Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin by ZnO-TiO2 heterojunction under UV-Visible irradiation","authors":"Samira Charafi ,&nbsp;Fatima Zahra Janani ,&nbsp;Alaâeddine Elhalil ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdennouri ,&nbsp;Mhamed Sadiq ,&nbsp;Noureddine Barka","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the ZnO/TiO₂ heterojunction in a photocatalytic process under UV-Visible irradiation for the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX), an antibiotic commonly detected as a pharmaceutical contaminant in water. The photocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by various techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDX, MET and UV-vis DRS, in order to evaluate its physicochemical properties. Optimization of several experimental parameters, such as the initial concentration of AMX, the nature of the photocatalyst, the catalyst dose and the initial pH of the solution, was carried out to maximize photocatalytic performance. XRD revealed the presence of the wurtzite phase for ZnO, while TiO₂ showed the rutile and anatase phases, finely dispersed in the ZnO matrix. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of the characteristic ZnO and TiO₂ bands, and UV-vis DRS analysis also confirmed significant energy absorption in the UV-vis range. In addition, evaluation of photocatalytic efficiency under different experimental conditions showed that alkaline conditions were more conducive to degradation due to the significantly higher hydroxyl ion content. Under optimal experimental conditions (AMX concentration of 40 mg/L, pH of approx. 10, catalyst dose of 100 mg/L and Zn²⁺/Ti⁴⁺=4 molar ratio), the ZnO-TiO₂ heterojunction reached 94% after 210 minutes of exposure to UV-vis irradiation, guaranteeing an optimum balance between light penetration and photocatalytic activity. In addition, the photocatalyst demonstrated high regeneration capacity and photostability, maintaining high regeneration capacity after five cycles. These results underline the strong potential of the ZnO-TiO₂ heterojunction for concrete applications in the treatment of polluted water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium oxide nanoparticles from eggshell waste: A green nanotechnological strategy for microwave-assisted environmental clean up","authors":"Jannatun Zia ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Shringi ,&nbsp;Ufana Riaz","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a sustainable and innovative strategy for waste reutilization and environmental remediation through the green synthesis of calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) derived from waste eggshells, predominantly composed of calcium carbonate. The CaO NPs were synthesized via a straight forward calcination process and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). XRD confirmed high crystallinity with an average crystallite size of 32 nm, while TEM revealed cubic nanoparticles in the range of 30–50 nm. TGA analysis demonstrated notable thermal stability up to 800 °C.The catalytic performance of the synthesized CaO NPs was evaluated via microwave-assisted degradation of Malachite Green (MG), a model organic pollutant. Under microwave irradiation, CaO NPs achieved 86 % degradation within 30 min, significantly outperforming raw eggshells (72 %). The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Optimization studies revealed enhanced degradation efficiency (up to 93.40 %) at 900 W microwave powers and 94.59 % efficiency with a catalyst dose of 250 mg/L. However, increasing MG concentration from 20 to 50 mg/L resulted in a decline in degradation efficiency from 86 % to 60.2 %. Recyclability assessments showed 77 % degradation efficiency after four consecutive cycles, indicating the catalyst’s stability and reusability. Scavenger experiments identified the involvement of reactive species, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide anions (•O₂⁻), and photo-generated holes (h⁺), in the degradation mechanism. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis proposed a plausible degradation pathway based on intermediate <em>m/z</em> values. Compared to conventional thermal or chemical degradation methods, the microwave-assisted catalytic process using CaO NPs demonstrated superior efficiency, rapid reaction kinetics, and reduced energy consumption. This work highlights the potential of converting bio-waste into high-value nanomaterials for scalable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective wastewater treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of industrial carbon capture process using gradient, weight-based, and lexicographic approach","authors":"Swaprabha P. Patel,&nbsp;Ashish M. Gujarathi,&nbsp;Sara Al Khamisi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural gas (NG) is a fossil energy source and a crucial petrochemical feedstock. Raw NG contains impurities that must be removed before it can be commercially used. Carbon capture (CC) is considered a crucial step in the NG treatment process. The removal of acid gases like hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from NG is of great importance. Optimization of the industrial CC process is carried out using environment, process, and energy-based objectives, five decision variables, and two constraints. Six different optimization algorithms are utilized for each of the objective functions, and their detailed convergence-specific comparison is carried out using the corresponding objective and the decision variable's values. In a gradient optimization study, the minimum energy value of 13.35 MMBtu/h is achieved by the Interior Point-Central difference algorithm. In a weight-based study, as weight increases from 0 to 0.4, the CO₂ in sweet NG decreases and remains nearly constant at an average of 8038 ppm, and the hydrocarbon recovery first decreases and remains constant at the value of 92.4 %. In a lexicographic optimization study, the total energy optimum value increases with an increase in compromise percentage, with a maximum of 8.1 % with 10 % compromise, whereas the CO₂ content in sweet NG objective values decreases by up to 7 %. This optimization study gives insight into the complex natural gas CC process using traditional optimization algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and comparison of multi-beds PSA technology for separation of carbon dioxide mixtures by processes simulations","authors":"Qiwei Yang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Chai ,&nbsp;Li Yang,&nbsp;Zhen Chen,&nbsp;Yuanhang Qin,&nbsp;Tielin Wang,&nbsp;Wei Sun,&nbsp;Cunwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) demonstrates significant potential for post-combustion CO₂ capture from coal-fired flue gas (15 % CO₂/85 % N₂). This study systematically investigates two-bed, four-bed, and six-bed structural configurations of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems to elucidate the purity-recovery trade-off relationship. The six-bed process, incorporating triple pressure equalization steps, achieves the breakthrough performance of 92.7 % CO₂ purity and 92.4 % recovery under industrially feasible conditions (10 bar adsorption pressure, 40 s cycle time), surpassing conventional two-bed systems where neither metric exceeds 90 %. While the four-bed configuration attains ultra-high purity (∼99 % CO₂), its scalability in recovery remains constrained. Rigorous optimization of operational parameters (adsorption pressure, cycle time, bed aspect ratio) balances energy efficiency and separation performance. Results highlight multi-bed PSA, particularly the six-bed system, as a scalable solution for industrial CO₂ capture, effectively bridging the gap between high-purity benchmarks and practical recovery targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of mesoporous silica and calcium fluoride nanoparticles from hexafluorosilicic acid waste: A circular economy approach","authors":"Aditya Abburi ,&nbsp;Visweswara Rao Abburi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable industrial practices has intensified the need for innovative approaches to managing hazardous waste. In this study, we propose a circular economy-driven method for the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and calcium fluoride (CaF₂) nanoparticles from hexafluorosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆), a highly corrosive and toxic by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry. The process involves reacting H₂SiF₆ with ammonia (NH₃) under controlled conditions to yield high-purity MSNs with tunable properties, including particle sizes ranging from 32 to 85 nm and pore diameters of 2-5 nm. In a second step, the ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) solution obtained as a by-product during the MSN synthesis was treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) to synthesize CaF₂ nanoparticles with an average particle size of 38 nm. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirming their high purity and nanoscale dimensions. This dual-synthesis approach not only addresses the environmental concerns associated with H₂SiF₆ disposal but also provides valuable nanomaterials for various industrial applications, thus contributing to a circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical insight of phosphonium-based ionic liquid with carbocyclic sugar-based inositol derivative","authors":"Bhupendra Singh Banjare ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Banjare ,&nbsp;Nitai Sarkar ,&nbsp;Kamalakanta Behera ,&nbsp;Dolly Baghel ,&nbsp;Benvikram Barman ,&nbsp;Swati Chandrawanshi ,&nbsp;Roman Kumar Aneshwari ,&nbsp;Indrapal Karbhal ,&nbsp;Manmohan Lal Satnami ,&nbsp;Kallol Kumar Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely utilized as solubilizers, transporters, and agents for enhancing the efficacy