 times higher when compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (60 µg/m³) (NAAQS, India). Twelve metals viz. (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were subsequently determined by ICP-OES. Al, Ba, Ca, and Mg, were found in higher concentrations in comparison with other metals. Source apportionment of metals was done by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) which shows that metal loading of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni was influenced by vehicular emission with 33.6% constitutes of the total variance. Higher bioavaiablity was observed for PM_2.5–1.0 (5.12–6.46%) and least was found for PM_1.0–0.5 (4.56–7.055%). For health risk estimation, the average value of HQs was found higher for PM_1.0–0.5 size fraction. HQ values were recorded higher for GLA (7.95) for PM_2.5–1.0 and (9.50) for PM_1.0–0.5 fraction. Overall, the observed HQs values far exceeded the acceptable level. Average value (1 × 10^–⁶) of carcinogenic risk factor was found higher for an adult and child respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277278232200047X/pdfft?md5=4378ff4dc4c5aec50e8ba2962c6f980a&pid=1-s2.0-S277278232200047X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75619102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZnO/POA functionalized metal-organic framework ZIF-8 nanomaterial for dye removal","authors":"Sher Mohd,&nbsp;Ajaz Ahmad Wani,&nbsp;Amjad Mumtaz Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a novel metal-organic framework ZIF-8 is fabricated with poly-o-anisidine/zinc oxide (POA/ZnO) to obtain poly-o-anisidine/zinc-oxide nanohybrid material (PAZ@ZIF-8) via in-situ approach at room temperature. The characteristics of as-prepared nanocomposites were investigated by employing sophisticated techniques such as SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDAX. The PAZ@ZIF-8 nanohybrid material exhibits a significant rational function for the adsorption of highly toxic organic pollutants. The as-synthesized nanohybrid materials are employed to remove Malachite Green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions. PAZ@ZIF-8 has displayed excellent removal efficiency towards the removal of MG dye, and almost 96% of the dye is removed within a very short period as compared to ZIF-8 (34%) and POA/ZnO (61%), respectively. The experiments were carried out at different pH values (3 - 9) and adsorbent amounts (1 - 1.5 mg/g). The Langmuir sorption model is a better fit for the removal of MG dye on PAZ@ZIF-8, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 613 mg/g is observed. The sorption kinetics of MG dye on PAZ@ZIF-8 is well followed by the pseudo-second-order model. PAZ@ZIF-8 has shown excellent recyclability for three consecutive cycles, and almost 90% of the dye is removed in the third cycle. This research will overlay the road to developing innovative nanohybrid 3D-MOF adsorbent systems for detoxification and wastewater treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000456/pdfft?md5=3f7af11e498abbf9e88901a446c6b232&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000456-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73854004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of polyamide 6 by Lysinibacillus sp, Alcaligene faecalis and Enterococcus faecalis","authors":"Oumayma Oulidi ,&nbsp;Asmae Nakkabi ,&nbsp;Aziz Bouymajane ,&nbsp;Ibtissam Elaraaj ,&nbsp;Fouzia Rhazi Filali ,&nbsp;Mohammed Fahim ,&nbsp;Noureddine El Moualij","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyamide 6 (PA6, polycaprolactam, Nylon 6) is a thermoplastic polymer widely used in construction, automotive, packaging, etc. It is a semi-crystalline polymer known for its good mechanical properties, and chemical, and thermal stability, with a low price, compared to the other polyamides. PA6 can be synthesized by anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam, initiated by sodium hydride, and activated by N-acetylcaprolactam. This poorly biodegradable material has quickly proven to be a source of considerable pollution both visually and in terms of ecosystem preservation, particularly due to its increasing annual global production. This issue raises the need to develop environmentally friendly protocols for the degradation of this waste. One of the methods that can prove to be effective is the degradation by microorganisms. The objective of our research is to study the degradation of PA6 by the bacteria <em>Lysinibacillus</em> sp. <em>(LB), Alcaligene faecalis (AF),</em> and <em>Enterococcus faecalis (EF)</em> isolated from the landfill. The three bacteria, isolated and previously identified, were able to show proliferation in minimal media using PA6 as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The weight loss of the PA6 pellets was evaluated at 21% for L. <em>bacillus</em>, 27% for <em>A. faecalis,</em> and 13% for <em>E. faecalis</em> after 48 days of incubation. The biodegradation of PA6 was also confirmed by FTIR and SEM coupled to the elemental detector scanning EDS, which revealed the structural, morphological, and elemental changes that PA6 underwent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000523/pdfft?md5=82e8e8d834c9127f41d5f9e324e04dad&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000523-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84019499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy efficiency improvement potentials