Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Application of construction and demolition waste (gypsum and mortar) for the removal of metal ions, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+","authors":"Jefferson Luiz Alves Marinho ,&nbsp;Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha ,&nbsp;Raimundo Nonato Pereira Teixeira ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ,&nbsp;Jorge Marcell Coelho Menezes ,&nbsp;Francisco José de Paula Filho ,&nbsp;Lucia Raquel de Lima ,&nbsp;Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira Tintino ,&nbsp;Hyan Thompson Oliveira Lopes ,&nbsp;Paulo Ives Pereira de Alcântara","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification of human activities, consumption, production, and exploitation of raw materials, coupled with rapid population growth and industrial activity development, has led to significant environmental impacts. As civilization progresses, the level of environmental pollution with toxic metals has also intensified. The ability to quickly detect heavy metal pollution in wastewater and find its source is critical for environmental monitoring and protection. In the search for cheaper and more economical materials to be used as precipitants, civil construction waste has been used for this application. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the utilization of construction and demolition waste (gypsum and cementitious mortar) in the retention of Copper, Lead, and Nickel metal ions. The assessment of the removal capacity of these metal ions using gypsum powder and cementitious mortar was conducted through chemical precipitation using batch experiments. The results obtained for Pb²⁺ ions showed that increasing the mass of gypsum from 10 to 100 g resulted in precipitation rates ranging from 97.29 to 98.31 %. Gypsum also proved to be a viable alternative for Cu²⁺ precipitation with rates of 92.99 to 96.65 %, while the most significant retention rate for Ni²⁺ was observed for the mass of 100 g, reaching 94.63 %. In experiments using different types of cementitious mortar (ACI, ACII, ACIII, and common) as precipitants in a solution contaminated with copper at a constant concentration of 600 mg/L, it was found that the precipitation rates were practically the same, with ACIII mortar showing the highest percentage of precipitation. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrated that construction and demolition waste by-products rich in gypsum and cementitious mortar are efficient in removing toxic metals, representing promising alternatives for wastewater decontamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts for boosting peroxymonosulfate activation: A review on cobalt-ion leaching inhibition strategies","authors":"Sanshuang Gao ,&nbsp;Tinghang Li ,&nbsp;Xue Zhao ,&nbsp;Guangzhi Hu ,&nbsp;Xueyong Cui ,&nbsp;Lingyang Pan ,&nbsp;Thomas Wågberg","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cobalt (Co)-ion leaching is one of the most challenging issues associated with the application of heterogeneous Cobalt (Co)-based catalysts such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators for the removal of organic pollutants. Excessive Co-ions threaten human health, and their leaching mitigates the possibility for efficient reusability of the material and leads to increased handling costs. Hence, the development of highly efficient and stable heterogeneous Co-based catalysts with low Co-ion leaching is essential for future industrial applications. This review summarises the strategies employed in recent years to mitigate or suppress metal-ion leaching from heterogeneous Co-based catalysts. The main approaches, including morphology and structure regulation, surface modification engineering, composition optimisation, and carrier immobilisation, are discussed. Analyses of the operational mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of each strategy are presented. Finally, to realize the practical applications of heterogeneous Co-based PMS systems, existing challenges, and future research prospects are discussed, providing a reference for the design of multiphase Co-based catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal pyrolysis of wasted high-density plastic into valuable fuels using statistically derived kinetic rate constants","authors":"Hammad Hussain ,&nbsp;Sonia Arshed ,&nbsp;Shahbaz Nasir Khan ,&nbsp;Sameera Haq Nawaz ,&nbsp;Muhammad Yasin Naz ,&nbsp;Rao Adeel Un Nabi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimentally, empirical rate constants are used to extract liquid fuels and gases from the thermal decomposition of high-density plastics (HDPs). However, this approach is costly, time-consuming, and not commercially viable for producing a sustainable volume of liquid fuel. The prediction of rate constants is, therefore, imperative to boost the efficiency of the scaled destruction of plastic waste into fuels and other valuable products. We used the Box-Behnken technique in response surface methodology (RSM) to forecast temperature-dependent rate constants