{"title":"More done, more drained: Being further along in a mundane experience feels worse.","authors":"Ying Zeng,Claire Tsai Jan,Min Zhao,Nicole Robitaille","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000446","url":null,"abstract":"Life is full of mundane tasks such as commuting, attending meetings, and filing paperwork. Despite their ubiquity, experience with mundane tasks remains understudied in the literature. Across a series of lab and field studies, we show that the negative feelings about a mundane experience are impacted by people's perception of how much of the task has been completed, which we term relative task completion. Contrary to people's intuition, we find that the same ongoing task (e.g., sitting through a boring meeting for 20 min) feels less aversive when relative completion is lower (e.g., in a 60-min meeting) than when it is higher (e.g., in a 30-min meeting). Our studies suggest this may occur due to ratio sensitivity: People infer that they have endured less after completing a smaller, rather than a larger, proportion of a mundane task, which reduces negative feelings. Data also showed that people lack insight into the impact of relative task completion and ruled out alternative explanations including response scale anchoring, progress focus, and preparation while suggesting mood regulation and attention as parallel explanations in some contexts. Finally, we identify busyness as a moderator and develop three low-cost interventions to manipulate perceived relative task completion and improve mundane experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Girls as objects, boys as humans: Young children tend to be objectified along gender lines.","authors":"Rachel A Leshin,Marjorie Rhodes","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000448","url":null,"abstract":"Objectification-the psychological phenomenon of relegating people to the status of objects, denying their humanness-is associated with a host of negative consequences for those targeted, from diminished cognitive performance to heightened risk of danger. Girls and women constitute the primary targets of objectification; thus, these harms fall disproportionately on them. Despite the persistence of such gendered patterns, however, it is not clear how they arise. That is, we do not yet know whether and to what extent perceivers objectify children along gender lines (i.e., associating girls with objects and boys with humans), thus limiting our grasp of this phenomenon both theoretically and practically. In the present studies, we addressed this gap on two fronts. First, we tested whether adults (n = 430) objectify young children based on gender. Second, we tested whether children themselves (n = 418, ages 4-10 years) display gendered patterns of objectification toward other children. We found evidence that adults objectify children based on gender: in both their categorizations and attributions, adults revealed overlap between their concepts of girls and objects and their concepts of boys and humans (although the degree to which each specific pattern manifested varied across studies). Children showed more limited evidence of this phenomenon: boys, but not girls, displayed the predicted pattern of conceptual overlap, and only in their categorizations. Together, these findings reveal that gender-differentiated patterns of objectification may take root in perceptions of young children-suggesting that the gendered consequences of this phenomenon may be larger in scope and earlier-emerging than previously assumed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
August Håkan Nilsson,J Malte Runge,Adithya V Ganesan,Carl Viggo N G Lövenstierne,Nikita Soni,Oscar N E Kjell
{"title":"Automatic implicit motive codings are at least as accurate as humans' and 99% faster.","authors":"August Håkan Nilsson,J Malte Runge,Adithya V Ganesan,Carl Viggo N G Lövenstierne,Nikita Soni,Oscar N E Kjell","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000544","url":null,"abstract":"Implicit motives, nonconscious needs that influence individuals' behaviors and shape their emotions, have been part of personality research for nearly a century but differ from personality traits. The implicit motive assessment is very resource-intensive, involving expert coding of individuals' written stories about ambiguous pictures, and has hampered implicit motive research. Using large language models and machine learning techniques, we aimed to create high-quality implicit motive models that are easy for researchers to use. We trained models to code the need for power, achievement, and affiliation (N = 85,028 sentences). The person-level assessments converged strongly with the holdout data, intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(1,1) = .85, .87, and .89 for achievement, power, and affiliation, respectively. We demonstrated causal validity by reproducing two classical experimental studies that aroused implicit motives. We let three coders recode sentences where our models and the original coders strongly disagreed. We found that the new coders agreed with our models in 85% of the cases (p < .001, ϕ = .69). Using topic and word embedding analyses, we found specific language associated with each motive to have a high face validity. We argue that these models can be used in addition to, or instead of, human coders. We provide a free, user-friendly framework in the established R-package text and a tutorial for researchers to apply the models to their data, as these models reduce the coding time by over 99% and require no cognitive effort for coding. We hope this coding automation will facilitate a historical implicit motive research renaissance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua Correll,Anjana Lakshmi,Bernd Wittenbrink,Debbie S Ma,Balbir Singh,Emil Bansemer,Lewis O Harvey
{"title":"The mental representation of ingroup and outgroup faces.","authors":"Joshua Correll,Anjana Lakshmi,Bernd Wittenbrink,Debbie S Ma,Balbir Singh,Emil Bansemer,Lewis O Harvey","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000442","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnicity critically impacts perceivers' ability to individuate and recognize faces. Valentine (1991) proposed a face space model in part to account for these effects, and although it has received significant attention, basic questions derived from that model have yet to be satisfactorily tested. Across three large-scale studies, over 10,000 human participants provided similarity judgments of pairs of faces. All studies used a full ingroup-outgroup design, such that participants rated both ingroup and outgroup faces. From these ratings, we estimate the configuration of an empirical multidimensional face space. Based on these configurations, we test five questions central to the face space model and to underlying mechanisms like perceptual expertise. We find that eight dimensions capture most of the variation in ratings and that these dimensions correspond to existing models of face perception. Contrary to widespread hypotheses, we find no evidence that