Advances in Sample Preparation最新文献

{"title":"From lemon peels to bioactive peptides: protein recovery by pressurized liquid extraction and hydrolysates characterization by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS","authors":"Esther Gómez-Mejía ,&nbsp;María Concepción García ,&nbsp;María Castro-Puyana ,&nbsp;María Luisa Marina","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop a sustainable and efficient method for protein recovery from lemon peels using Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE), optimized through experimental design and response surface methodology. The final protocol, employing 18 % (v/v) ethanol, 110 °C, and a 7-min extraction time, demonstrated high extraction efficiency (66 %) and environmental compatibility, achieving a greenness score of 0.59 (AGREEprep). The optimized protein extract was subsequently hydrolyzed using alcalase and thermolysin, and the resulting peptide fractions were characterized by spectrophotometric methods and by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). A total of 58 peptides were identified, 39 of which originated from lemon proteins, along with 19 polyphenols, such as vicenin-2, narirutin or subaphylin, and other compounds (<em>e.g.</em>, organic acids, amino acids, and purine nucleosides), revealing a diverse and multifunctional bioactive profile. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that the thermolysin hydrolysate exhibited the highest antioxidant (97 ± 1 % inhibition of hydroxyl radicals), antimicrobial (MIC = 0.75 mg/mL against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>), and antihypertensive activities (49 ± 3 % angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition), likely due to the presence of peptides enriched in aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of biodegradable polycaprolactone nanofibers and synthetic polyamide nanofibers as a novel, sustainable sorbent for a spin filter microextraction of xenobiotics from river water","authors":"Ewelina Czyz ,&nbsp;Karolína Macháčková ,&nbsp;Jakub Erben ,&nbsp;Pavel Holec ,&nbsp;František Švec ,&nbsp;Dalibor Šatínský","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We evaluated the application of nanofibers made from different biodegradable and synthetic polymers as sorbents in a new technique of spin filter fiber-microextraction. Biodegradable polycaprolactone fibers, produced via the meltblowing process exhibited robust hydrophobic interactions with lipophilic analytes and were the most effective. The highly porous and permeable structure of the fibrous material ensured exhaustive extraction of xenobiotics from river water. Recovery rates ranged from 81.8 to 105.2 %, except for 4-nitrophenol, a more polar analyte, for which the recovery was 60 %. Only 10 s were needed for activation, extraction, and elution, significantly reducing the time required to complete the procedure in only 30 s per sample. Our method exhibited excellent analytical performance, achieving linearity in the range of 50–2000 µg L⁻¹ for most analytes (100–2000 µg L⁻¹ for PNP and 2-CP; and 100–1000 µg L⁻¹ for PER) with a coefficient of determination (R²) greater than 0.9952. The limits of detection were recalculated based on the slope of the calibration curves and the standard deviation of six replicate measurements at the lowest calibration point for each analyte, yielding values in the range of 7.0–36.6 µgL^-1. Repeatability between extractions (i.e. inter-extraction precision) was evaluated by performing six parallel runs using different cartridges (<em>n</em> = 6). The obtained RSD precision values ranged from 2.2 to 3.3 % demonstrating the excellent uniformity of the nanofibrous materials filled in the devices . We also assessed the reusability of the individual cartridges by performing six consecutive extractions on the same spin filter (i.e. intra-cartridge precision, <em>n</em> = 6), yielding RSD values between 1.1 and 3.6 %. These results confirm that the spin filters cartridges filled with polycaprolactone nanofibers can be effectively reused for multiple extractions in absence of sample carry-over effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and enzymatic intensification of bioactive compound extraction from carob pulps with potential weight management applications","authors":"Iván Benito-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Manuel Garrido-Romero ,&nbsp;Gema Hontoria-Caballo ,&nbsp;Marina Díez-Municio ,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Moreno ,&nbsp;Ignacio Jiménez-Amezcua","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carob pulps (<em>Ceratonia siliqua</em> L.) are a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential benefits for weight management, particularly inositols, flavonoids and phenolic acids (e.g. gallic acid). This study aimed to develop and optimize a sustainable extraction method to maximize the recovery of these target compounds. A solid–liquid extraction (SLE) was first optimized using a Box–Behnken experimental design, evaluating different variables (temperature, time, sample concentration and ethanol content). A two-variable (2 V) model focused on the extraction of inositols and gallic acid was identified as the most efficient allowing high extraction yields (45 °C, 28 min, 100 mg/mL, pure water) compared to the three-variable (3 V) model (90 ºC, 42 min, 100 mg/mL, ethanol 50 %), which additionally prioritized the extraction of flavonoids. To further intensify the extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) using two commercial cellulases were studied and significantly enhanced gallic acid release (up to 2.39 mg/g), confirming its selective extraction from the plant matrix. A two-step strategy combining EAE under 2 V conditions (inositols and gallic acid) with a second cycle of 3 V SLE (flavonoids) was selected as an ecofriendly alternative to maximize the content of bioactives and applied on different carob samples. Pinitol was the most abundant compound across all samples (16.7–73.0 mg/g) and gallic acid also achieved high values (1.9–8.4 mg/g). Regarding flavonoids, kaempferol and luteolin glucosides were the most abundant. This study provides a comprehensive framework for efficient and sustainable sample preparation of carob-derived bioactives intended for functional food or nutraceutical applications targeting weight management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-house metal-organic framework