心理学最新文献

{"title":"Learning from missing feedback: Exemplar versus model-based methods.","authors":"Jerker Denrell, Adam N Sanborn, Jake Spicer","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001416","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many real-life settings, feedback is only available for cases that decision makers accept and so may be biased toward positive events. How do people learn to distinguish good from bad alternatives from such selective feedback, and can they correct for this bias? We describe the computational problems of classification learning from biased samples and examine how exemplar and model-based methods can deal with this challenge: Model-based methods can adjust their representation of the task based on what information is available while exemplar models can impute fictive negative outcomes in missing cases to avoid positivistic biases. Importantly, these methods imply distinct assumptions about the task and reactions to missing feedback, which can be assessed empirically. In three experiments, we test whether participants rely on imputation or use a Bayesian model of the task to correct for selection bias. We find that many participants were best described by an exemplar model, most with imputation, but an almost equal proportion was best described by a Bayesian model. People best described by different models reacted somewhat differently to missing feedback. We also observe substantial stability in whether individuals were best described by model-based or exemplar models across tasks, though participants were more likely to use exemplar models when there was greater uncertainty about the task structure. Overall, our findings show that people deal with missing feedback in an adaptive manner by adopting diverse approaches that are partially stable and partially reflect assumptions made about the experimental context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1048-1080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Help-Seeking Behavior Among Intimate Partner Violence Victims in Nigeria.","authors":"Chelsea M Spencer, Kola' Oyediran, Sandra M Stith","doi":"10.1177/08862605241265895","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08862605241265895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study sought to examine help-seeking behaviors among Nigerian women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Out of 3,802 women who reported that they had experienced IPV in the past year, two-thirds (67%) of the women did not seek any help, 31% sought informal help, and only 1.9% sought formal help. A multinomial regression was run in order to examine factors associated with seeking formal help or informal help, with seeking no help used as the reference group. Higher education, witnessing their father hit their mother, husband's controlling behaviors, experiencing physical IPV, and having a physical injury were all related to informal help-seeking compared to seeking no help. Witnessing their father hit their mother, experiencing physical IPV, and physical injury were associated with formal help-seeking. The results of this study can potentially be used to reduce barriers to help-seeking among women who have experienced IPV in Nigeria. Implications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16289,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","volume":" ","pages":"3162-3181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141766305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"You Need to be Able to Stand Up for What is Right\": <i>MTV Shuga Naija</i>'s Transformative Impact on Youth Attitudes Toward Sexual Violence in Nigeria.","authors":"Paul Hutchinson, Christopher E Beaudoin, Dominique Meekers, Elizabeth Omoluabi, Akanni Akinyemi","doi":"10.1177/08862605241265408","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08862605241265408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Nigeria, approximately 10% of women of reproductive age report experiencing sexual violence in the past year, with potentially enduring health and social consequences. The effects can be especially severe for younger women and adolescents. <i>MTV Shuga Naija</i> utilizes an entertainment-education TV serial drama to promote gender equality and challenge norms around sexual violence. Using a two-wave panel survey of Nigerian youth (574 females; 317 males) aged 15 to 24 years, this study explores the impact of <i>MTV Shuga Naija</i> on disclosing experiences of sexual violence, reducing stigma, and fostering dialogue. Baseline data were collected in person, while endline data were collected by telephone due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), examined shifts in self-reported sexual harassment and attitudes toward victims of sexual violence. A doubly robust, difference-in-differences (DID) analysis compares changes in outcomes in treatment versus comparison areas, adjusting for observed and unobserved differences and using inverse probability weighting to enhance the precision of impact estimates. DID models show significant attitude shifts and increased disclosure of sexual violence among youth exposed to <i>MTV Shuga Naija</i>. Agreement with victim-blaming statements dropped significantly for both men and women in treatment versus comparison areas. However, contrary to hypotheses, respondents in comparison areas were more likely to discuss sexual violence with family, although the context and content of these discussions could not be examined. This study therefore confirms that <i>MTV Shuga Naija's</i> entertainment-education effectively improves attitudes and behaviors concerning sexual violence. Even so, victim-blaming norms and experiences of sexual violence remain prevalent. While the program has made progress in addressing this sensitive issue in Nigeria, further research is needed to improve family and community dialogues and to enhance support for victims.