Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Soybean biochar as highly efficient adsorbent for ofloxacin from aqueous and CO2 from gaseous phase: Mathematical modelling and regeneration studies","authors":"Vaishnavi Gomase ,&nbsp;Tejaswini Rathi ,&nbsp;Aparna Muley ,&nbsp;D. Saravanan ,&nbsp;Ravin Jugade","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study seeks to repurpose soybean biowaste by activating and pyrolyzing it, resulting in phosphoric acid-treated soybean biochar (PTSB). The novelty of this approach lies in its ability to effectively remove both aqueous and gaseous pollutants, making it a versatile solution for environmental remediation. By transforming agricultural waste into a high-value material, this method not only promotes sustainability but also offers a dual-purpose adsorbent capable of addressing a broader range of contaminants than traditional adsorbents. This innovative process represents a significant advancement in both waste valorization and pollution control. With a substantial surface area of 289.82 m² g⁻¹, this carbonized biochar effectively adsorbs ofloxacin (OFX) from water and captures CO₂ in its gaseous form. Characterization of PTSB was conducted using various techniques. Batch adsorption experiments were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in over 95 % adsorption efficiency. Isotherm and kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption process adheres to Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Notably, a significant observation was made regarding the increase in adsorption with rising temperature. The maximum adsorption capacities (q_m) at temperatures of 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K were determined to be 96.83 mg g⁻¹, 147.56 mg g⁻¹, and 201.82 mg g⁻¹, respectively, as derived from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Examination of CO₂ sequestration at various temperatures demonstrated highest adsorption recorded at 273 K, reaching 49.96 mL g⁻¹. Furthermore, Q_st values for CO₂ removal were consistently below 40 kJ mol⁻¹, indicating a physisorption process. Furthermore, mathematical modeling techniques were applied to forecast the OFX breakthrough curve and assess various removal approaches. The results of this research aid in the advancement of efficient remediation techniques aimed at reducing the environmental repercussions of OFX contamination. The study investigated the regeneration of PTSB and the degradation of OFX using reagents, UV, and gamma radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143351015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering methanolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biodiesel using KOH-doped Aegle marmelos biochar catalyst: Thermo-kinetics, optimization and cost analysis","authors":"Bisheswar Karmakar ,&nbsp;Gopinath Halder","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study presents the catalysed conversion of <em>Calophyllum inophyllum</em> oil with methanol into biodiesel using a single stage approach. Here, the catalyst development essentially valorises waste <em>Aegle marmelos</em> fruit shell through carbonization and subsequent doping with KOH. An indigenously developed heterogeneous catalyst was obtained that can be easily recovered and reused multiple times, proving to be cost efficient according to calculated estimates. This also reduces fuel synthesis costs owing to drastic reduction in wastewater generation. The reaction is optimized through central composite design (CCD) using five process parameters viz. reaction temperature, duration, catalyst concentration, methanol concentration and agitation speed, which resulted in maximum fuel yield of 95.77 %. Conversion of oil was optimal using methanol at 40 %w/w concentration at 60 °C reaction temperature, when the reaction occurs for a duration of 150 min with KOH-doped catalyst at 4 %w/w concentration, requiring a high agitation speed of 850 rpm. From analysis of variance (ANOVA) studies it is clear that the developed model is consistent and statistically relevant. From kinetic and thermodynamic studies, it is seen that the base catalysed transesterification has an activation energy (<em>E_a</em>) = 98.895 kJ/mol and frequency factor (<em>A</em>) = 90.74 min^-1, as the reaction is endothermic since enthalpy change (ΔH) was noted to be 809.64 J, along with an entropy change (ΔS) of -64.59 J/K-mol, showing it to be non-spontaneous as well as increasing order in the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ synthesize of Ag NPs/SiO2 nanocomposite by gamma ray and its application as catalyst in decolorization of dyes","authors":"M. Bagherzadeh ,&nbsp;M.H. Choopan Dastjerdi ,&nbsp;J. Mokhtari ,&nbsp;F. Abadian-Naeini ,&nbsp;M. Mohsennia","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the surface of nano silica (SiO₂), Ag NPs/SiO₂, were synthesized in-situ from Ag⁺ solution by using gamma radiation within a research reactor