Cleaner Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing solar still performance using external condensers and floating fins: A comparative study","authors":"Tanvir Rahman ,&nbsp;Lailatul Nehar ,&nbsp;Yeamin Prodhan ,&nbsp;Shahiduzzaman Shahed ,&nbsp;Shahriar Al Hasib ,&nbsp;M S Rahman ,&nbsp;S.S. Tuly","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar distillation is a sustainable and cost-effective method for producing potable water from brackish sources. However, its widespread adoption is limited because of low daily freshwater yield and inefficient solar energy utilization due to slow evaporation and condensation processes. This study presents a series of modifications to enhance these processes: floating aluminum fins (FAF) to improve evaporation and two types of external condensers (single rectangular/REC and multiple cylindrical/MCEC) to optimize condensation. Four configurations were tested: Case I (conventional solar still/CSS), Case II (CSS + FAF), Case III (CSS modified with FAF + REC), and Case IV (CSS modified with FAF + MCEC). Key results demonstrate that Case IV (FAF + MCEC) achieved the highest performance, with an average daily yield of 2725 ml/day (80.36 % higher than CSS), peak instantaneous efficiency of 39.7 %, and exergy efficiency improvements of 163 % over CSS. Environmental analysis revealed that Case IV mitigated 420 kg of CO₂ emissions over its lifetime, earning $135 in carbon credits, offsetting its higher embodied emissions (1450 kg CO₂) from manufacturing. The system's payback period of 273 days and modular design highlight its economic and scalability potential for water-scarce regions. These findings underscore the viability of floating fins and multi-condenser designs to simultaneously address water scarcity, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green approach for obtaining bioactive compounds from Pterocaulon polystachyum through ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction","authors":"Victor Hugo Silva Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Jelena Vladic ,&nbsp;Joana Pereira ,&nbsp;Hugo Monteiro ,&nbsp;Alexandre Paiva ,&nbsp;Rubem Mário Figueiró Vargas ,&nbsp;Eduardo Cassel ,&nbsp;Ana Rita C. Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A green approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds from <em>Pterocaulon polystachyum</em> was studied. The extraction process was optimized regarding time, temperature, solid/liquid ratio and technique, either ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) or heating and stirring. Eleven deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride, menthol and betaine were evaluated to identify the most effective solvent to extract bioactive compounds from <em>P. polystachyum</em>. The solvent was selected based on the total phenolic content (TPC) extracted. For all DES systems, their relative polarity, the water content, viscosity and density were determined. The results showed that the best extraction condition regarding extraction yield was 30 min, 40 °C, S/L ratio of 1:20 (m/m) and using UAE technique. The best DES for TPC extraction was Lac:Gly:Wat (3:1:3), with a TPC of 50.68 ± 2.87 (mg GAE/g <em>P. polystachyum</em>), and the Bet:Et (1:3) DES was the best extraction system without water and lactic acid in its composition, which are two components that can directly affect cell viability in cytotoxicity assays. Additionally, using the same extraction conditions, valorization of biomass wastes after steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction was successfully achieved. In the cytotoxicity assays towards spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, certain inconclusive results were obtained for the Lac:Gly:Wat (3:1:3) extracts, mainly because the color of the extract interfered with the absorbance measurement. For Bet:Et (1:3) extracts this interference was not observed and the half-maximal effective concentration value (EC₅₀) was determined as 227 ± 64.29 mg/mL for Bet:Et (1:3) pure solvent, and between 114 ± 9.49 and 206.9 ± 15.61 mg/mL for Bet:Et (1:3) extracts. These results suggest that the <em>P. polystachyum</em> extracts obtained from the different plant materials are non-toxic to cells at concentrations typically used in cosmetic applications, highlighting the potential for creating new products using an environmental-friendly process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on textile dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicity, health risks, and remediation strategies for environmental safety","authors":"Md. Mynul Islam ,&nbsp;Allah Rakha Aidid ,&nbsp;Jamshed Nawaj Mohshin ,&nbsp;Himel Mondal ,&nbsp;Sumon Ganguli ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Chakraborty","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile dyes are becoming major environmental pollutants worldwide. Generally, they are discharged from textile industries into aquatic systems, which serve as primary sources for entire ecosystems, ultimately affecting human health. Thus, it is crucial to know the potential adverse consequences of textile dye exposure on phytoplankton, fauna, terrestrial