Journal of personality and social psychology最新文献

{"title":"Judged by humans, comforted by machines: How psychological expectations shape experiences and perceptions of AI support.","authors":"Roshni Raveendhran, Trevor A Foulk","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People frequently encounter minor aversive experiences-such as rude interactions or social slights-that, while not major events, can still affect psychological well-being. In this research, we examine how people experience and perceive social support from artificial intelligence (AI) following such experiences. Drawing on mind perception theory, we propose that initial expectations about AI's experiential capacity relative to humans shape how people experience and perceive AI support. A pilot study demonstrates that people have different initial expectations of AI's versus humans' experiential capacity. Across six studies (five preregistered; total <i>N</i> = 3,341), we found that these initial expectations produce two distinct effects: People report lower fear of negative evaluation after receiving support from AI versus a human, which in turn improves well-being outcomes (Studies 1-3), and people perceive AI as exceeding their expectations for empathy, which in turn drives perceived support effectiveness (Studies 4-6). These effects emerged across controlled simulations and real interactions with actual human and AI support givers. Together, these findings reveal that initial psychological expectations about AI's experiential capacity play a central role in shaping the experience and perception of AI support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perceived whiteness of artificial intelligence.","authors":"Monica Gamez-Djokic, Adam Waytz","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly serve as advisors, evaluators, and decision-makers, yet little is known about how people perceive AI as a social entity. Across five primary studies and eight supplementary studies, we show that people assign racial identities to AI systems, overwhelmingly perceiving them as White-even though these systems provide no visual, vocal, or identity cues from which race might ordinarily be inferred. Using forced-choice, open-ended, and implicit reverse-correlation measures, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that AI is explicitly and implicitly associated with Whiteness across diverse samples. Study 3 extends these findings beyond the United States, showing that AI is perceived as White in Japan and India. Study 4 examines the implications of AI racialization, showing that perceiving an AI system as more White is associated with greater trust in and persuasiveness of its recommendations. Supplementary studies identified two potential mechanisms: stereotype spillover linking intelligence with Whiteness and ecosystem-based inferences based on beliefs about who creates, trains, and uses AI. Building on this account, Study 5 provides causal evidence by isolating a key ecosystem cue-the racial composition of AI training data. Participants assigned less cognitively demanding tasks to AI systems described as trained on Black and Latino data than to otherwise identical systems trained on White or unspecified data. Together, these findings show that AI is not perceived as socially neutral but instead acquires racial meanings associated with credibility, authority, and capability, demonstrating how social categories shape perceptions of novel technological entities beyond their underlying algorithmic properties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The family environment in late childhood and early adolescence as a predictor of narcissism in emerging adulthood: Findings from a 17-year longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth.","authors":"Winkie Ma, Emorie D Beck, Richard W Robins","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000614","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of narcissism has been theoretically tied to childhood experiences, yet little empirical research has examined the influence of the family environment on adult narcissism using long-term longitudinal data. The present study identified family factors in late childhood and early adolescence that are prospectively associated with narcissism (grandiosity, superiority, exploitativeness, vulnerability) in emerging adulthood using data from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth (<i>N</i> = 674) spanning from age 10 to 26. Using structural equation modeling of multimethod data (child report, parent and spouse report, and coded parent-child interactions), we found that grandiosity and superiority were significantly predicted by positive aspects of the family environment (e.g., parental warmth, parent-child relationship quality, parental relationship quality), whereas exploitativeness and vulnerability were significantly predicted by negative aspects of the family environment (e.g., parental hostility, parent-child conflict). These findings were much weaker and often nonsignificant after controlling for earlier levels of narcissism, suggesting that the family environment exerts its effect on adult narcissism via its concurrent effect on adolescent narcissism. Overall, our study highlights several underexplored family factors in childhood that contribute to the development and maintenance of narcissism in adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13543844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How will I know if you really like me? Assessing the role of appearance, behavior, and reciprocity for metaliking accuracy in initial social encounters.","authors":"Jana Bruns, Eva Bleckmann, Lisa M Niemeyer, Mitja D Back, Steffen Nestler","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In first social encounters, people regularly try to figure out whether others like them. When accurate, these metaliking judgments enable individuals to more optimally engage in social interactions. Although previous research shows that people do know how much others like them, little is known about the processes leading to accurate metaliking judgments. In the present, preregistered research, we aimed to close this gap by investigating the role of a metaperceiver's appearance and behavior, others' behavior toward that metaperceiver, and the reciprocity heuristic in forming accurate metaliking judgments. To this end, we used data from a round-robin study, in which <i>N</i> = 144 participants (<i>M</i>_age = 22.91, 67.6% female) took part in two group meetings, where they interacted with unacquainted others. After each participant had given a short self-introduction, participants indicated liking and metaliking for each other participant. In addition, trained