material for stir-bar sorptive extraction of acidic pharmaceutical compounds from environmental water samples","authors":"Abril Trullàs ,&nbsp;Héctor Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela ,&nbsp;Francesc Borrull ,&nbsp;Mónica Catalá-Icardo ,&nbsp;José Manuel Herrero-Martínez ,&nbsp;Rosa Maria Marcé ,&nbsp;Núria Fontanals","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly recognized as emerging contaminants in aquatic environments due to their widespread consumption, improper disposal, and insufficient removal in wastewater treatment plants. These compounds, often found at trace levels, pose ecological risks owing to their bioaccumulation potential and biological activity. Micro-extraction techniques, especially stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), have gained widespread use for their effectiveness in preconcentration and analytical applications. However, commercial SBSE coatings show limited retention of polar analytes and suffer from poor mechanical stability as well as high purchase cost. To address these limitations, this study presents the development and evaluation of an in-house hybrid coating material for SBSE with a total cost &lt;5€/unit, based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) functionalized with amine groups that provide weak anion exchange (WAX) interactions. The performance of the amino-functionalized MOF attached to a glycidyl methacrylate-based monolith (GMA@NH₂-UiO-66(Zr)) was assessed for the extraction of acidic pharmaceutical compounds from environmental water samples, followed by determination using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After the proper optimization, good analytical figures were obtained for river water samples, including the method’s limits of detection as low as 2 ng/L, adequate recoveries (22–41 %), matrix effect between +9 and -2 % and acceptable precision expressed as relative standard deviation below 25 %. Once validated, the method was applied for the determination of acidic pharmaceuticals from environmental water samples, which were found at ng/L level. The new material exhibited improved retention of polar pharmaceuticals, high stability, and reproducibility, demonstrating its potential as an effective tool for environmental monitoring of pharmaceutical contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paper as an ecodesigned and smart material for sample preparation integrated with electrochemical (bio)sensors","authors":"Vincenzo Mazzaracchio ,&nbsp;Christian Gosti ,&nbsp;Laura Belcastro ,&nbsp;Fabiana Arduini","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2009, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated several additional features in analytical chemistry thanks to their capability to manage the fluids by pump-free microfluidics, easily preconcentrate the target analytes, treat the sample with a task-free approach, and detect the target analyte with high sensitivity and accuracy. Herein, we point out the use of paper as a functional material for sample preparation, addressing easily and in a sustainable way the fluid sample management, filtration, separation, centrifugation, chemical sample treatment, and reagent addition. The use of paper for sample preparation in the electrochemical (bio)sensor field is shed light for the first time in a dedicated review. The overriding goal is to highlight the advantages of these cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and easy-to-use devices for smart preparation procedures and accurate electrochemical detection of the target analytes in several fields, including biomedical, environmental, and agrifood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken egg white coated paper, a sustainable mixed-mode cationic exchange biocomposite to extract antidepressants from saliva samples prior to their determination by direct infusion mass spectrometry","authors":"Ana M. Pedraza-Soto,&nbsp;Rafael Lucena,&nbsp;Soledad Cárdenas","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proteinaceous materials are useful precursors for preparing sustainable and cost-effective sorptive phases. Among them, chicken egg white is an excellent alternative, serving as a source of ovalbumin that can be used as a biosorbent. In this article, the combination of egg white with cellulose paper is evaluated to synthesize a planar protein-based sorptive phase with high porosity and surface area. For this purpose, the paper was dip-coated in egg-white, followed by thermal curing that induced protein denaturation and self-crosslinking. The preparation was quite simple and affordable, since it did not require subsequent functionalization procedures, allowing the preparation of 25 sorptive phases with only 1 mL of pasteurized egg white. The resulting egg-white paper (EW-paper) enabled the isolation of the analytes through a mixed-mode interaction mechanism, comprising both hydrophobic and cation-exchange interactions. This potential was corroborated by evaluating the extraction capacity of the EW-paper towards some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine) from saliva samples. The analytes were finally determined by direct infusion mass spectrometry analysis. Once optimized, the method allows the determination of the target compounds in the low µgL^-1 range, also fulfilling the validation criteria in terms of precision (better than 9.1 % and 11.8 % in intra- and inter-day precision, respectively) and accuracy (in the range 84 -118 %). Finally, the applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing real saliva samples from a patient under paroxetine treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green metric for microwave-assisted sample preparation for elemental analysis: GreenPrep MW Score","authors":"Joaquim A. Nóbrega ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Rossi ,&nbsp;Gianpaolo Rota ,&nbsp;Mirco Rossetti ,&nbsp;Valentina Carrara ,&nbsp;Camillo Pirola ,&nbsp;Giulio Colnaghi ,&nbsp;Diego Carnaroglio","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapidly moving to the 3^rd decade of the 21^st century, it is clear that our technologies must evolve to sustainable processes, not aggressive to the environment nor to all forms of life. Chemical sciences are going green and surely analytical chemistry is moving towards this same direction. But we need to speed up the pace. To evaluate an analytical procedure, we should be able to validate it. Nowadays, method validation