Advances in Sample Preparation最新文献

{"title":"Porous polymer monoliths with complementary retention mechanisms for online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography to determine lysozyme in egg white","authors":"Fernando H. do Nascimento ,&nbsp;Renan Vitek ,&nbsp;Jorge C. Masini","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work demonstrates the determination of lysozyme in egg-white samples after enrichment and cleanup by weak cation exchange (WCX) following separation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The WCX column was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) and functionalized with iminodiacetate (IDA). Reversed-phase columns were prepared using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and EDMA. Photopolymerization formed the poly(GMA-co-EDMA) column inside vinylized polypropylene tubes whereas poly(BMA-co-EDMA) used thermal polymerization inside functionalized Silcosteel® tubes. The preparation of poly(GMA-co-EDMA) was fast (about 2 h), from preparing the polypropylene tube to washing the formed monolith with acetonitrile (ACN), but functionalization demanded an overnight period of pumping IDA through the column immersed in a water bath thermostated at 80 °C. Preparation of the poly(BMA-co-EDMA) also demanded overnight heating at 60 °C, with subsequent washing of the formed monolith with ACN. Egg-white samples diluted at a 1:10 m v⁻¹ ratio in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were injected first through IDA@poly(GMA-co-EDMA) to retain lysozyme (pI 11.4) and remove the proteins with a pI &lt; 7.0. Elution of the lysozyme from the cation exchange column was made with 5% (v v⁻¹) acetonitrile in 0.1% (v v⁻¹) TFA. RPLC then analyzed the eluate with a gradient from 5 to 50% ACN in 0.1% TFA. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.07 and 0.23 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. Egg-white lysozyme concentrations varied between 2.26 ± 0.06 and 4.41 ± 0.08 mg g⁻¹, and spiking/recovery experiments at two concentration levels (0.25 and 0.50 mg mL⁻¹) resulted in recoveries from 94 to 115%, thus demonstrating the columns working with orthogonal selectivity provided enrichment of less abundant lysozyme and accurate results, provided by an efficient cleanup of the sample matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of thin film microextraction method for the multi-residue analysis of selected pesticides","authors":"Kübra Kahremanoğlu ,&nbsp;Yeliz Akpınar ,&nbsp;Ezel Boyaci","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pesticides are a class of compounds that are used to protect agricultural products. However, the uncontrolled use of these chemicals increases the risks associated with their overdosing and rises a significant concern about their effect on human health and the ecosystem. Albeit many concerns about their effects, the use of pesticides is inevitable due to the incline in population growth and the presence of limited food resources. As a result, regulatory control of the use of chemicals is critical and the development of methods that provide a reliable determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is of great importance.</p><p>In the present study, a new method based on thin film microextraction was developed for the extraction of pesticides from fruit matrices prior to their gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC–MS) determination. As a first step, the thin film extractive devices were prepared by immobilization of hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) particles on the surface of carbon mesh. The samplers were optimized in terms of extraction and desorption conditions first in PBS and then in apple juice. The final method was also validated in apple juice samples. Analytical figures of merits of the final method showed acceptable precision for intra- and inter-day reproducibility with ≤20% relative standard deviation (RSD%) and accuracy of ≤15% relative error (RE%), except for trifluralin at 300.0 ng mL⁻¹ level. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the selected pesticides were found between 1.0 and 5.0 ng mL⁻¹ . The samplers developed in this study were also successfully tested in preliminary investigations for the extraction of the pesticides from the surface of fruits and vegetables using agarose gel as a model matrix with the primary aim of showing the step towards the sampling directly on the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabric phase sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of favipiravir in biological and forensic samples","authors":"Rajeev Jain ,&nbsp;Bharti Jain ,&nbsp;Abuzar Kabir ,&nbsp;Atul Bajaj ,&nbsp;Ratnasekhar Ch ,&nbsp;Shweta Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Favipiravir, a pyrazine analog, is proposed as providential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 infection during 2020 pandemic emergency. For the first time, a fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and applied for the determination of favipiravir (FAV) in biological samples (human plasma, blood and urine), pharmaceutical and forensic samples. The method comprises of extraction of FAV by FPSE followed by its derivatization with N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and GC-MS analysis. Design of experiment-based optimization was performed using Placket-Burman Design (PBD) and Central Composite Design (CCD) for the screening of significant factors of FPSE and their optimization, respectively. Among all tested membranes, sol-gel polyethylene glycol (PEG) has offered the best extraction efficiency for FAV. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method was found to be linear in the range of 0.01–10 µg mL⁻¹ by GC-MS. The LODs and LOQs were as low as 0.001-0.0026 µg mL⁻¹ and 0.003-0.0086 µg mL⁻¹, respectively by GC-MS. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5 and 10%, respectively, showing good method precision. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect and quantify FAV in human urine, whole blood and plasma samples along with seized forensic samples. In addition, the proposed method has been evaluated for its green character by ComplexGAPI index.