entities and humans in the environment. This study provides an assessment of the appropriate publications, from which it can be demonstrated that textile waste can affect the life cycle of living organisms by disrupting growth and reproduction. In particular, various aquatic bodies become targets of textile wastewater. The impact of these dyes and its intermediates on the development of diatoms and their behavior, and the oxidative approach. Humans consume textile dyes through their food web and the intake of contaminated water. The consumed dye is bio-converted into reactive intermediates and aromatic amines by enzymes of the cytochrome family in the human body. In sub-cellular moiety, textile dyes and their bio-converted products form DNA and protein adducts. These compounds act as catalysts to form free radicals and oncogene activation, and affect apoptotic cascades to produce lesions in multiple organs. Dyes and their bio-transformed products, have been shown to modulate epigenetic factors including DNA methylation, histone modifications, epigenetic enzymes leading to carcinogens. Various remediation processes including physical, physico-chemical, biological and some integrated systems are currently under investigation. However, further research is required to develop efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly techniques while identifying future directions to boost textile effluent treatment efficiency and address remaining challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted applications of dye-saturated biochar: Agronomic amelioration, thermochemical valorization, and catalytic efficacy in advanced environmental remediation paradigms","authors":"Sandra Ramachandran ,&nbsp;Anshuman Gupta ,&nbsp;Neelaambhigai Mayilswamy ,&nbsp;Amrita Nighojkar ,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensifying challenge of dye-laden industrial wastewater necessitates innovative, sustainable remediation technologies to mitigate ecological and human health risks. Sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSB) has emerged as a cost-effective and versatile adsorbent, attributed to its high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and diverse surface functional groups, which facilitate superior dye adsorption under both batch and continuous flow systems. This review provides a critical evaluation of SSB's adsorption performance, elucidating mechanisms such as π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation. Regeneration methods, including thermal treatment, chemical washing, and solvent desorption, are analyzed in terms of efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, the secondary applications of dye-saturated biochar, including its use as a soil amendment to enhance microbial activity and nutrient retention, its valorization as a high-calorific energy source, and its role as a catalyst in advanced oxidation processes, are systematically explored. The review identifies key limitations, such as feedstock variability, competing ions in wastewater, and energy-intensive production processes, and proposes strategies for optimizing biochar synthesis and functionalization. By bridging laboratory-scale studies with industrial applications, this work delineates the economic and environmental viability of SSB and advances the development of scalable, sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption-photodegradation performance of Silver Titanate for Methylene blue removal: Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm studies","authors":"Nawrin Rahman Shefa ,&nbsp;Most. Afroza Khatun ,&nbsp;Ahmed Hasnain Jalal ,&nbsp;M. Jasim Uddin ,&nbsp;Md. Wasikur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silver titanate (AgTO) was synthesized via an ion-exchange reaction between sodium titanate and silver nitrate. This study investigates the efficiency of AgTO in the combined adsorption-photodegradation process for removing Methylene Blue (MB). The synthesized material was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess the effects of AgTO dosage (0.1–1.0 g/L), initial MB concentration (5–20 mg/L), pH (3–11), and temperature (313–333 K). The highest MB removal efficiency (90 %) was achieved at 313 K, pH 3, and an initial MB concentration of 5 mg/L. The photocatalytic performance of AgTO was further evaluated under an 18-Watt UV light source, confirming its effectiveness in MB degradation. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, while photodegradation adhered to first-order (FO) kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that both adsorption and photodegradation were endothermic processes. The Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 5.24 mg/g, provided the best fit for the adsorption data. Overall, as-prepared AgTO exhibited dual-functionality in a combined adsorption-photodegradation system for MB removal, revealing its high efficiency, kinetics, and thermodynamic feasibility, thereby establishing AgTO as a promising candidate for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical, thermal, chemical and biological approaches for plastics degradation–A review","authors":"Seetharam Pondala,&nbsp;Sathish Mohan Botsa","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics are pervasive pollutants in soil and water that break down slowly. Microplastics can adsorb other pollutants and have a high stability, long life time, and high fragmentation potential. The widespread presence of microplastics and their possible ecological effects make their removal from the environment a critical issue at the moment. This makes it necessary to find ways to eliminate micro plastics from the water and other media. Here, we go over numerous approaches have been put forth and examined in an effort to tackle this problem. Chemical, physical, and biological techniques are used in removal processes. The primary breakdown of microplastics by bacteria, fungi, algae, and macrophytes is the main function of biological methods. Physical methods include membrane technology, adsorption, centrifugation, sedimentation, and filtration techniques. Chemical techniques contain the plasma treatment, Fenton and photo-Fenton process and thermal degradation. Every technique has benefits and drawbacks, which emphasizes the requirement for integrated strategies catered to various environmental conditions and microplastic kinds. The main topics we covered were the mechanisms, effectiveness, benefits, and drawbacks of different removal techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable valorization of textile industry cotton waste through pyrolysis for biochar production","authors":"Fatema Tujjohra ,&nbsp;Md. Ehsanul Haque ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Kader ,&nbsp;Mohammed Mizanur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel and sustainable approach to the valorization of textile spinning industry waste cotton (WC) through direct pyrolysis, converting it into high-quality biochar with enhanced energy potential and structural stability. This research systematically examines the impact of pyrolysis temperature (300–500°C) on biochar yield, composition, and physicochemical properties to optimize conditions for maximum carbon retention and energy efficiency. The results indicate that biochar yield decreased from Biochar yield decreased from 50.5 % at 300°C to 26.7 % at 500°C, while fixed carbon content increased from 59.33 % to 68.65 %. Elemental analysis revealed a rise in carbon content (53.13 % to 73.62 %) and reductions in oxygen (46.7 % to 13.27 %) and hydrogen (6.06 % to 2.79 %), enhancing thermal stability. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated a transition from amorphous cellulose to condensed graphitic carbon at higher temperatures. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) confirmed superior thermal resistance, with biochar retaining 14.7 % of its mass at 800°C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed key thermal transitions, with the endothermic peak shifting from 65.5°C in raw WC to 79.6°C at 500°C, indicating increased thermal stability. The calorific value peaked at 27.31 MJ/kg at 400°C, making it a promising solid biofuel. Additionally, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed a substantial increase in porosity, with the highest specific surface area of 225.24 m²/g at 500°C, improving biochar's potential for adsorption, catalysis, and energy storage. These findings contribute to optimizing pyrolysis conditions for waste cotton valorization, supporting circular economy principles, reducing environmental pollution, and enhancing renewable energy applications. By integrating pyrolysis into textile waste management, this study offers a scalable and eco-friendly strategy for sustainable energy recovery and environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring date palm ash for greener enhanced oil recovery: Experimental and simulation studies on thermophysical properties and recovery performance","authors":"Olalekan S. Alade ,&nbsp;Jafar S. Ahmad ,&nbsp;Ammar Al-Ramadan ,&nbsp;Eassa Abdullah ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable oil recovery has become imperative due to environmental and economic concerns. It has also necessitated exploration of plant-based injectants for enhanced chemical oil recovery (CEOR). Date palm ash (DPA) is a waste product from combustion of palm fibers and shells. In this research, injection of DPA solution for CEOR has been proposed due to its high alkalinity. For this purpose, a series of studies including experimental determination of physico-chemical properties as well as thermodynamic modeling and simulation of thermophysical properties have been employed to characterize DPA solutions. Subsequently, numerical modeling and simulation of EOR performance considering DPA-polymer injection was conducted as proof of concept. Experimental results show that DPA contains different elements including Ca, K, Mg, Al, Na, P, S, Cl, and Si, as well as transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, typical of wood biomass ash. In addition, an alkaline medium (pH: 10 - 13) was obtained from 0.1 - 10 % wt/wt. DPA solution. The thermodynamic simulation and analysis show that the hypothetical DPA solution is characterized by the presence