raters judged participants' appearance and behavior during the self-introduction. Results showed that people were able to correctly infer how much others generally liked them, but hardly knew how much specific other liked them. Lens model analyses revealed that although one's appearance and behavior were valid cues for being generally liked, metaperceivers did not utilize most of these observable cues to inform their metaliking judgments. However, the assumed reciprocity mediated both individual and dyadic metaliking accuracy. In light of these findings, we discuss the role of self-observed behavior and stable personality characteristics as well as situational and motivational factors, presenting an integrative theoretical framework to explain generalized and dyadic metaliking accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speaking of gender: Language genderedness and its association with gender differences in personality across 48 languages.","authors":"Roxana Hofmann, René Mõttus","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000600","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have suggested that personality assessments can be influenced by the language people speak. Therefore, gendered ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving may be associated with gendered structures encoded in different languages. Here, we study the association between gender differences in personality traits as measured by the IPIP-NEO-120 (<i>n</i> = 755,307; representing 48 languages from 122 countries, with English being the language of assessment and therefore held constant) and the genderedness of languages as rated by experts, estimated by word-embedding models on large-scale text corpora from movie subtitles and Wikipedia, and rated by large language models such as ChatGPT-5.2, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and DeepSeek-V3.2. Consistent across all measures of language genderedness, more gendered languages were associated with stronger gender differences in personality traits compared to less gendered languages (<i>r</i> = .51-.59), suggesting that language might influence people's self-concept in terms of their gender. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"537-556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fleeting generalization: How unstable belief updating keeps people overly pessimistic about talking to strangers.","authors":"Stav Atir, Nicholas Epley","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000483","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conversations with strangers and weak ties tend to be positive experiences, and yet research suggests a reliable tendency to hold overly pessimistic expectations about such conversations. We examine how people update their beliefs after talking with strangers to understand how people's miscalibrated social expectations could persist even in the presence of more positive social experiences. In three longitudinal experiments, having a conversation led to more optimistic (and better calibrated) expectations about a future conversation, especially with the same person, but updating was fleeting. Within 1 or 2 weeks, expectations reverted to a more pessimistic baseline similar to those who had no conversation to learn from in the first place. This <i>fleeting generalization</i> was unique to conversation (compared to a noninteractive control condition). It emerged both when a future conversation was with the same person and when it was with a different person, when people were explicitly asked to predict their experience before having it and when they were not, and across both relatively shallow and deeper conversations. Fleeting generalization stems partly (but not entirely) from recalling conversations as less positive than they felt immediately after having them. These findings suggest that miscalibrated social beliefs can persist even with unbiased experience to learn from. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"422-443"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is my loneliness killing me? Effects of loneliness and social isolation on transitions between cognitive status categories and death.","authors":"Tomiko Yoneda, Kathryn L Jackson, Emily C Noyer, Christopher R Beam, Gabrielle Pfund, Stephen Antonoplis, Emorie Beck, Katy Bedjeti, Pei Qin, Kayla M Garner, Jing Luo, Karina Van Bogart, Lily Pieramici, Katherina Hauner, Nicholas A Turiano, Páraic S O'Súilleabháin, Lisa Barnes, David A Bennett, Graciela Muniz Terrera, Daniel K Mroczek, Bryan D James, Andrew Steptoe, Anthony D Ong, Eileen K Graham","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000606","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loneliness and social isolation are associated with numerous adverse physical and psychological health outcomes in older adulthood, including cognitive impairment and mortality risk. Yet, how the individual and joint effects of loneliness and social isolation contribute to these outcomes remains unclear, particularly given the interplay between individual differences (loneliness) and environmental factors (social isolation) in shaping these important health outcomes in older adulthood (i.e., person-environment interactions). We used Cox regression, logistic regression, and multistate survival models to systematically investigate the individual and adjusted associations among loneliness, social isolation, cognitive aging outcomes, and mortality risk. Further, extensive between-study variability in operational definitions, modeling approaches, and covariate adjustments may be contributing to mixed results in the existing literature. In this registered report, we applied a multistudy approach (i.e., coordinated data analysis) in which independent but identical models were fit across 11 longitudinal studies representing participants from 18 countries (<i>N</i>_total = 175,070). Random effects meta-analyses synthesized results across studies, showing that loneliness was consistently associated with an elevated risk of cognitive impairment and mortality across statistical approaches, even after adjusting for social isolation. Conversely, social isolation was not consistently associated with cognitive impairment and showed weaker associations with mortality risk. Together, our findings suggest that loneliness is a robust, proximal predictor of major aging outcomes and highlight avenues for theory development, strategies to strengthen cognitive resilience and independence in older adulthood, and more efficient resource allocation of public health resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"480-512"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13271175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148252060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From