of various components. In this study, the phosphonium-based ionic liquid (PIL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate ([P666(14)][TMPP]) was investigated for its synergic interaction with synthesized carbocyclic sugar-based inositol derivative 4-O-Tosyl-6-O-benzyl-<em>myo</em>-inositol-1,3,5-orthoformate (referred to as the tosyl derivative). These interactions were explored using a range of techniques including FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), surface tension, conductivity, colorimetry, and viscometry at 299.0 ± 0.5 K temperature. Key parameters in physicochemical insight, such as the zeta potential, particle size distribution, critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and various thermodynamic parameters (Δ_G^°_ads, Δ_G^°_trans, ∆G^s_min, Δ_G^°_m, Δ_G^°_m,tail) and interfacial parameters (Г_max, A_min, π_CMC, pC₂₀, γ_CMC) were calculated. A significant reduction in CMC values of the PIL was observed with increasing concentrations (mM) of the tosyl derivative. The findings of the interfacial parameters indicated that when the concentration of tosyl derivative increased, the values of A_min, π_CMC, and pC₂₀ enhanced while the values of γ_CMC, Γ_max, and CPP undergo reduction. Further, conductometric and colorimetric studies give similar results for CMC value. The higher negative values of Δ_G^°_m and Δ_G^°_ads have been shown the micellization and adsorption properties became more spontaneous. The rheological characteristics of PIL, such as reducing, intrinsic, and relative viscosities, are more significantly impacted by higher concentrations of the tosyl derivative. The FTIR spectral response confirmed shifts in different stretching and bending modes indicating strong intermolecular interactions. DLS data further indicated that the polar nature of the tosyl derivative promotes the formation of significantly larger micelles in the PIL–tosyl derivative system (particularly at 2.0 mM) compared to the pure due to the tosyl derivative showing co-solvent character. These findings suggest potential applications for such synergistic systems in household products, pharmaceutical sciences, cosmetics, and drug delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algae biodiesel as a alternative green fuel: A futuristic scope","authors":"Manish Kumar,&nbsp;Naushad Ahmad Ansari,&nbsp;Raghvendra Gautam","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for energy and the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels necessitate the development of sustainable alternative fuels. Among these, algae-based biodiesel, a third-generation biofuel, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its high productivity, non-competition with food resources, and carbon sequestration potential. This review aims to address a gap in the existing literature by comprehensively analysing algae biodiesel production, including cultivation methods, extraction techniques, and strategies to enhance fuel properties. Furthermore, it offers a novel synthesis of the impact of algae biodiesel on compression ignition engines, focusing on combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. Key findings indicate that algae biodiesel exhibits shorter ignition delays, gradual heat release rates, and longer combustion durations than conventional diesel. While engine performance remains comparable, algae biodiesel results in slightly lower brake thermal efficiency and higher specific fuel consumption. In terms of emissions, it significantly reduces CO, HC, and PM emissions but leads to marginally higher NOx emissions. The advantages of algae biodiesel, including its renewability, adaptability through species selection or genetic modification, and environmental benefits, underscore its potential as a viable alternative fuel. This review highlights the feasibility of algae biodiesel as a sustainable energy solution, contributing to the transition toward cleaner and more efficient fuel sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances on modification of photocatalyst for degradation/removal of organic pollutants from water","authors":"Solomon Oluwaseun Akinnawo,&nbsp;Thompson Faraday Ediagbonya","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modification strategies such as surface doping, surface defect engineering, surface sensitization and heterojunction have proved to be highly effective in improving the performance of a photocatalyst towards the degradation removal of organic pollutants from water. Photocatalysts such as N-doped TiO₂ nanotubes and S-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared via surface doping have been described to displayed higher photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and malachite green compared to unmodified TiO₂ nanoparticles. Moreover, AgI/CdS binary composite fabricated via type-II conventional heterojunction strategy has been recounted in obtaining 91 and 94.5 % removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and methyl orange removal from water. Whereas, GQD/ZnO nanowires photocatalyst developed using a direct z-scheme heterostructure strategy has been investigated to yield three times comparably higher degradation of methylene blue than using pure ZnO nanowires. Similar outcomes have been reported with photocatalysts prepared using surface defect engineering and surface sensitization strategies. In comparison to previous studies, this review accentuates the recent advances on the various modification strategies for enhancing photocatalytic performance in removing organic pollutants from wastewater. While recounting the challenges and direction of future studies in palliating these challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar-synergy in anaerobic digestion of animal wastes for total pollution control and bioenergy production: A sustainable integrated perspective","authors":"Obey Gotore ,&nbsp;Thuong Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Tirivashe Philip Masere ,&nbsp;Albert Shumba ,&nbsp;Albert Gumbo ,&nbsp;Prattakorn Sittisom ,&nbsp;Mufwankolo Apingien Heritier ,&nbsp;Tomoaki Itayama","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic waste disposal and treatment are key public and environmental health issues contributing to pollution reduction and minimizing the spread of diseases from agricultural setups. Current treatment methods of animal waste often generate odors and greenhouse gases, which become catastrophic downstream, including algae blooms and groundwater contamination. Anaerobic digestion (AD) using bioreactors has been an economic resource utilization strategy for organic waste treatment with ecological integrity for environmental justice. To enhance the effectiveness of AD, the addition of biochar has been shown to improve treatment efficiency by amplifying bacterial activity and aiding in the breakdown of complex organic materials for biofuel production. We reviewed the integration of biochar in the AD of animal waste material as a cost-effective bio-carrier to enhance treatment for environmental protection and bioenergy production. We discussed the current relationship between pyrolysis conditions and feedstock types used in the AD process and evaluated the ecological functions of microbial activities and their interaction with biochar-based biomass in AD engineering designs. A comprehension of the technological advances to improve the AD performances associated with microbial biomass and biochar addition and potential areas for future research and their limitations toward a zero-waste paradigm for sustainable development in farm management systems was reviewed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clean environmental strategy applied to anatomy laboratory wastewater purification: a hybrid and integrated performance of a photo-electro-Fered-Fenton process","authors":"Maikow Zago ,&nbsp;Fernando H. Borba ,&nbsp;Liziara Cabrera ,&nbsp;Daiana Seibert ,&nbsp;Nicoli Justen ,&nbsp;Jonas J. Inticher ,&nbsp;Camila F. Zorzo","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formaldehyde (CH₂O) is an important preservative of anatomic pieces in laboratories; Solutions with high concentrations of CH₂O are used to avoid the deterioration of anatomic pieces. Besides the high concentration of CH₂O, organic content may leachate from the material stored in the tanks, increasing the complexity of the wastewater generated. The anatomy laboratory wastewater with high formaldehyde concentration (ALW-CFA) presents potential toxic effects to humans and the ecosystem in general, for this reason, proper treatment is demanded before its discharge. In the present work, the degradation of CH₂O and reduction of toxicity levels of ALW-CFA samples were studied through the application of the process photo-electro-Fered-Fenton process (PEF-Fered). The suitable operational conditions of the process PEF-Fered such as initial solution pH, current intensity, and H₂O₂ initial concentration, were studied by the application of an RSM evaluating the reduction of concentrations of CH₂O and TOC. Then, the increment of O₃ to the PEF-Fered process was performed (PEF-Fered-O₃), aiming to increase the oxidative potential of the system. However, it was observed that the use of many oxidative inputs at the same time (hybrid process) was not interesting for the ALW-CFA degradation, thus, the best treatment strategy which provided a lower toxicity level (LC_{50 %}= 56.94) was the AO followed by H₂O₂ and O₃, with a removal of 90 % of CH₂O and 85 % of TOC, under the following operational conditions, solution pH 4.5; the current intensity of 2.4 and H₂O₂ concentration of 24,000 mg <span>l</span>^-1. With the application of the advanced combined treatment, the pollution potential of this wastewater was reduced, evidencing the protection of human health and ecosystems in general.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}