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput determination of oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva by solvent-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction for clinical analysis","authors":"Guillem Peris-Pastor,&nbsp;Sandra Alonso-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Juan L. Benedé,&nbsp;Alberto Chisvert","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A reliable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of two oxidative stress biomarkers (i.e., 8‑hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8‑hydroxy-2′-deoxyadenosine (8-oxodA)) in saliva samples is presented. These biomarkers are produced by an oxidative DNA damage and have gained prominence in the field of medicine as early diagnostic and disease control tools. The method is based on solvent-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction (SA-DSPE) as a clean-up step, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, a commercial polymer with a hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance has been used as extraction phase. This balance makes the material suitable for extracting compounds from polar matrices such as saliva. Those variables involved in the extraction were optimized by a Box-Behnken design, whereas those variables affecting the desorption were optimized by a Doehlert design, except the desorption solvent that was optimized by using a Simplex-Centroid design. The method was successfully validated, showing a good linearity at least up to 20 ng mL⁻¹, limits of detection and quantification at the low ng mL⁻¹ level, and good precision values (&lt; 15%). Standard addition calibration was employed to correct the observed matrix effects. Finally, this new approach was successfully applied to saliva samples from nine volunteers, three of them with type II diabetes, obtaining notable differences in the concentration values between both groups. The proposed methodology overcomes some of the drawbacks of the only previous work with the same purpose, such as the time-consuming procedure and the consumption of large volumes of organic solvents. To increase the sample throughput and reduce the analysis time, a thermostatic stirrer that allows the extraction of several samples simultaneously was used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on recent developments and applications of green sorbents-based solid phase extraction techniques","authors":"Xue Ma ,&nbsp;Lingyun Wang ,&nbsp;Qingyun He ,&nbsp;Qiannan Sun ,&nbsp;Dan Yin ,&nbsp;Yanhao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sample pretreatment is an essential step in the analytical process. Solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures are widely used for clean-up and enriching analytes in sample preparation due to the complex sample matrix and low concentration level of target compounds. The sorbent is the critical part and plays a vital role in the SPE process. The combination strategies of green sample preparation (GSP) with sorbents have been taken seriously to establish high-performance and environmental-friendly SPE methods. This work mainly reviewed the capacity of different functional materials to be used as SPE sorbents which fulfilled the GSP requirements, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), natural products, and carbon-based materials. Advanced computer-assisted strategies for the synthesis and usage of green SPE sorbents are also overviewed. Finally, recent advanced applications of these green adsorption materials for SPE procedure were summarized. This review aims to retrace latest research of green sorbents-based SPE techniques under the perspective of GSP, suggesting the future synthesis and application of adsorption materials should pose the features of less reagent and energy usage, less labor and time consuming, and high extraction efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic material based on mesostructured silica functionalized with β-cyclodextrin to extract opium alkaloids in poppy seed infusions","authors":"Gema Casado-Hidalgo,&nbsp;Sonia Morante-Zarcero,&nbsp;Damián Pérez-Quintanilla,&nbsp;Isabel Sierra","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sample preparation methods tend to be fast, simple, with the use of new adsorbents and with lower amounts of organic solvents to make them more environmentally friendly. In this work, a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) protocol for the quantification of six opium alkaloids (OAs) in poppy seeds infusions has been optimised followed by analysis with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). For this purpose, a mesostructured silica magnetic composite with β-CD (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@mSiO₂@β-CD) was synthesised and characterized. To obtain the highest level of functionalisation, three proportions of β-CD monomer/material (12.5, 25 and 100%) were determined, demonstrating that 25% showed the highest level. Adsorption studies were carried out in water at different pH (1, 2, 7, 9 and 11) and times (1, 5, 10 and 20 min), confirming the high adsorption capacity at pH 9 for 1 min. Then, the elution conditions of MSPE procedure were optimised (50 mg material, 2 mL of water/EtOH at 50% with 1% formic acid for 1 min). The methodology was successful validated with low detection and quantification limits, negligible matrix effect and good recovery values (89–94%). The methodology was applied to analysis of home-made infusions with four different poppy seeds, observing in one of them a worrying amount of OAs which imply a content in the seeds of at least four times that of the legislation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous extraction with two phases (modified supercritical CO2 and CO2-expanded liquid) to enhance sustainable extraction/isolation of pinocembrin from Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae)","authors":"Julián Arias ,&nbsp;Félix Muñoz ,&nbsp;Jésica Mejía ,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar ,&nbsp;Aída Luz Villa ,&nbsp;Jairo René Martínez ,&nbsp;Elena E. Stashenko","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some of the challenges to developing greener sample preparation procedures are related to finding solvents and practices with low environmental impacts. Given the importance of CO₂, water, and ethanol compared to other green solvents in flavonoid extractions, it is convenient to explore changes in how they are employed. Depending on temperature and pressure, these three solvents may present total or partial miscibility that can be used conveniently in sample preparation. In this work, the <em>Lippia origanoides</em> (Verbenaceae family) vegetal