for thermal destruction of HDP. Most appropriate combinations of activation energies (Ea), exponential factors (Ao) and rate constants (k) were predicted statistically for better insight into HDP reaction mechanism for commercial scale production of oils and gases. The predicted parameters were used in a 2nd order ordinary differential solver to simulate the amount of oil and gases. The thermal treatment of HDP under optimized conditions resulted in 99 % oil production after 240 min of reaction. The formation of heavy wax was observed at the start of the reaction, and it changed to oil, light wax, and gases after 1 hour of processing. After 2 h, light wax production declined and oil production increased over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressurized torrefaction of waste biomass to improve bio coal quality: Synergistic effect between animal waste and wood chips","authors":"N.M. Tshuma ,&nbsp;L.B. Moyo ,&nbsp;G. Danha ,&nbsp;T.A. Mamvura ,&nbsp;G.S. Simate ,&nbsp;C.D. Artur ,&nbsp;G. Charis","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the effect blending waste material to improve its fuel properties using pressurized torrefaction. This research explored the benefits of blending animal waste with wood chips to produce a bio-coal with improved fuel properties. The process conditions investigated were temperature and pressure intervals of 200°C to 280°C and atmospheric pressure (AP) to 4MPa, respectively. The results showed that an increase in temperature and pressure improved the fixed carbon content of the blend almost threefold from 19.87 % to 66.93 % and the higher heating value (HHV) to 27.32MJ/kg from 13.90MJ/kg at mild torrefaction temperature of 280°C and gas pressure of 4MPa compared to atmospheric pressure conditions and the lowest temperature investigated. The HHV increased primarily due to a release of bound and unbound moisture and volatile matter. Wood chips had an HHV of 27.00MJ/kg at a torrefaction temperature of 280°C due to the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose which enhanced the thermal stability, fixed carbon content and calorific value. However, animal waste had the least incremental increase in HHV (16.45MJ/kg) due to a high initial content of volatile matter and moisture. The improved properties of the blend of materials indicated that pressurized torrefaction was effective in increasing fixed carbon content through secondary polymerization reactions. Moreover, it facilitated the decomposition of cellulose at a lower temperature than the typical range of 315-400°C if conducted at atmospheric pressure. This study elucidates the notable role of the synergistic effects of blending feed materials prior to torrefaction towards improving the properties and pyrolysis performance of biomass components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pristine metal–organic framework electrocatalysts for hydrogen production: Role of electrocatalyst properties in basic media","authors":"Liberty L Mguni ,&nbsp;Olga K Mmelesi ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh ,&nbsp;Nombeko G Sijadu ,&nbsp;Yali Yao ,&nbsp;Sudesh Rathilal","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recent detrimental impacts of carbon-based fuels on the environment have necessitated the production of hydrogen as clean and renewable energy via an electrocatalytic process. However, a cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with slow kinetics and water-splitting steps without a suitable catalyst limits its large-scale production. Herein, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to the unique properties of high surface area, porosity and favourable tunability, offer significant advantages over conventional catalysts to provide greater flexibility and effective reactions in the energy sector. However, the use of MOFs as electrocatalysts faces challenges like electrode corrosion and poor electron mobility and conductivity due to the lack of an optimal fabrication approach. Additionally, there is limited information on the development of MOF materials for HER in basic medium electrolytes. Therefore, pristine MOF-based materials and applicability for HER in a basic environment were comprehensively reviewed. It was elucidated that pristine MOFs used in a basic medium are more advantageous than in an acidic medium. Furthermore, recent advancements in improving MOF electrocatalytic properties and activities were discussed. Also, the effect of pristine MOFs on rate-determining steps in HER was highlighted. In addition, the challenges and prospects of improving MOFs for HER and other field applications were examined in detail, providing a comprehensive view. It was found that solvent removal during MOF activation with metal ions and electron-donating groups on the ligand has a synergy impact on the available active sites for HER.