through energy benchmarking in pulp and paper industry","authors":"Imran Shabbir ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Mirzaeian ,&nbsp;Farooq Sher","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to highlight the energy improvement potentials of Pakistan's paper sector that is one of the most energy intensive industries by benchmarking its specific energy consumption (SEC) to produce a similar grade of paper. To address issues such as the lack of indicators for energy efficiency benchmarking in Pakistan's paper industry. Furthermore, energy saving potential was estimated by comparison with paper industries in the United Kingdom and Canada, where energy benchmarks have already been established and data on energy benchmarking is readily available. This study energy consumption data accounts for 75% of the total energy utilized in Pakistan's paper industry and is compared with the energy consumption of the UK and Canada paper sectors where the most up-to-date energy-saving techniques are used. The calculation shows that when compared to the paper industries in the UK and Canada, Pakistan's paper industry utilizes an additional 1.3 MWh of energy for every tonne of paper produced. With a total yearly paper production of 314,549 metric tonnes, this equates to an additional 408,913 MWh of overall annual energy use. It is concluded that if the proposed energy benchmark in this study is applied within the country's mill comparison, savings of 16.4% of overall energy consumption in the Pakistan paper sector can be achieved. It is also shown that the implementation of the best available techniques used in the UK and Canada in Pakistan's paper sector could result in a potential energy saving of 43% of the total energy consumed by this sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000560/pdfft?md5=3587e45627ea99fa0b15a61e9ffe7781&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000560-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90692095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into copper and nickel adsorption from aqueous solutions onto carbon-coated-sand: Isotherms, kinetics, mechanisms, and cost analysis","authors":"Zainab Mahdi ,&nbsp;Ali El Hanandeh","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the use of carbon-coated-sand (CCS), as a more sustainable alternative to activated carbon (AC), for the removal of Ni²⁺and Cu²⁺ ions from an aqueous solution. The CCS was synthesized from sugar and sand without any additional binders and then activated using 0.1 M H₂SO₄ to form the modified version called MCSS. Activation increased the specific surface area by 15-folds from 0.409 (CCS) to 6.183 (MCCS) m²/g. Multi-linear regression was applied to evaluate the adsorption capacity as a function of three independent factors: pH of the solution; contact time; and initial concentration of the adsorbate. The optimum adsorption of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ was achieved at pH 6.0 for both adsorbents. Activation enhanced the adsorption capacity by 68% for Cu²⁺and 54% for Ni²⁺. The adsorption behavior under different conditions was successfully modeled using multi-linear regression with high accuracy R² &gt; 0.86 for CCS and R² &gt; 0.96 for MCCS. Cost estimation provided encouraging evidence of the cost-effectiveness of CCS and MCCS compared to activated carbon. The results obtained in this study revealed that carbon-coating is a promising greener low-cost technique for water treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000432/pdfft?md5=4fb464b6738a16e746c7c9ee5a40be5d&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000432-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78685536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production process","authors":"Onukwuli Dominic Okechukwu ,&nbsp;Ezeugo Joseph ,&nbsp;Ude Callistus Nonso ,&nbsp;Nwosu-Obieogu Kenechi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The relevance of heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel production cannot be overemphasized, as heterogeneous catalysts have eliminated the demerits associated with a homogeneous catalysts. Some heterogeneous catalysts experience drawbacks such as partial recoverability and reusability, energy and waste conservation issues during biodiesel processing and leaching of active catalyst sites. This paper highlights and summarizes several heterogeneous catalysts used in biodiesel production. The catalyst preparation, reaction conditions, feedstock, and biodiesel yield for the heterogeneous base and acid catalysts were emphasized. The inability of heterogeneous base catalysts to trans-esterify low-grade oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) is a primary concern; the cost of processing low-grade oil with high FFA using heterogeneous acid catalysts is also a big issue. Nano-doped heterogeneous catalysts with unique properties were recommended because they can process oil with high FFA transesterification, improve reaction efficiency, simplify production, reduce the leaching of active sites, enable better biodiesel yield by minimizing energy and waste, and increase catalyst recoverability, activity, selectivity and durability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100038"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000365/pdfft?md5=226bbead19541e280ced514811b501c3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000365-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89790325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of