via a simple method. To accomplish this, a radiation cell was designed and manufactured close to the reactor's core. The cell was designed to allow gamma radiation to samples without neutron collisions and prevent the samples from becoming radioactive. After ensuring that the suspension samples received at least 25 kGy, the synthesized Ag NPs/SiO₂ nanocomposite was separated, washed, and dried. Samples of Ag NPs/SiO₂ were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, and EDXA methods to ensure their successful synthesis. The FE-SEM images of nanocomposite showed that the cubic Ag NPs with mostly 100 ± 4 nm particles size, had successfully formed and were well dispersed on the SiO₂ surface. After that, the efficiency of the prepared Ag NPs/SiO₂ nanocomposite in catalyzing the decolorization reduction reaction of methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO) dyes in the presence of NaBH₄ was investigated. The results showed that the Ag NPs/SiO₂ nanocomposite catalysts completely decolorized MB and reduced the reaction time to 7 minutes. It also catalyzed the complete destruction of CR and reduced the time to 4 minutes and 20 seconds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oily-wastewater treatment using eco-friendly ceramic membranes derived from sugarcane bagasse waste: Optimization using response surface methodology","authors":"Nurhayati Jamalludin ,&nbsp;Mohd Riduan Jamalludin ,&nbsp;Siti Khadijah Hubadillah ,&nbsp;Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman ,&nbsp;Mohd Azizi Hakim Jamalludin","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Treating oily-wastewater through separation technologies with advanced properties such as environmental-friendly and low cost is a challenging work. Herein, we successfully fabricated superhydrophic-superoleophilic green ceramic hollow fibre membrane prepared from sugarcane bagasse waste and modified through sol-gel method. Later, this study aims to optimize wastewater behaviour (pH, concentration and temperature) for oily-wastewater separation through green ceramic membrane using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methods (RSM). The three effective parameters analyzed were oil pH (3–11), oil concentration (10–10000 ppm), oil temperature (30–100 °C) and its combined effect to obtain high oil flux and excellent oil separation efficiency. Through the investigation it was found that the optimum value of pH, oil concentration and temperature were 10, 10.01 ppm and 69.04 °C. The result of the study has suggested that there are oil temperature has significantly influence the efficiency of the synthesized membrane separation performance. The fitted model was found to agree with the predicted and actual oil flux as well as separation efficiency which indicated by the high values of R² = 0.954 and R²_adj = 0.986. According to the optimized condition, the finding reported 4.71 % and 0.746 % average error for oil flux and separation efficiency which agrees with the forecasted and actual values. The novelty of this study lies in the development of an eco-friendly ceramic membrane derived from sugarcane bagasse waste, offering an innovative and sustainable solution for oily-wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenomenological kinetic model for biosorption of cesium (Cs) by poly-γ-glutamic acid sodium salt (γ-PGANa)","authors":"Misaki Hisada,&nbsp;Shigeki Sakamoto,&nbsp;Kenta Sugiyama,&nbsp;Yoshinori Kawase","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A phenomenological biosorption kinetic model was developed for cesium (Cs) biosorption from radioactive wastewaters by poly-γ-glutamic acid sodium salt (γ-PGANa). The biosorption by non-living biosorbent γ-PGANa is controlled by the ion-exchange mechanism and the proposed kinetic model is based on the ion-exchange mechanism, which is disassembled in two steps, i.e., Step 1 in which Na⁺ from the functional group (–COONa) in γ-PGANa is released and Step 2 in which Cs⁺ and H⁺ are competitively adsorbed on negatively charged functional group −COO⁻. The validation of the proposed phenomenological kinetic model was conducted using the present experimental data for dynamic changes in Cs concentration obtained with the wide ranges of operation conditions at pH from 3 to 9, the dosage of γ-PGANa from 0.1 to 0.6 gL⁻¹, the initial Cs concentration from 0.0001 to 0.1 gL⁻¹, and temperature from 298 to 318 K. The capability of the proposed kinetic model was proved by reasonable agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave and heat-assisted extracted Melilotus officinalis as a potential eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 0.5 M HCl solution","authors":"Maryam Iranpour ,&nbsp;Ali Babaei ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Bagherzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates, for the first time, the inhibitory capabilities of Melilotus officinalis extract (MOE), extracted via microwave-assisted (MAE) and heat-assisted extraction (HAE), in preventing corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in a 0.5 M HCl solution. Utilized methodologies include conventional weight loss techniques and electrochemical analyses like Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for measuring MOE's inhibition efficiency (IE) on CS. The adsorption behaviors of MOE on the CS surface were evaluated through different adsorption isotherm models. Additionally, the study assessed the effect of temperature on the extracted MOE's IE% and polarization actions, providing thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔS*, and ΔH*) for CS in the acidic solution, both with and without MOE presence. The maximum IE% achieved was 92.3% when the concentration of MOE extracted via the MAE route reached 800 ppm, following a duration of 30 min, as determined by EIS measurements. Finally, surface protection offered by MOE to CS in the acidic solution was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the study are reviewed and analyzed comprehensively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary investigations of sustainable magnetic catalyst-based biochar derived spent coffee ground for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil","authors":"Jayaraja Silvaraja ,&nbsp;Noor Yahida Yahya ,&nbsp;Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol ,&nbsp;Yong Siang Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the shortage of energy resources and environmental issues, the study presents a sustainable approach for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) catalyzed using magnetic catalyst-based biochar derived spent coffee ground (SCG). The added properties of magnetic and basic towards this catalyst was prepared by facile carbonization of one-pot SCG with Fe(III) and potassium hydroxide as activation agent at 700 °C for 2 h The characteristics of the catalyst was analyzed through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), x-ray diffraction and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The performance of the catalyst was explored by the parametric effect on biodiesel yield from WCO. The parameters included are methanol to oil molar ratio, dosage of the catalyst and reaction time. The results showed that the catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity, with a biodiesel yield of 92.31% under 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1 wt% of catalyst dosage and 2 h of reaction time and the magnetism observation shows the catalyst own a magnetic property. In addition, the findings suggest that this approach offers a promising contribution for the development of a circular economy in the biofuel industry based on the utilization of waste to wealth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of glass-based catalysts for biodiesel production from a blend of beef tallow and waste cooking oil","authors":"M. Mashamba ,&nbsp;L. Tshuma ,&nbsp;L.B. Moyo ,&nbsp;N. Tshuma ,&nbsp;G.S. Simate","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perennial disparity between supply and demand of energy as a result of burgeoning populations, expeditious urbanisation and industrialisation has driven the need for alternative energy sources. Biodiesel has emerged as a promising vehicular fuel due to its similar physiochemical properties to mineral diesel and its potential to minimise environmental impact. However, the commercialisation of biodiesel production faces challenges, particularly related to feedstock and catalyst selection. This study explored the utilisation of waste laboratory glass to synthesize heterogeneous catalyst for producing biodiesel from a blend of beef tallow and waste cooking oil. Heterogeneous catalysts are crucial for achieving high conversion efficiency, reusability, ease of separation and minimal environmental degradation. The particle size distribution of the catalysts was heterogeneous, with 23.33 % of particles passing 710 μm, 30.83 % passing 500 μm, and 45.83 % passing 350 μm. XRF analysis revealed that silica was the primary elemental constituent, comprising over 70 % of the total sample composition, and successful incorporation of Na, Mg, and Zn in the respective treated catalysts was observed. FTIR analysis of the calcined and uncalcined catalysts showed a sharp decrease in hydroxyl functional groups, indicating successful calcination. All glass-based catalyst samples exhibited strong Si-O-Si vibration stretches around 1100<span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, confirming the presence of silicon as the glass precursor. The FTIR results of the crude biodiesel samples produced by the catalysts at 15 min intervals showed that the NaOH treated glass-based catalyst exhibited the fastest transesterification reaction.. The results showed that the NaOH treated, MgO treated, <em>Zncl</em>₂ treated, and control glass-based catalysts achieved catalyst yields of 80.63 %, 86.13 %, 91.38 %, and 94.25 % respectively, upon calcination. Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterised to evaluate its fuel properties: the tested parameters kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and acid value were within the desirable limits for biodiesel according to American and European standards . Moreover, the catalyst showed that it can be reused as after six cycles of reuse a biodiesel yield above 89 % was realised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty impact of isotherm models on liquid-phase adsorption thermodynamics: A bayesian inference perspective","authors":"Thiago Reschützegger,&nbsp;Nina Paula Gonçalves Salau","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid-phase adsorption, a fundamental process where molecules in a liquid medium adhere to a solid surface, plays a crucial role in various chemical engineering applications such as wastewater decontamination and solvent recovery. These phenomena can be described by equilibrium models, which offer insight into adsorption capacity and thermodynamic properties, such as enthalpy and entropy variations, yet parameter uncertainty often undermines their accuracy. This study applies a Bayesian approach to assess uncertainties within adsorption models quantitatively and qualitatively. Through Bayesian analysis, substantial parameter variability was identified in the Sips model, with posterior distributions for thermodynamic parameters revealing broad uncertainty regions and a high likelihood of exothermic enthalpy values (i.e. <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>(</mo><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msup><mi>H</mi><mo>∘</mo></msup><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0.5</mn></mrow></math></span>), which often deviate from established thermodynamic expectations across different systems. Despite achieving good fit statistics (e.g., R² ≈ 0.99), this flexibility in the Sips model does not consistently translate into reliable thermodynamic interpretations. In contrast, the Langmuir model yields more stable estimates, offering narrower and thermodynamically consistent probability distributions for equilibrium constants (e.g., ΔH° &gt; 0 and ΔS° &gt; 0) and Gibbs free energy changes across temperature variations, albeit with slightly lower fit statistics (e.g., R² ≈ 0.97). These findings highlight the need for uncertainty analysis in model selection and advise caution in attributing physical significance to isotherm-derived parameters. This study advocates for a balanced approach to model choice, incorporating uncertainty quantification to enhance the reliability of adsorption predictions in both research and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized biodiesel production from palm kernel and Jatropha curcas oil blend using KOH-supported calcined animal bone catalyst: A response surface methodology and genetic algorithm-Bayesian hybridization","authors":"Chidera Victoria Okpala ,&nbsp;Kevin Tochukwu Dibia","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global demand for sustainable energy drives the need for alternative fuels, with biodiesel emerging as a promising candidate because it is renewable and eco-friendly. In this study, an optimized biodiesel production process was developed using a blend of Palm kernel oil (PKO) and <em>Jatropha curcas</em> oil (JcO), catalyzed by KOH-supported calcined animal bone waste (KOH/CABW). A response surface methodology (RSM) technique, based on a rotatable central composite design (RCCD), optimizes the transesterification reaction. The variables studied include a methanol-oil molar ratio (v/v), catalyst load (wt%), reaction temperature ( °C), and reaction time (min), with biodiesel yield (%) as the response variable. A Genetic Algorithm-Bayesian optimization (GA-BO) hybrid approach is employed to further enhance biodiesel yield. Fuel properties of biodiesel and catalyst reusability studies are conducted. The result from the RSM analysis, supported by ANOVA, reveals significant statistical relevance of the quadratic model at a 95 % confidence level, accounting for individual process variables, and interactive and quadrative effects. The optimal biodiesel yield from RSM is 86.76 % at optimized conditions. In comparison, the GA-BO hybrid approach results in a higher biodiesel yield of 96.45 %, at modified conditions. Experimental validation of the GA-BO approach further confirms a biodiesel yield of 96.67 %, with fuel properties meeting international biofuel standards. Catalyst reusability studies demonstrate that the KOH/CABW catalyst remains effective and efficient after several transesterification cycles. The findings in this study present an innovative approach to biodiesel production by blending non-edible oils, utilizing advanced optimization techniques, and offering a sustainable energy alternative with minimized environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}