Advances in Sample Preparation最新文献

{"title":"Emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with droplet digital image colorimetric detection for determination of rhodamine B in food and beverage samples","authors":"Niluh Indria Wardani ,&nbsp;Waleed Alahmad ,&nbsp;Hadi Tabani ,&nbsp;Pakorn Varanusupakul","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An analytical method combining fatty acid-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (FA-ELLME) with solidification of floating drops (SFD) and droplet digital image colorimetry (DDIC) was developed for the analysis of rhodamine B (RhB) in food and beverage samples. This work applied an emulsified amphiphilic fatty acid as an extracting solvent and a freezing procedure for extracting phase separation. A 7 mL sample volume adjusted to pH 5 was extracted with a drop of 35 μL of octanoic acid (0.5%v/v). The emulsification was initiated by shaking for 10 s followed by centrifugation for 5 min. The floating drops containing RhB were solidified in an ice bath, separated from the solution, defrosted, and dropped on the paper platform for DDIC analysis. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.8 μg L⁻¹ and 6.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The linear range was 10 - 40 μg L⁻¹ (R² = 0.997). The method was applied to determine RhB in beverage, candy, jelly, and chili sauce samples. The relative recovery percentages (RR%) between 73% and 113% were achieved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of fragrance and flavor components in non-psilocybin and psilocybin mushrooms using vacuum-assisted headspace high-capacity solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry","authors":"Shannon L. Thomas ,&nbsp;Colton Myers ,&nbsp;Kevin A. Schug","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vacuum-assisted headspace high capacity solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HS-HC-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to compare the volatile compounds that make up the volatile and semi-volatile components of five psilocybin mushrooms (<em>Psilocybe cubensis</em>), as well as three non-psilocybin mushroom species. Using an untargeted analysis, common volatiles detected consisted of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and hydrocarbons. The initial comparison of Vac-HS-HC-SPME and HS-HC-SPME conditions showed 2 times increase in compound response as well as the detection of 8 additional compounds undetected by HS-HC-SPME. Compounds unique to psilocybin mushrooms were 2-methylbutanal, valeraldehyde, benzaldehyde, 3-octen-2-one, 2-methyl-dodecane, and 2‑butyl‑2-octenal. Compounds unique to non-psilocybin mushrooms were 2-methyl-pyrazine, 2,3-butanediol, butyric acid, butyrolactone, benzyl alcohol, 2-pyrrolidinone, and estragole. The commonly shared compound, 1-octen-3-ol, was shown to have a higher compound response among the psilocybin mushroom species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49759351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of selenium in cereal and biofortified samples by ICP-OES using an alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent in digestion procedure","authors":"Masixole Sihlahla ,&nbsp;Anele Mpupa ,&nbsp;Marcin Sojka ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Saeid ,&nbsp;Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green solvents in analytical chemistry has attracted increasing attention. The present study presents a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the extraction of selenium (Se) in food samples. The extraction method utilised alcohol-based DES and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine total Se. Factors affecting the extraction procedure were optimised using the design of experiments. Using the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and linearity of the developed method were 0.0011 µg Se/g, 0.0037 µg Se/g and 0.004–0.20 µg Se/g, respectively. The precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs) was less than 10 %. The accuracy of the method was investigated using certified reference materials (IRMM 804 Rice Flour and NIST SRM 1567b wheat flour), and the results were in close agreement with the certified values (0.038 µg/g and 1.14 µg/g) with percentage recoveries ranging from 89.5 to 106 %. The interday ( %RSD) and Intraday ( %RSD) were 2.8–5.4 % and 4.3–5.9 %, respectively. The greenness of the method was assessed using NEMI, AES, and AGREE metrics tools. When comparing all these tools, they all qualified the proposed method as green.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent elaborations in electromembrane microextraction technique for preconcentration of chromium species: A mini-review","authors":"Waleed Alahmad ,&nbsp;Shaymaa A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Ahmad Halabi","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, electromembrane microextraction techniques have been used widely for the analysis of chromium species (trivalent and hexavalent chromium) in different environmental matrices. It is based on the electrokinetic migration across a membrane under the effect of an external electrical field between two aqueous phases. Trace analysis in complex matrices usually requires an effective sample preparation step to isolate, extract, and enrich the target analytes. Due to its distinctive qualities, including a high degree of enrichment factors, clean-up, and conformity with green chemistry principles, electromembrane microextraction techniques are among the methods for extracting chromium that have gained much attention in recent years. These techniques could be classified into two groups; electromembrane extraction (EME) which is based on using hydrophobic compounds (e.g., a few microliters of organic solvents) to separate the two aqueous solutions (donor and acceptor solutions), and gel electromembrane microextraction (G-EME) which is based on using a membrane made of biopolymers. In this review, the most recent advancements in EME and G-EME technologies for the extraction of chromium species in environmental samples in the last five