</p>","PeriodicalId":16289,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","volume":" ","pages":"2984-3013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141875106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpersonal Violence in Five Regions in Asia: Ecological Risk Factors Associated with Perceptions of Justifiability of Violence.","authors":"Yangjin Park, Jingyeong Song, Yong Ook Kim, Seunghoon Paik, Kathrine Sullivan","doi":"10.1177/08862605241271418","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08862605241271418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Asia, rates of interpersonal violence are increasing, with significant regional disparities. However, long-term, continental-scale research considering regional differences across the Asia regions is limited. Guided by the ecological model, we examined five ecological risk factors (low life satisfaction/happiness, economic hardship, neighborhood disadvantage, patriarchal values, and religiosity) associated with perceptions of justification of interpersonal violence (i.e., intimate partner violence [IPV] against wife, child physical abuse, and violence against others) in five regions in Asia (i.e., East, West, Central, South, and Southeast). Using the World Values Survey (<i>n</i> = 32,307), a multigroup multiple regression model was used with robust maximum likelihood estimation using Mplus ver. 8. In the entire Asia sample model, perceptions of justifiability of IPV against wife were positively associated with low life satisfaction/happiness; economic hardship; neighborhood disadvantage; and patriarchal values, while they were negatively associated with religiosity. Perceptions of justifiability of child abuse were positively associated with low life satisfaction/happiness; neighborhood disadvantage; and patriarchal values, while they were negatively associated with economic hardship and religiosity. Perceptions of justifiability of violence against others were positively associated with economic hardship and neighborhood disadvantage, while they were negatively associated with religiosity. Each region presented unique risk factor associations. Considering the high rates of interpersonal violence in Asia, understanding the risk factors associated with perceptions of justifying specific types of interpersonal violence can provide an initial insight into preventing violence in Asia. Further, as many Asians dwelling outside Asian regions are still influenced by their culture, religion, language, and norms of the region of origin, the study findings may shed light on future studies to consider in the interpersonal violence literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":16289,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","volume":" ","pages":"3251-3283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tale of Two Tweets: What Factors Predict Forgiveness of Past Transgressions on Social Media?","authors":"Andrew J Dawson, Sarah Williams, Anne E Wilson","doi":"10.1177/01461672231214629","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01461672231214629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As more of our lives take place online, it is increasingly common for public figures to have their current image tarnished by their mistakes and transgressions in what is often the distant past. Three experiments (<i>N</i> = 2,296) found that judgments of a public figure who tweeted racist statements in the past were less harsh when more time had passed and when the public figure was younger at the time of the tweet. However, politics also played a powerful role. Independent of time and age, liberals allowed less possibility of redemption for anti-Black tweets, while conservatives were less forgiving for anti-White tweets. Such partisan differences extended not only to moral judgments of the individual, but also general moral principles and participants' subjective perceptions of the situation itself, including subjective temporal distance from the tweet, the subjective age of the public figure, and the current relevance of the past statements.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"1259-1280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138803161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Do People Sometimes Wear an Anonymous Mask? Motivations for Seeking Anonymity Online.","authors":"Lewis Nitschinsk, Stephanie J Tobin, Deanna Varley, Eric J Vanman","doi":"10.1177/01461672231210465","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01461672231210465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anonymous environments are more accessible than ever. As such, it is important to understand not only how anonymity can change human behavior but also why people are motivated to seek anonymity in online spaces. In four studies, we investigated differences in motivations for seeking anonymity online and their associations with related dispositional factors and online behavior. We found that some people were motivated to seek anonymity to self-express or behave toxically. Both motivations to seek anonymity were associated with low self-concept clarity and high Machiavellianism but differed in their relation to traits such as self-consciousness and psychopathy. Further analyses suggested that people selectively engage in behaviors in anonymous online environments, in line with the specific gratifications they seek through anonymity. We conclude that people seek anonymity to pursue self- or other-related goals that are otherwise more difficult or costly to pursue when identifiable.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"1099-1120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138299815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Chameleons Lead Better? A Meta-Analysis of the Self-Monitoring and Leadership Relationship.","authors":"Linghe Lei, Chen Wang, Jonathan Pinto","doi":"10.1177/01461672231210778","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01461672231210778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between self-monitoring and leadership has been debated. We attempt to resolve this debate through a meta-analysis (<i>N</i> = 9,029 across 55 samples). Since this is the first meta-analysis that focuses on this relationship, we were able to study both focal constructs at a granular level. As hypothesized, self-monitoring is positively associated with <i>leadership emergence</i> and <i>leadership effectiveness</i>. Whereas self-monitoring is positively related to <i>managerial leadership</i>, its relationship with <i>transactional leadership</i> is non-significant. Contrary to our prediction that self-monitoring is negatively related to <i>authentic leadership</i> and to <i>transformational leadership</i>, we found positive relationships. Importantly, the relationship between self-monitoring and leadership variables is typically non-significant when the latter is measured by subordinate ratings. This casts doubt on the general finding that self-monitoring is positively related to leadership. Also, the relationships significantly differ when self-monitoring was measured by different scales. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"1139-1158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138441070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Dutch Sensory Gating Inventory (D-SGI): Psychometric properties and a Confirmatory factor analysis.","authors":"Pia Brinkmann, Marit Stolte, Jana V P Devos, Marcus L F Janssen, Michael Schwartze, Sonja A Kotz","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2235453","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2235453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI) is an established self-report questionnaire that is used to assess the capacity for filtering redundant or irrelevant environmental stimuli. Translation and cross-cultural validation of the SGI are necessary to make this tool available to Dutch speaking populations. This study, therefore, aimed to design and validate a Dutch Sensory Gating Inventory (D-SGI). To this end, a forward-backward translation was performed and 469 native Dutch speakers filled in the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis assessed the psychometric properties of the D-SGI. Additionally, test-retest reliability was measured. Results confirmed satisfactory similarity between the original English SGI and the D-SGI in terms of psychometric properties for the factor structure. Internal consistency and discriminant validity were also satisfactory. Overall test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.91, <i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI [0.87-0.93]). These findings confirm that the D-SGI is a psychometrically sound self-report measure that allows assessing the phenomenological dimensions of sensory gating in Dutch. Moreover, the D-SGI is publicly available. This establishes the D-SGI as a new tool for the assessment of sensory gating dimensions in general- and clinical Dutch speaking populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1064-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9834923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threats to the integrity of psychological assessment: The misuse of test raw data and materials.","authors":"Michael R Bütz, James V English, John E Meyers, Larry J Cohen","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2241094","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2241094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the practice of psychological assessment there have been warnings for decades by the American Psychological Association (APA), the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN), other associations, and test vendors, against the disclosure of test raw data and test materials. Psychological assessment occurs across several different practice environments, and test raw data is a particularly sensitive aspect of practice considering what it implicitly represents about a client/patient, and this concept is further developed in this paper. Many times, test materials are intellectual property protected by copyrights and user agreements. It follows that improper management of the release of test raw data and test materials threatens the scientific integrity of psychological assessment. Here the matters of test raw data, test materials, and different practice environments are addressed to highlight the challenges involved with improper releases and to offer guidance concerning good-faith efforts to preserve the integrity of psychological assessment and legal agreements. The unique demands of forensic practice are also discussed, including attorneys' needs for cross-examination and discovery, which may place psychologists (and other duly vetted evaluators) in conflict with their commitment to professional ethical codes and legal agreements. To this end, important threats to the proper use of test raw data and test materials include uninformed professionals and compromised evaluators. In this paper, the mishandling of test raw data and materials by both psychologists and other evaluators is reviewed, representative case examples, including those from the literature, are provided, pertinent case law is discussed, and practical stepwise conflict resolutions are offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1103-1122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9992656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the effects of dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time: A randomized, placebo- controlled and double-blind experimental trial.","authors":"Hacı Ömer Yılmaz, Çağdaş Salih Meriç, Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2232911","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2232911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to compare the effects of acute intake dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time. This study was, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind experimental design, conducted with 75 healthy adults. At the beginning of the study, the participants (36 male, 39 female; 21.6 ± 1.3 years of age; body mass index: 21.59 ± 1.94 kg/m²) were randomly divided into equal five groups (n:15) (glucose (10 g), fructose (10 g), sucrose (10 g), saccharin (0.24 g), placebo), and received dietary sugars dissolved in 200 mL of water. Cognitive performance was determined with Cancelation Test, and the Simple Response Time and Ruler Drop Tests were used in order to response and reaction time of participants, respectively. General score of cognitive performance (0.93 ± 0.1), reaction (295 ± 20 ms), and response (204 ms) were highest in glucose and lowest in placebo (0.63 ± 0.1; 368 ± 22 ms; 251 ms, respectively) (<i>p</i> < .001). Saccharin groups had a higher reaction (312 ± 22 ms) and response (216 ms) time score compared to consumed fructose (316 ± 39; 227 ms), sucrose (354 ± 26; 246 ms), and placebo (368 ± 22; 251 ms) groups, respectively (<i>p</i> < .001). These findings show that differences in the absorption pattern and sweetness levels of sugar types may have different effects on cognitive performance and reaction time.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1018-1026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10138191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}