material remnant after essential oil distillation was extracted with either aqueous ethanol (EtOH), ethanol-modified supercritical CO₂ (EtOH<img>CO₂), or two coexisting CO₂ fluid phases [(CO₂)²]. The latter was the extractive practice that afforded higher selectivity and yield of pinocembrin (<strong>Pn</strong>) and galangin (<strong>Gn</strong>), two important active ingredients for pharmaceutical applications. EtOH extraction was the practice with the highest whole yield, and its extract contained mainly glycosylated compounds, in contrast to those extraction systems that involved CO₂. The presence of CO₂ allowed selective extraction of nonglycosylated flavonoids, possibly due to π−π intermolecular interactions with them. Flavonoids whose B-ring is a benzene or phenol group were recovered in higher amount. By means of the EtOH<img>CO₂ and (CO₂)² techniques, the extraction/isolation of <strong>Pn</strong> and <strong>Gn</strong> was achieved with less ethanol consumption and lower environmental impacts. The best setup was extraction with (CO₂)² and isolation by preparative HPLC. These results are promising for increasing selectivity and yield in some specific sample preparations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging procedures and solvents in biological sample pre-treatment","authors":"Valentina Greco ,&nbsp;Alessandro Giuffrida ,&nbsp;Marcello Locatelli ,&nbsp;Fabio Savini ,&nbsp;Ugo de Grazia ,&nbsp;Luigi Ciriolo ,&nbsp;Miryam Perrucci ,&nbsp;Abuzar Kabir ,&nbsp;Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy ,&nbsp;Cristian D'Ovidio ,&nbsp;Antonio Maria Catena ,&nbsp;Imran Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The treatment of biological samples, especially from complex matrices, has consistently challenged analytical operators. The classic problems to be faced for any analysis, regardless of the origin of the sample, such as for example contamination and loss of analyte, in biological samples, are particularly emphasized. In particular, the main cause of the error is due to the degradation of the analyte which in several cases due to biological interaction. Many factors can influence the stability of drugs, chief among them the physicochemical properties of the drug, characteristics of the matrix, the tendency to conjugation/deconjugation, sample collection procedure, container characteristics (e.g., oxidation, adsorption), and the use of preservatives or other additives. The problem is severe in the toxicological and forensic fields, especially for analyzes considered \"non-repeatable.\" In this review, we will explore all the major problems in the pre-extraction phase for the chemical-analytical aspect in the pharmacotoxicological and forensic fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the solvent on the chromatographic selectivity in reversed-phase and HILIC","authors":"Xavier Subirats,&nbsp;Laura Casanovas,&nbsp;Lídia Redón,&nbsp;Martí Rosés","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the characterization of several reversed-phase and HILIC chromatographic systems is presented by means of the Abraham's solvation parameter model, focusing on the impact of solute polarizability, dipolarity, hydrogen bonding, and molecular volume on chromatographic retention. Although retention times in octadecylsilane columns are clearly dependent on the nature and content of the organic modifier in the mobile phase, similar chromatographic selectivities are reported for eluents containing acetonitrile or methanol in the range between 40 and 80%. The most relevant analyte properties affecting retention are the hydrogen bond acceptor capacity and the molecular volume, the former favoring partition into the mobile phase and the latter into the stationary phase. The behavior of HILIC systems greatly depends on the nature of the support (silica or polymeric), the bonded phase (zwitterionic, aminopropyl, dihydroxypropyl) and the organic solvent used in the eluent (acetonitrile or methanol), but they have in common that larger solute volumes allow more favorable partition into the organic solvent-rich mobile phase. The evaluation of the chromatographic retention of ionized analytes in HILIC should be performed with care, since they may interact with ionized buffering species, leading to unexpected lower retentions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green sample preparation methods for the analysis of bioactive compounds in bee products: A review","authors":"Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros ,&nbsp;Ioannis Priovolos ,&nbsp;Ana M. Ares ,&nbsp;Victoria Samanidou ,&nbsp;José Bernal","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural extracts of bee products are being recognized worldwide as a remarkable source of bioactive compounds with diverse functionalities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Some of these compounds are used in the pharmaceutical area and for the development of new functional foods with the aim of improving the bioactivity of current food products, their properties, and replacing other synthetic components. Conventional extraction methods such as maceration, magnetic stirring, or soxhlet mainly involve the use of toxic solvents in large quantities and long extraction times, among many other drawbacks. For this reason, the latest generation of chemical technology is committed to clean and environmentally friendly technologies by applying green analytical chemistry. This new approach defines the use of chemistry for pollution prevention, i.e. the design of methods and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of toxic or hazardous substances. Recently, green sample preparation methods (ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pressurized fluid extraction or QuEChERS) have been proposed and successfully applied for the extraction of bioactive compounds from bee products, mainly propolis, bee pollen and honey. This has been achieved by significantly minimizing the impact on environment, by reducing the use of organic solvents, using green solvents, reducing extraction time as well as extra steps. These new alternative methodologies have aroused the interest of researchers as future application prospects with high yields for the recovery of bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of green sample preparation methods for the extraction of bioactive compounds from bee products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}