of basic cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺), hydroxides (CaOH⁺ and MgOH⁺), and carbonates (CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-). Furthermore, pertinent thermophysical properties including osmotic pressure (39.04 - 4469.8 kPa), ionic strength (0.0148 - 1.194 mol/kgw), heat capacity (75.21 - 157.21 kJ/kgmole), and conductivity (1.42 - 125.21 mS/cm) were calculated for the solution. Similarly, the viscosity, density, and molecular weight of the DPA solution (0.1 - 10 % wt/wt.) were found to range between 0.891 to 1.047 cP, 0.9998 to 1.08 g/cm³, and 18.03 to 19.6 g/mol, respectively. Ultimately, the EOR simulation showed that DPA solution could be applied for alkaline assisted polymer flooding to mitigate polymer adsorption and improve oil recovery with overall performance similar to those observed using synthetic caustic (NaOH) injection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of coal rank, ash, mineral content, and maceral composition on CO2 adsorption in South African coals","authors":"Kasturie Premlall,&nbsp;Lawrence Koech","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the influence of coal rank, ash content, mineral matter, and maceral composition on the CO₂ adsorption capacity of ten distinct South African coal samples. A high-pressure volumetric adsorption system (HPVAS) was utilized to assess CO₂ sorption characteristics under supercritical conditions at 35 °C and pressures up to 85 bar. Comprehensive characterization, including proximate and ultimate analysis, petrographic analysis, and density determination, was conducted to understand how these factors influence CO₂ adsorption. The findings reveal that higher-rank coals (HRC), particularly those with vitrinite reflectance above 1.2%, demonstrated superior CO₂ adsorption capacities, reaching up to 2.17 mmol/g. Medium-rank coals (MRC) with higher inertinite content showed lower adsorption capacities, with the lowest recorded at 0.78 mmol/g, except for the IN coal sample. CO₂ adsorption increased with vitrinite reflectance, particularly within the 0.51% to 0.81% range for medium-rank coals. Linear increase in CO₂ adsorption capacity was noted as carbon content increased from MRC towards HRC particularly in SM and AN coals. An increase in volatile matter content corresponded with a significant decline in CO₂ sorption capacity. Additionally, a negative correlation between ash content, mineral matter, liptinite, inertinite, and CO₂ adsorption capacity was evident, likely due to pore obstruction and reduced surface area. Liptinite-rich coals, such as BL, GN, EM, and WG, exhibited decreased adsorption capacity, with BL showing the highest liptinite content at 5.5%. The analysis indicates that while ash content influences sorption capacity, the organic matter, especially vitrinite, serve as the primary sites for gas adsorption. The findings of this study will enhance understanding of the CO₂ adsorption behaviour of South African coals supporting the funding from highly intensive CO₂ emitting industries to enable further research of carbon capture and storage (CCS) pilot projects tailored to regional coal properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of waste avocado–banana fruit peels catalyst in the transesterification of non-edible Mafura kernel oil: Process optimization by Taguchi","authors":"A.O. Etim,&nbsp;P. Musonge","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fruit waste resources are expansive carriers of fundamental minerals and chemicals that are useful in energy generation. In this work, the combination of waste avocado and banana fruit peels as an active, environmentally friendly catalyst was studied in the transesterification of Mafura kernel oil (MKO), a non-edible oil with a high FFA content of 5 %. The catalyst was produced by calcining the burnt waste fruit materials at 700 °C. The calcined biochar was further examined for structural, chemical, and thermal properties using scientific instruments such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and DSC-TGA. The results showed that inorganic minerals and carbonates of Sylvite (KCl), calcium phosphate (Ca₅(PO₄)₃), monticellite (K₂MgSiO₄), and potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) were obtained after the calcination, which facilitated the conversion of MKO via a one-step transesterification process. The L9 orthogonal Taguchi design-response surface methodology (RSM-L9OTD) was employed to optimize and statistically characterize the transesterification process. The ideal conditions established for the process variables for the optimum yield were CH₃OH: MKO molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst loading of 4.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and time 80 min. The results showed that the Mafura kernel methyl ester (MKOME), which is within the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specified standard, was obtained at a confirmatory optimum yield of 96.06 % using the above conditions. Thus, the utilized feedstock offers attractive feasibility to sustainable biodiesel development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}