perception is \"tuned\" based on ethnicity. Rather, perceivers of different ethnic groups demonstrate very similar configurations of face space. Also surprisingly, we observe evidence of outgroup homogeneity in only one study, when intergroup contact is particularly low. Finally, we find that sensitivity to face ethnicity is negatively correlated with sensitivity to variation on other dimensions and that greater intergroup contact is associated with reduced sensitivity to face ethnicity and enhanced sensitivity to other dimensions. These findings seem broadly inconsistent with exemplar-based coding accounts and offer relative support for norm-based coding. We discuss the implications of these findings for Valentine's face space framework and for face perception in intergroup contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Managing the terror of publication bias: A systematic review of the mortality salience hypothesis.","authors":"Lihan Chen, Rachele Benjamin, Yingchi Guo, Addison Lai, Steven J Heine","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We assessed the evidential value of the large literature (<i>k</i> = 643-825 studies) investigating the mortality salience (MS) hypothesis from terror management theory, employing a multitool assessment approach. First, we reviewed and evaluated recent efforts to replicate past experiments testing the MS hypothesis, summarizing the conflicting evidence and arguments to the evidential value of the MS literature. Next, we performed a random effects meta-analysis on the MS literature using multiple bias-correction meta-analytic techniques, including selection models, precision-effect test and precision-effect estimate with standard errors, weighted average of adequately powered studies and weighted least square, as well as the more recently developed <i>p</i>-curve and <i>z</i>-curve. Overall, the different meta-analytic tools often pointed to conflicting conclusions, reflecting methodological and philosophical differences among these tools. A synthesis of our findings suggests there are nonzero effects underlying some studies of the MS hypothesis, although the effects are highly heterogeneous, most studies are underpowered, and many individual effects may be spurious. We recommend future replications to assume a smaller effect size (<i>r</i> = .18) and to strictly follow expert guidance in the experimental protocol. Given the conflicting findings that emerged, we suggest future attempts to evaluate other literature would benefit from a multitool assessment approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Value endorsement among Protestants and Catholics within and between countries in Europe: Implications for individualism.","authors":"Allon Vishkin, Dov Cohen, Shinobu Kitayama","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protestantism, as opposed to Catholicism, is widely seen as having contributed to the rise of Western individualism. However, little is known about potential value differences between these two branches of Christianity in contemporary Europe. In the current work, we examined patterns of value endorsement among current and former Protestants and Catholics within and between 20 European countries using data from the European Social Survey (<i>N</i> = 163,586). Results reveal that within a given country, Protestants are more likely to endorse self-transcendence values than Catholics are, and these findings held when controlling for religiosity, differences in socioeconomic status, and differences in religious de-identification. Surprisingly, differences between Protestants and Catholics in value endorsement were sometimes larger among less (vs. more) religious respondents and were detectable even among former Protestants and Catholics, with former Protestants resembling religious respondents more than former Catholics did. Results also reveal that some Protestant-Catholic differences are consistent across cultures, whereas others-principally on the dimension of openness to change versus conservation-are moderated by which group is the majority heritage. We discuss the possible contribution of Protestantism to Western individualism's universalistic orientation, considering the association between Protestantism and self-transcendence values. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An illusion of unfairness in random coin flips.","authors":"Rémy A Furrer, Timothy D Wilson, Daniel T Gilbert","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Random procedures, such as coin flips, are used to settle disputes and allocate resources in a fair manner. Even though the outcome is random, we hypothesized that people would be sensitive to features of the process that make it seem unfair, that is, who gets to call heads or tails and flip the coin. In 11 studies (<i>N</i> = 5,925) participants competed against another participant for a positive or negative outcome, determined by a physical or virtual coin flip. The independent variable was who called heads or tails and flipped the coin: the participant or their opponent. When participants lost the flip, we found an illusion of unfairness: They reported that the process was less fair, were less pleased with their outcome, and found the other person less likable when their opponent flipped the coin. When participants won the flip, they thought it was less fair, and they felt guiltier when they had flipped the coin. We present evidence that these fairness judgments were based on both illusory procedural control (the person who flips the coin appears to have an unfair advantage by virtue of executing the flip before the outcome is known) and illusory outcome control (the belief that the flipper can influence the outcome of the flip). Further, the illusion of unfairness appears to be a quick, intuitive process that is not easily corrected. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on procedural justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gali Pesin-Michael,Nurit Shnabel,Melanie C Steffens,Tamara Wolf
{"title":"A needs-based level of construal: Members of perceived victim and perpetrator groups prefer to represent transgressions at different levels of abstraction.","authors":"Gali Pesin-Michael,Nurit Shnabel,Melanie C Steffens,Tamara Wolf","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000489","url":null,"abstract":"Informed by the needs-based model of reconciliation, we hypothesized that members of perceived perpetrator groups would prefer more abstract representations of historical or present transgressions than members of perceived victim groups. Six lab experiments (total N = 2,363; preregistered) and one study that examined the language used in Twitter posts (1,496 tweets; preregistered) supported this hypothesis across different intergroup contexts: the Holocaust (Jews and Germans), the war in Ukraine (Ukrainian and Russian official news agencies), and the massacres in Kafr Qasim and Ma'ale Akrabim (Jewish and Arab citizens of Israel). This effect was topic-specific (Study 1), ruling out cultural differences as an alternative explanation. