Advances in Sample Preparation最新文献

{"title":"Green profile tools: Current status and future perspectives","authors":"Marcello Locatelli ,&nbsp;Abuzar Kabir ,&nbsp;Miryam Perrucci ,&nbsp;Songül Ulusoy ,&nbsp;Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy ,&nbsp;Imran Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The idea of Green Chemistry began to take shape in an increasingly important way starting in the 90 s when the impact of chemical products and processes began to be critically evaluated.</p><p>In the analytical chemistry field, green chemistry represents an essential factor to consider whenever a laboratory procedure is planned. Therefore, from the start it is necessary examine not only green chemistry (GC) but also green analytical chemistry (GAC). The impact of the GAC on publications shows how the trend has seen an exponential increase from 1995 to 2018. From here, it is evident how the GAC is increasingly essential in the analytical chemist work who needs uniform, impartial, and standardized tools and elements to evaluate the \"<em>green profile</em>\" of the procedures, also in order to perform a direct comparison between methods and procedures.</p><p>The purpose of this review is to report, compare, and critically evaluate the tools available today, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and ComplexGAPI, RGB (Red Green Blue) and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) models, hexagon-CALIFICAMET, and finally Analytical GREEnness Metric approach (AGREE) and AGREEprep. This comparison was performed in the text after a short introduction to the concepts and principles related explicitly to GC, GAC, and Green Sample Preparation (GSP).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel fully automated and parallel gas assisted dynamic accelerated solvent extractor and parallel solvent evaporator for analysis of solid and semi-solid samples","authors":"Rahmat Ullah ,&nbsp;Gopal Bera ,&nbsp;Germán Augusto Gómez-Ríos ,&nbsp;Mingfang Wang ,&nbsp;Duanjun Lu ,&nbsp;Angelo Rubero ,&nbsp;Kannan Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Husam Al-Esawi ,&nbsp;Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The extraction of non-volatile and semi-volatile analytes from solid and semisolid samples has been primarily carried out via heated and/or pressurized liquid extraction mechanisms. Although analyte extraction and concentration processes have significantly evolved and currently several automated solutions are commercially available, these two steps are carried out independently. To the best of our knowledge, human intervention is always required throughout the entire process for sample extract manipulation/transportation among instruments/processes. Expectedly, excessive sample handling throughout the analytical workflow contributes to an increase in the analysis cost, the loss of analyte (s), and numerous potential analytical errors. Herein, we present the first fully automated sample-to-vial solution for analysis of non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds from solid and semisolid samples. This technological development, which is based on gas assisted dynamic accelerated solvent extraction (GA-dASE) and an integrated level-sensing system that controls the endpoint of the evaporation step, allows for fully automated analyte extraction and analyte enrichment. As a proof of concept, we applied this fully automatic extraction and enrichment system towards the quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil samples. Our results showed that GA-dASE not only matched the performance of the legacy accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), in terms of analyte recovery and reproducibility, but also delivered nearly 3-time reduction in labor per sample. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrated the capability of the instrument to perform fully automated extraction and evaporation steps without human intervention and with no impact on data quality (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD, ≤ 20%). In terms of interlaboratory reproducibility (<em>n</em> = 2), our results showed comparable results for the determination of PAHs using either 10- or 100-mL sample cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic nanoparticles for removing inorganic arsenic species from waters: A proof of concept for potential application","authors":"Yesica Vicente-Martínez ,&nbsp;Manuel Caravaca ,&nbsp;Sokaina El Farh ,&nbsp;Manuel Hernández-Córdoba ,&nbsp;Ignacio López-García","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inorganic arsenic is considered one of the most critical and severe environmental problems due to its high toxicity even at low levels of exposure, causing serious health problems. Humans can be exposed to arsenic mainly through inhalation, ingestion of food and water, especially in certain areas where water comes into contact with arsenic-bearing minerals. For natural geological reasons, water in some areas of the world may contain more arsenic than usual. For these circumstances, the development of methods for the removal of arsenic from water has been of increasing interest in recent years. This work presents an optimised removal of As(III) and As(V) from water by the in situ formation of ferrite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles, leading to the adsorption of this element in the Fe₃O₄ structure. In addition, the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles facilitate their removal from the medium by a magnet. The experimental conditions of the process were optimised and the total removal of high concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in water was achieved in only two minutes and at 50 °C at basic pH, using 200 µL of a 0.2 M FeCl₂·4H₂O solution and 100 µL of a 0.1 M FeCl₃·6H₂O solution to form Fe₃O₄ <em>in situ</em>. The ferrite surface was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy before and after the arsenic removal process and by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy before the process. The study of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms reveals a Langmuir-type physicochemical process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is 3D printing a good alternative to prepare novel devices for Green Analytical sample preparation?","authors":"Francisco Mestre-Manrique ,&nbsp;Roser Payà-Pou ,&nbsp;Miriam Beneito-Cambra,&nbsp;Ernesto Francisco Simó-Alfonso,&nbsp;Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green Chemistry can be defined as the design of processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances and are described by the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (PGCs). The PGCs provides a guide of the green characteristics that a chemical process should fulfill. However, the evaluation is complicated without an adequate metric that provides the possibility to convert the characteristics of the method to an objective scale level, such as a number or a color. For this purpose, green metrics have been developed in order to do a comprehensive evaluation of the method greenness. The older systems were based on atomic efficiency or mass of generated waste, but those are not adequate for all the chemistry branches, especially on Analytical Chemistry. Hence, a series of novel metrics, such as National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, RGB model, Hexagon or Analytical GREEnness metric approach has appeared. Regarding Analytical Chemistry, especially in the sample preparation field, a novel trend based on the use of 3D printing devices has emerged. The different 3D printing modes offer the possibility to prepare devoted devices that affects the miniaturization, automation, reduction of solvents and can be prepared in short times with low energy. Therefore, 3D printing could offer novel alternatives in the preparation of Green Analytical Chemistry methods. In this work, the six mentioned metrics were used to evaluate the greenness of 11 published works that perform sample preparation using 3D printed devices. The results of each metric have been discussed and a comparison of all metrics has been done. The most adequate methodology for the evaluation was the Analytical GREEnness metric approach which was used to compare the greenness level of one of the selected works with a work using more conventional materials and systems. These results demonstrate the capabilities of 3D printing to help in the development of novel Green Analytical Chemistry methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial SI EuSP2022","authors":"Elefteria Psillakis ,&nbsp;Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard ,&nbsp;Sibel Ozkan","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microextraction by packed sorbent of synthetic tryptamines from urine and ion mobility spectrometry determination","authors":"María Aparici-Lozano,&nbsp;Sergio Armenta,&nbsp;Salvador Garrigues,&nbsp;Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A procedure for the determination of <em>N,N</em>-dipropyltryptamine, 5‑methoxy-<em>N,N</em>-dimethyltryptamine, and 5‑methoxy-<em>N</em>-methyl-<em>N</em>-isopropyltryptamine in urine has been developed based on a microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) followed by ion mobility spectrometry determination. The combination of microextraction by packed sorbent with ion mobility spectrometry provided promising advantages for in-field screening of new psychoactive substances in urine, due to its simplicity, automation, and portability. The effect of sample pH and ionic strength, and the number of loading and elution steps has been evaluated. The obtained limits of quantification ranged from 21 to 29 µg L⁻¹, and accuracy and precision were evaluated by the determination of blank urine samples spiked at limits of quantification, 250, and 500 µg L⁻¹ synthetic tryptamines, with recovery values in the range of 76–95% and relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Moreover, the environmental impact and greenness of the proposed extraction method has been evaluated, providing an AGREEprep score of 0.62. Thus, the developed methodology can be considered a reliable and green screening methodology for in-field abuse drug consumption detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the benefits of varying the template/monomer proportion in the synthesis of an ion-imprinted polymer for Ra(II) extraction","authors":"Marine Boudias ,&nbsp;Alkiviadis Gourgiotis ,&nbsp;Charlotte Cazala ,&nbsp;Valérie Pichon ,&nbsp;Nathalie Delaunay","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In our previous paper, an ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was for the first time synthesized for Ra(II) extraction using Ba(II) as template ion since it has properties close to Ra(II), acetonitrile/dimethylsulfoxide (1/1, v/v) as porogen, vinylphosphonic acid as complexing monomer, styrene as co-monomer, and divinylbenzene as cross-linker. The present study aims at investigating the influence of the template ion/monomer proportion (1/4, 1/6, and 1/8) on sorbents properties. Polymers were packed in solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges for characterization. A particular attention was paid to control the impact of this ratio on the retention of Ra(II) and interfering ions (<em>i.e.