salt impregnation on the properties of orange albedo biochar","authors":"Adewale George Adeniyi ,&nbsp;Sulyman A. Abdulkareem ,&nbsp;Kingsley O. Iwuozor ,&nbsp;Samuel Ogunniyi ,&nbsp;Maryam T. Abdulkareem ,&nbsp;Ebuka Chizitere Emenike ,&nbsp;Patience A. Sagboye","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of impregnation with zinc chloride on the characteristics of orange albedo biochar produced in a top-lit updraft biomass conversion reactor with retort heating. The study was done in a bid to improve the porosity and surface area of the orange albedo biochar. The impregnated biochar was impregnated with zinc chloride salt (impregnation ratio = 1:1 for 24 h) before carbonization. Three techniques of characterization (SEM-EDS, FTIR, and BET) were used to characterize the biochars to determine their porosity, chemical composition, morphology, and chemistry. The un-impregnated biochar and the impregnated biochar have a specific surface area of 114.036 m²/g and 148.030 m²/g, respectively, and both biochars are mesoporous.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000572/pdfft?md5=106850acfd4adab369f01a9de2e428d8&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000572-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82178486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into the catalytic performance of Na-promoted Fe/Al2O3 catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis","authors":"Aliu A. Adeleke ,&nbsp;Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani ,&nbsp;Michela Martinelli ,&nbsp;Burtron H. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Na in Fe-based catalysts can be used to increase CO conversion and C₂-C₄ olefins and decrease the conversion of H₂ and C₁ selectivity, but its behaviour at different reaction temperatures is of importance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The dependency of the C₁ formation rate, the conversions of H₂ and CO, the water-gas shift reaction, the olefins and paraffins of the C₂-C₄ and C₅-C₁₂ hydrocarbons, and C₁₃₊ hydrocarbons on the reaction temperature for prepared Fe/Al₂O₃ and FeNa/Al₂O₃ catalysts was evaluated in a tubular fixed-bed reactor. This was done to investigate the effects of Na in Fe-based catalyst at different reaction temperatures (250 – 310 °C). The results show that the effects of Na in Fe-based catalysts to increase CO conversion and decrease H₂ conversion are dependent on the reaction temperature in FTS. The Na-promoted Fe-based catalyst (FeNa/Al₂O₃) gave a lower C₁ formation rate at certain lower reaction temperatures (250 °C and 270 °C) compared to the unpromoted Fe-based catalyst (Fe/Al₂O₃). The presence of Na in the Fe-based catalyst improved the C₁ formation rate at certain higher reaction temperatures (290 °C and 310 °C). Na was found to hinder the selectivity towards C₂-C₄ paraffins and C₁₃₊ hydrocarbons, including the oxygenates, and improve the formation of C₂-C₄ olefins and C₅-C₁₂ hydrocarbons at different reaction temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000584/pdfft?md5=30dc142c415fd0cb7efef831ca110e91&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000584-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85380092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost of adsorbent preparation and usage in wastewater treatment: A review","authors":"Joshua O. Ighalo ,&nbsp;Fredrick O. Omoarukhe ,&nbsp;Victor E. Ojukwu ,&nbsp;Kingsley O. Iwuozor ,&nbsp;Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2022.100042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cost of adsorbent preparation and usage is an important factor that determines its suitability for use in wastewater treatment in light of other competing technologies. Adsorbent cost can be determined via the cost of raw materials, discounted cash flow, cost indices, cost of adsorbent per gram of the adsorbate removed, Annual Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditures (OPEX), and the cost of adsorbent application in an adsorption operation. The need to unify the various concepts of adsorbent cost of different researchers and the evaluation of how the process efficiency affects the process cost prompted the need for this study. This paper aimed to review the cost of using different adsorbents for treating wastewater. It also developed a quantitative metric for comparing adsorbent costs known as the “adsorbent cost performance,” termed as Ĉ (and computed in $/mol). This was elucidated as the dollar cost of producing and using 1 g of an adsorbent for the removal of 1 mole of a chemical species in the aqueous phase, considered at the theoretical point of maximum uptake of the chemical species. There is a wide variation in adsorbent cost performance, but most adsorbents fall between 1 and 200 $/mol. Adsorbents at &lt; 1 $/mol threshold can be considered very cheap for the intended application, while those at &gt; 200 $/mol can be considered very expensive. More investigations into adsorbent cost analysis are encouraged, especially in routine adsorption studies, to help extend the practical relevance of these papers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772782322000407/pdfft?md5=66b377d860a276d48a1d5e4b50d93b1d&pid=1-s2.0-S2772782322000407-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86845513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}