years were summarized. Furthermore, the performance of the systems is evaluated in terms of their precision and accuracy, detection limits, and merits and drawbacks. Finally, future perspectives on these techniques were discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput analytical methods employing microextraction techniques: Towards fast analyses lasting a few seconds","authors":"Eduardo Carasek,&nbsp;Rafael Scur,&nbsp;Gabrieli Bernardi","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles have influenced the development of analytical methods with minimal sample handling and operations, in contrast to conventional techniques, which are often laborious and time-consuming. Since the introduction of microextraction techniques in the 1990s, various approaches, configurations, and sorptive phases have been proposed to replace Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), covering a wide range of matrices and analytes, focused on chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation. The main features of microextraction techniques are simplicity, low solvent consumption, and minimum residue generation. The demand for fast results and the large number of samples, along with advances in analytical instrumentation, have led to the coupling of microextraction techniques with automation and/or the development of technologies for multiple extractions at the same time, known as parallel extractions. As a result of its popularity in medical and pharmaceutical sciences, the 96-well plate has been successfully adapted for Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Liquid Phase Microextraction (LPME), significantly reducing the time required to process a large number of samples. This review presents some of the basic principles of microextraction techniques, and it contextualizes and compares analytical methods published in the period of 2018 to early 2023 in the microextraction context for high-throughput analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of high-pH fractionation and cotton-HILIC enrichment approaches for analyzing N-glycopeptides","authors":"Nabil Tahhan ,&nbsp;Sena Aksoy ,&nbsp;Haci Mehmet Kayili ,&nbsp;Bekir Salih","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a significant role in diverse biological processes and exhibits associations with various diseases, including cancer. Among the different types of glycosylation, <em>N-</em>glycosylation is particularly prominent. Glycosylation analysis also plays a crucial role in understanding the efficacy of protein biopharmaceuticals, as the majority of these drugs are glycoproteins. The precise detection and characterization of <em>N-</em>glycosylation require a series of enrichment steps. On the other hand, peptide fragmentation methods constitute a crucial step in reducing sample complexity. Moreover, enrichment strategies coupled with mass spectrometry are essential for the analysis and identification of <em>N-</em>glycopeptides. This research aims to enhance the detection methods for <em>N-</em>glycopeptides and <em>N-</em>glycoproteins by employing strategies that involve peptide fractionation and glycopeptide enrichment. This study targeted to assess and compare the efficacy of an integration method and a direct enrichment approach in terms of identifying glycopeptides from the glycoproteome of human plasma. The results demonstrate that the integration method detects 212 <em>N-</em>glycopeptides and 88 <em>N-</em>glycoproteins, while Cotton-HILIC direct enrichment detects 88 <em>N-</em>glycopeptides and 41 <em>N-</em>glycoproteins. In conclusion, the employment of Cotton-HILIC enrichment with high pH fractionation exhibits greater qualitative abilities in characterizing the structures and functions of glycopeptides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772582023000487/pdfft?md5=317f642a6f6fef3c90ba327cea2fc9bb&pid=1-s2.0-S2772582023000487-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92066683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by dispersive-µ-solid-phase extraction using silica-based nanostructured sorbent phases coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","authors":"Camila Scheid ,&nbsp;Wendell Mello ,&nbsp;Silvio Buchner ,&nbsp;Edilson Valmir Benvenutti ,&nbsp;Monique Deon ,&nbsp;Josias Merib","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, SBA-15 mesoporous silica has been investigated as sorbent phase for the extraction and determination of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples for the first time. The extraction step was performed through a dispersive-µ-solid-phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In particular, the surface of SBA-15 was chemically bonded to different functional groups (aminopropyl, phenyl, octyl and octadecyl), and the extraction efficiency of each sorbent phase was investigated. The sorbent phase was synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N₂ sorption analysis (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The optimized extraction conditions consisted of using 2 mg of the sorbent SBA-15/C8, 2 mL of sample, 2 min of vortex, 4 min of stirring in orbital shaker and 1 min of centrifugation; the desorption step was performed with 25 µL of ACN:acetone (50:50 v/v), vortex for 2 min, 8 min of stirring in orbital shaker and 3 min of centrifugation. The proposed method was validated, with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes; LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.15 to 3.03 μg L⁻¹ and from 0.5 to 10.