</em> specificity) on IIPs, their capacity, and their breakthrough volume. Although the IIPs 1/4 and 1/8 tended to be slightly more specific than IIP 1/6, the adsorption capacity of the IIP 1/4 was much lower (0.3 µmol g⁻¹) than the two others (3 µmol g⁻¹). Data modelling indicated that Sips and Redlich-Peterson models were best fitted, sign of a monolayer adsorption process into cavities not completely homogeneous in contrast to the Langmuir model. IIPs 1/6 and 1/8 showed both high breakthrough volumes (&gt;80 mL for 100 ng of Ba(II) percolated on 100 mg of sorbents) and BET experiments demonstrated no impact of the monomer proportion on surface area of the IIPs 1/4, 1/6, and 1/8. The repeatability of the synthesis was evaluated on the IIP 1/6. The SPE profiles resulting from three independent syntheses of the IIP 1/6 were very similar and thermogravimetric and BET analyses also confirmed that the three IIPs had similar physical characteristics. The IIP 1/6 was applied to the extraction of Ba(II) from spiked mineral waters (Mont Roucous® and Volvic®). The Ba(II) extraction recovery was subjected to matrix effects but those were solved by adapting the amount of sorbent to the volume of percolation solution. The optimized procedure has been successfully applied to extract ²²⁶Ra for the first time with a dedicated IIP in a real sample: 5 mL of Mont Roucous® water were spiked with 80 mBq L⁻¹ of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra which was used as tracer to perform quantification by isotope dilution. After extraction, the ²²⁶Ra activity (88 ± 7 mBq L⁻¹, coverage factor k = 2) and recovery on IIP 1/6 (93%) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer and the limit of quantification of the method was estimated at 19 mBq L⁻¹ (0.52 pg L⁻¹).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the greenness of optimized ultrasound and infrared assisted extraction through analytical metrics","authors":"Florencia Cora Jofre ,&nbsp;Silvana M. Azcarate ,&nbsp;José M. Camiña ,&nbsp;Pablo Pacheco ,&nbsp;Marianela Savio","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sample preparation involves a critical step due to the high organic matter content that implies its decomposition, prior to analysis. Two alternative analytical strategies for sample preparation employing diluted HNO₃ were optimized and compared, assisted by ultrasound (USAE) and infrared (IRAE) radiation. Multielement determination was achieved by MIP OES. For optimization of experimental conditions, a central composite design centered on the faces was carried out, considering four and five factors for IRAE and USAE, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), residual acidity (RA) and solid residue (SR), significantly influence the responses to be evaluated. The response surface methodology was implemented to find the best combination of mass, diluted reagents (HNO₃ and H₂O₂), time and temperature in order to minimize responses for elemental extraction in animal feed samples. The optimized experimental conditions: 500 mg of sample mass, 60 °C of bath temperature, 30 min of extraction time, 2 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ and 27% H₂O₂, were used to validate the USAE procedure. The conditions established for IRAE were 500 mg of the swine feed sample, followed by the addition of 2 mL of 2 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ and 23% H₂O₂, irradiating for 23 min. Recoveries ranged from 81 to 114%, with good precision (RSD &lt; 4%). Using five index tools the greenness of the proposed methods was demonstrated. According to IRAE simplicity, reliability, fast and easy to implement, it was successfully applied to the determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P and Zn in agrifood samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paper-based sorptive phases for a sustainable sample preparation","authors":"Marisol González-Bermúdez,&nbsp;Ángela I. López-Lorente,&nbsp;Rafael Lucena,&nbsp;Soledad Cárdenas","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, using natural materials to prepare sorbents has been a clear trend in the sample preparation context. This research line is supported by sustainable considerations, as it responds to the tenth principle of Green Analytical Chemistry. Also, the affordability and availability of natural materials open the door to developing global analytical solutions. Among all the available natural materials, cellulose paper presents unique characteristics (porosity, mechanical resistance, and easy chemical/physical modification of the substrate) that can be exploited in analytical extractions. This article reviews the role of paper-based sorptive phases in the current sample preparation realm, putting more emphasis on their potential than on the description of specific applications. The article covers the main synthetic routes described in the literature for preparing these phases and the reported coatings. In contrast with the classical analytical workflow (based on the separated extraction, elution, and analysis steps), the direct combination of sample preparation with instrumental techniques permits further simplification of the analytical procedures. Cellulose paper can operate under both workflows, and the main approaches based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis will be discussed. Finally, the combination of both instrumental techniques (using the so-called dual substrates) will be outlined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabric phase sorptive extraction for environmental samples","authors":"Núria Fontanals,&nbsp;Francesc Borrull,&nbsp;Rosa M. Marcé","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2022.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) has gradually become more widespread as a novel sorptive extraction technique since it has a number of advantages including a wide range of available materials, cheap and easy performance and highly efficient extraction. Because of this, FPSE has been applied in different fields to extract various types of analytes from different kinds of samples. In particular, it has been widely used in environmental applications.</p><p>This review covers the use of FPSE in environmental samples. It discusses the optimization of the variables involved during FPSE and presents novel FPSE approaches applied to environmental samples. It also reviews figures of merit obtained using the FPSE methods developed and summarizes data on the occurrence of contaminants in different types of environmental samples. This is done by looking at a selection of different studies in which FPSE is applied to analyze environmental samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}