charm to conflict: Simulating narcissistic interpersonal dynamics with agent-based modeling.","authors":"Lena Herchenhahn, Emanuel Jauk, Martin Schoemann, Stefan Scherbaum, Veronika Lerche","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000599","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Narcissism is a dynamic, normally distributed trait ranging from nonpathological to pathological expressions, with narcissistic personality disorder representing its extreme. Its complex interpersonal dynamics and paradoxical social outcomes underscore the need of uncovering its underlying mechanisms. However, experimental investigations face methodological constraints, making simulation-such as agent-based modeling (ABM)-a valuable alternative for controlled, theory-driven exploration. This study pursued three aims: (1) formalizing existing theories of narcissism into a computational framework for ABM, (2) evaluating its assumptions through an expert survey incorporating researchers and practitioners, and (3) implementing the framework as an agent-based model to simulate narcissistic dynamics over time. We developed the Framework of Interpersonal Narcissism Dynamics (FIND), which postulates five key processes: Status Assessment, Behavior Selection, External Feedback, Status Reassessment, and Movement. The expert survey supported FIND's conceptual validity, informed parameters, and facilitated implementation. Simulations produced empirical patterns: Agentic behavior occurred more frequently than antagonistic behavior, these behaviors were moderately positively correlated, and higher narcissism levels were associated with increased status instability. Beyond anticipated outcomes, simulations revealed novel insights, such as an association between higher narcissism levels and more steps without interaction partners and a nonlinear relationship between narcissism and outcome variables-for example, movement increased with rising narcissism levels, but only beyond a moderate threshold. Our findings provide proof of concept for FIND and highlight the potential of ABM in psychological research. ABM offers a valuable tool for exploring complex interpersonal dynamics that are challenging to examine empirically, thereby addressing key methodological constraints in that field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"513-536"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147868749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into growth mindsets over time: People with growth versus fixed mindsets grow increasingly negative in their reactions to others' repeated failures.","authors":"Samantha Zaw, Laura E Wallace, Ed O'Brien","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000526","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspi0000526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Success and innovation often require multiple failures. In workplace and classroom settings, this kind of repeated failure is often visible to others-managers and teachers-whose reactions can shape whether failure is tolerated, supported, or penalized. Thus, understanding people's reactions to others' repeated failures is critical for fostering success in both professional and educational contexts. Prior research suggests that growth (vs. fixed) mindset evaluators may react more positively to others' failures. Yet this research has largely examined reactions to failures at a single time point, not repeated failures over time. Three studies filled this gap by examining the trajectory of affective reactions to others' initial versus repeated failures as a function of evaluators' mindset. We found an interaction between mindset and time, such that people with growth (vs. fixed) mindsets demonstrated a steeper <i>negative</i> trajectory in their affective reactions as others failed repeatedly. This effect was driven by increased blame among growth mindset evaluators, which decreased their engagement with others who repeatedly failed. Moreover, an internal meta-analysis revealed a reliable absolute difference in affective reactions as well: Growth mindset evaluators reacted more positively than fixed mindset evaluators after initial failures, yet this classic positive effect flipped after repeated failures, such that growth mindset evaluators reacted more negatively than fixed mindset evaluators. By situating mindset beliefs in a temporal context, these findings contribute to a body of literature adding a more nuanced understanding of growth mindsets and working to identify the specific conditions under which growth mindsets will have positive effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The link between self-esteem and aggression: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.","authors":"Jasmin A Aebi, Oliver Lüdtke, Max Lustenberger, Ulrich Orth","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preregistered meta-analysis of longitudinal studies investigated the prospective effects between self-esteem and aggression. The link between these constructs has been debated for decades. Some researchers have argued that low self-esteem is a risk factor for aggression, while others have linked high self-esteem to aggression, referring to a \"dark side of high self-esteem.\" A comprehensive literature search led to the inclusion of 47 samples (total <i>N</i> = 40,688). Using one-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling, we estimated dynamic panel models controlling for stable between-person variance in the constructs. The analyses revealed no significant cross-lagged effects; self-esteem did not predict later aggression, nor did aggression predict later self-esteem. When using continuous time meta-analysis to account for between-study differences in time intervals, a significant but small effect of aggression on low self-esteem emerged. The effect of self-esteem on aggression remained nonsignificant. In both types of analyses, the latent factors of self-esteem and aggression were significantly correlated with a large effect size (<i>r</i> = -.35 and <i>r</i> = -.33, respectively). There was little evidence for publication bias. The only evidence of moderation of cross-lagged effects was found for the effect of aggression on self-esteem, which was stronger (i.e., more negative) for hostile-only aggression. Otherwise, the results provided no clear evidence that the prospective effects between self-esteem and aggression differed across aggression dimensions, age, and gender. Taken together, our results indicated that neither low nor high self-esteem appears to be a risk factor for future aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}