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively; intraday precision ranged from 2.6 to 12.1%; interday precision varied from 4.5 to 25.3%; and accuracy ranged from 92.0 to 112.3 %. This methodology was successfully applied for the analysis of eight groundwater samples from monitoring wells of gas stations in São Paulo. Moreover, according to AGREEprep metrics, the proposed method can be considered sustainable according to the concepts of green analytical chemistry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal organic frameworks as advanced materials for the paper-based extraction of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluids","authors":"Jens van der Hulst,&nbsp;Héctor Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela,&nbsp;José Manuel Herrero-Martínez,&nbsp;Sergio Armenta","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this manuscript, a paper-based device modified with metal-organic frameworks was applied for the extraction of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in oral fluids, taking profit of the several interaction mechanisms between MOF-analytes, followed by their quantification by LC-fluorescence detection. The resulting composite, named as NH₂-UiO-66@paper, was characterized by different techniques such as infrared, scanning electron microscopy, among others. The extraction procedure was optimized by using a full factorial design after an appropriate selection of the significant variables. Once the method was optimized, the analytical parameters were studied including liner range (LOQ-400 µg L⁻¹), limit of detection (0.7 to 2.8 µg L⁻¹) and intra- and inter-batch precision (&lt;8 and &lt;20%, expressed as RSD, respectively). Next, the accuracy of the method was assessed at three different concentration levels (25, 75 and 100 µg L⁻¹), obtaining values comprised from 64 to 98%. Finally, the method was applied for the analysis of oral fluids (n=25) (15 positives and 10 negative samples) and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (efficiency) of the methodology were calculated obtaining 80, 100 and 88%, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity and antibiotic-modifying action of carvacrol against multidrug-resistant bacteria","authors":"Ana Raquel Pereira da Silva ,&nbsp;Maria do Socorro Costa ,&nbsp;Nara Juliana Santos Araújo ,&nbsp;Thiago Sampaio de Freitas ,&nbsp;Antônia Thassya Lucas dos Santos ,&nbsp;Sheila Alves Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Viviane Bezerra da Silva ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Cosmo Andrade-Pinheiro ,&nbsp;Catarina Martins Tahim ,&nbsp;Elaine Cristina Pereira Lucetti ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial resistance is a serious health problem, which is mostly caused by the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The emergence of strains resistant to these drugs results in difficulties in the treatment of bacterial infections. Therefore, it has been a trend to investigate new alternatives against microbial resistance such as the use of natural products and their major compounds. The monoterpene carvacrol which is mostly extracted from essential oils has been pointed as a promisor. In the search for better results in terms of pharmaceutical applications of associations and complexes, β-cyclodextrin has been promising when complexed with isolated compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the compound carvacrol, pure and complexed with β-cyclodextrin, against the strains of <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The antibacterial activity assay was performed using the broth microdilution method, determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and from the subinhibitory concentration value (MIC/8) was evaluated the modifier activity of the antibiotic action. The reading of the tests was carried out using sodium resazurin and expressed by geometric mean. Carvacrol showed significant results against standard bacteria: <em>S. aureus</em> with a MIC of 81 μg/mL, and <em>P. aeruginosa</em> with a MIC of 161 μg/mL. Also, a MIC of 128 μg/mL for the multidrug-resistant strain of <em>P. aeruginosa</em>. Regarding the modifier effect on antibiotic action when associated with gentamicin, complexed carvacrol showed synergism against <em>E. coli</em>, with a reduction in the MIC from 25 μg/mL to 5 μg/mL. Carvacrol demonstrated relevant clinical antibacterial activity, for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and a synergistic effect when associated with gentamicin. Therefore, these results showed to be promising in fighting bacterial resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-line gas purging exploiting a novel converging flow-on paper optosensing device for the determination of total ammonia-nitrogen in water samples","authors":"Ali Sahragard ,&nbsp;Waleed Alahmad ,&nbsp;Thidarat Samkumpim ,&nbsp;Manuel Miró ,&nbsp;Pakorn Varanusupakul","doi":"10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sampre.2023.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel, inexpensive, and sensitive microanalytical system for the determination of total ammonia-nitrogen (ammonia-N) in water was developed. The system was designed to detect ammonia using an in-line purging system coupled with a newly designed gas converging flow cell incorporating in-line paper-based colorimetric detection. The gas converging flow cell served as a gas chamber, a paper-based device holder, and a color detection cell. The paper-based device was impregnated with butterfly pea extract (a natural acid-base indicator), the color of which changed on the basis of the generated ammonia gas. Analytical parameters such as concentration of natural indicator and purging time were studied and optimized. The color image could be captured by an integrated endoscope camera or smartphone and analyzed by ImageJ software in RGB mode. Under optimal conditions, two linear dynamic ranges were observed. By using 1:2 (v/v) diluted 2% (w/v) butterfly pea extract in Milli-Q water, a low linear concentration range of 0.05–0.9 mg L⁻¹ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mg L⁻¹ and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 mg L⁻¹ was achieved. By using a non-diluted 2% (w/v) butterfly pea extract, a high linear concentration range of 0.5–4 mg L⁻¹ with an LOD of 0.1 mg L⁻¹ and LOQ of 0.3 mg L⁻¹ was obtained. Finally, the optimized method was leveraged to determine ammonia-N in various water samples from shrimp farming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100052,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Sample Preparation","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49750835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}