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOSFSA-based CFBHSMC to enhance control accuracy and robustness of proton exchange membrane fuel cell>","authors":"Ali Darvish Falehi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is one of the most important eco-friendly energy conversion systems which provides electrical energy from chemical energy as a consequence of electrochemical reaction. The performance, accuracy and durability of PEMFC-based power generation system are strongly dependent on its control strategy and design methodology, which may be a challenging and complex task owing to all-inclusive dynamic mechanism of air conditioning system. This paper aims to propose a new Chattering Free Binomial Hyperbolic Sliding Mode Controller (CFBHSMC) for DC-DC boost converter to augment the system performance and guarantee the system accuracy in presence of model uncertainties and external disturbances. Due to nonlinearity of PEMFC system and its high control sensitivity, the design control scheme has been formulated as multi-objective optimization problem using Multi-Objective Stochastic Fractal Search Algorithm (MOSFSA). The optimal CFBHSMC can significantly reduce the chattering effect, ensure the fast convergence and enhance the tracking accuracy. To validate the proposed controller's capabilities, the simulation results have been compared with fuzzy controller, classic SMC and super-twisting SMC. The simulation results have revealed that the oscillation ranges of PEMFC system for fuzzy controller, classic SMC, super-twisting SMC and CFBHSMC are respectively achieved 8 × 10^–3, 9 × 10^–3, 4 × 10^–3 and 2 × 10^–4, and also the average deviations of these oscillations from the reference signal are respectively obtained as 14×10^–3, 5 × 10^–3, 2 × 10^–3 and 1 × 10^–4.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing solar still performance using external condensers and floating fins: A comparative study","authors":"Tanvir Rahman ,&nbsp;Lailatul Nehar ,&nbsp;Yeamin Prodhan ,&nbsp;Shahiduzzaman Shahed ,&nbsp;Shahriar Al Hasib ,&nbsp;M S Rahman ,&nbsp;S.S. Tuly","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar distillation is a sustainable and cost-effective method for producing potable water from brackish sources. However, its widespread adoption is limited because of low daily freshwater yield and inefficient solar energy utilization due to slow evaporation and condensation processes. This study presents a series of modifications to enhance these processes: floating aluminum fins (FAF) to improve evaporation and two types of external condensers (single rectangular/REC and multiple cylindrical/MCEC) to optimize condensation. Four configurations were tested: Case I (conventional solar still/CSS), Case II (CSS + FAF), Case III (CSS modified with FAF + REC), and Case IV (CSS modified with FAF + MCEC). Key results demonstrate that Case IV (FAF + MCEC) achieved the highest performance, with an average daily yield of 2725 ml/day (80.36 % higher than CSS), peak instantaneous efficiency of 39.7 %, and exergy efficiency improvements of 163 % over CSS. Environmental analysis revealed that Case IV mitigated 420 kg of CO₂ emissions over its lifetime, earning $135 in carbon credits, offsetting its higher embodied emissions (1450 kg CO₂) from manufacturing. The system's payback period of 273 days and modular design highlight its economic and scalability potential for water-scarce regions. These findings underscore the viability of floating fins and multi-condenser designs to simultaneously address water scarcity, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green approach for obtaining bioactive compounds from Pterocaulon polystachyum through ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction","authors":"Victor Hugo Silva Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Jelena Vladic ,&nbsp;Joana Pereira ,&nbsp;Hugo Monteiro ,&nbsp;Alexandre Paiva ,&nbsp;Rubem Mário Figueiró Vargas ,&nbsp;Eduardo Cassel ,&nbsp;Ana Rita C. Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A green approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds from <em>Pterocaulon polystachyum</em> was studied. The extraction process was optimized regarding time, temperature, solid/liquid ratio and technique, either ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) or heating and stirring. Eleven deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride, menthol and betaine were evaluated to identify the most effective solvent to extract bioactive compounds from <em>P. polystachyum</em>. The solvent was selected based on the total phenolic content (TPC) extracted. For all DES systems, their relative polarity, the water content, viscosity and density were determined. The results showed that the best extraction condition regarding extraction yield was 30 min, 40 °C, S/L ratio of 1:20 (m/m) and using UAE technique. The best DES for TPC extraction was Lac:Gly:Wat (3:1:3), with a TPC of 50.68 ± 2.87 (mg GAE/g <em>P. polystachyum</em>), and the Bet:Et (1:3) DES was the best extraction system without water and lactic acid in its composition, which are two components that can directly affect cell viability in cytotoxicity assays. Additionally, using the same extraction conditions, valorization of biomass wastes after steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction was successfully achieved. In the cytotoxicity assays towards spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, certain inconclusive results were obtained for the Lac:Gly:Wat (3:1:3) extracts, mainly because the color of the extract interfered with the absorbance measurement. For Bet:Et (1:3) extracts this interference was not observed and the half-maximal effective concentration value (EC₅₀) was determined as 227 ± 64.29 mg/mL for Bet:Et (1:3) pure solvent, and between 114 ± 9.49 and 206.9 ± 15.61 mg/mL for Bet:Et (1:3) extracts. These results suggest that the <em>P. polystachyum</em> extracts obtained from the different plant materials are non-toxic to cells at concentrations typically used in cosmetic applications, highlighting the potential for creating new products using an environmental-friendly process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on textile dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicity, health risks, and remediation strategies for environmental safety","authors":"Md. Mynul Islam ,&nbsp;Allah Rakha Aidid ,&nbsp;Jamshed Nawaj Mohshin ,&nbsp;Himel Mondal ,&nbsp;Sumon Ganguli ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Chakraborty","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile dyes are becoming major environmental pollutants worldwide. Generally, they are discharged from textile industries into aquatic systems, which serve as primary sources for entire ecosystems, ultimately affecting human health. Thus, it is crucial to know the potential adverse consequences of textile dye exposure on phytoplankton, fauna, terrestrial entities and humans in the environment. This study provides an assessment of the appropriate publications, from which it can be demonstrated that textile waste can affect the life cycle of living organisms by disrupting growth and reproduction. In particular, various aquatic bodies become targets of textile wastewater. The impact of these dyes and its intermediates on the development of diatoms and their behavior, and the oxidative approach. Humans consume textile dyes through their food web and the intake of contaminated water. The consumed dye is bio-converted into reactive intermediates and aromatic amines by enzymes of the cytochrome family in the human body. In sub-cellular moiety, textile dyes and their bio-converted products form DNA and protein adducts. These compounds act as catalysts to form free radicals and oncogene activation, and affect apoptotic cascades to produce lesions in multiple organs. Dyes and their bio-transformed products, have been shown to modulate epigenetic factors including DNA methylation, histone modifications, epigenetic enzymes leading to carcinogens. Various remediation processes including physical, physico-chemical, biological and some integrated systems are currently under investigation. However, further research is required to develop efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly techniques while identifying future directions to boost textile effluent treatment efficiency and address remaining challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted applications of dye-saturated biochar: Agronomic amelioration, thermochemical valorization, and catalytic efficacy in advanced environmental remediation paradigms","authors":"Sandra Ramachandran ,&nbsp;Anshuman Gupta ,&nbsp;Neelaambhigai Mayilswamy ,&nbsp;Amrita Nighojkar ,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensifying challenge of dye-laden industrial wastewater necessitates innovative, sustainable remediation technologies to mitigate ecological and human health risks. Sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSB) has emerged as a cost-effective and versatile adsorbent, attributed to its high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and diverse surface functional groups, which facilitate superior dye adsorption under both batch and continuous flow systems. This review provides a critical evaluation of SSB's adsorption performance, elucidating mechanisms such as π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation. Regeneration methods, including thermal treatment, chemical washing, and solvent desorption, are analyzed in terms of efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, the secondary applications of dye-saturated biochar, including its use as a soil amendment to enhance microbial activity and nutrient retention, its valorization as a high-calorific energy source, and its role as a catalyst in advanced oxidation processes, are systematically explored. The review identifies key limitations, such as feedstock variability, competing ions in wastewater, and energy-intensive production processes, and proposes strategies for optimizing biochar synthesis and functionalization. By bridging laboratory-scale studies with industrial applications, this work delineates the economic and environmental viability of SSB and advances the development of scalable, sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}