is not only the demonstration that analytical results are accurate, in fact method validation is also related to green chemistry aspects. If we think about elemental analysis, we can state that the sample preparation step has been improved, nonetheless it certainly requires further improvements through the development of greener procedures. In this contribution, we propose a set of green metrics named GreenPrep MW Score for the evaluation of microwave-assisted sample preparation procedures using different technologies, either based on cavity microwave oven, or on a single reaction chamber system. The GreenPrep MW Score was proposed considering the whole analytical procedure and how chemical parameters, technology variables and workflow can be optimized, and how these factors impact green metrics score. The authors do not intend to substitute sound metrics already proposed for evaluating the sample preparation step. Our goal is to propose a complementary strategy which helps us identify specific points to be improved in microwave-assisted procedures. The application of the developed metric was demonstrated for several samples containing different matrices, such as foods, multivitamin tablets, spodumene; in addition, strategies for improving green chemistry aspects were discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid monolithic microcartridges for the determination of β-lactoglobulin in food by on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry","authors":"Renan Vitek ,&nbsp;Tahereh Tehrani ,&nbsp;Laura Pont ,&nbsp;María Vergara-Barberán ,&nbsp;José Manuel Herrero-Martínez ,&nbsp;Fernando Benavente ,&nbsp;Jorge C. Masini","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacryl substituted (POSS-MA) monolithic microcartridge was prepared for the determination of low levels of the allergenic protein β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) in food by on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (SPE-CE-MS). The material was synthesized inside a 250 μm inner diameter (i.d.) capillary column by free radical polymerization using a simple \"one-pot\" method. This capillary column was subsequently cut and straightforwardly assembled as microcartridges connected in-line with 75 μm i.d. separation capillaries for SPE-CE-MS. Several SPE-CE-MS parameters (such as loading time, type of eluent, or time and pressure of elution) were optimized using an acidic background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 2 M acetic acid (HAc, pH 2.2). Under optimized conditions, the protein sample was loaded at 930 mbar for 20 min (<em>ca</em>. 110 μL), followed by a washing step with BGE at 930 mbar for 1 min, and finally eluted with 2 M HAc in methanol at 100 mbar for 60 s (<em>ca.</em> 600 nL). The method exhibited linearity from 0.25 to 10 μg·mL⁻¹ of β-LG, with a limit of detection of 0.1 μg·mL⁻¹, and a 100-fold increase in sensitivity compared to CE-MS. It was successfully applied to the determination of β-LG in dairy free white breads, yielding satisfactory results. These outcomes highlight the strong potential of the developed SPE-CE-MS method, using plug-and-play POSS-MA monolithic microcartridges, for precise food safety and quality control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced solid materials for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids","authors":"P. García-Atienza,&nbsp;A. García-Juan,&nbsp;S. Armenta,&nbsp;J.M. Herrero-Martínez,&nbsp;H. Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The determination of drugs in biological fluids is essential across various fields, including toxicological analysis, pharmacokinetic studies, and the development of new pharmaceutical products, among others. However, the complexity of biological matrices—due to the presence of endogenous compounds and the typically low concentrations of target analytes—needs efficient sample preparation strategies alongside high-performance instrumentation to achieve the sensitivity and selectivity required in modern analytical chemistry. In response to these challenges, recent advancements have focused on the development of advanced solid materials and their integration with sample preparation techniques. This review highlights recent progress in sorbents with enhanced selectivity, engineered materials such as crystalline frameworks, and the use of biopolymers as natural sorbents for drug analysis in biofluids. Additionally, the application of 3D-printed materials for the fabrication of extraction devices is presented. The article also provides insights into emerging trends and future directions in this evolving field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenness of extraction procedures involving biochar-based sorbents for organic compounds","authors":"Francesca Merlo,&nbsp;Andrea Speltini,&nbsp;Antonella Profumo","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of green sample preparation, new challenges are emerging for guaranteeing sustainability of analytical procedures and remarkable efforts have been made to develop materials from natural and/or renewable sources. In such a scenario, biochar is emerging as alternative sorbent with low economic and environmental impact. It is a carbon-rich material derived from the thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste and endowed with excellent textural properties such as high specific surface area and meso‑ and microporosity, and functional groups that are fundamental for the sorption behaviour, a key point in the analytical performance of biochar. These outstanding properties generated a growing interest in the use of biochar-based sorbents in sample preparation. In this context, this review provides an overview of the last 4-year applications of biochar in extraction techniques through an evaluation of greenness of the sample preparation procedures. At this purpose, two metric tools specific for the sample preparation, as AGREEprep and Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS), have been selected to give comprehensive evaluations about greenness, considering multiple criteria but with different weights and intervals in the parameters. Indeed, the papers here reviewed received in SPMS scores ranging from 5.16 to 10, and in AGREEprep from 0.16 to 0.7, evidencing there is space for improving extraction procedures involving biochar-based sorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100203"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}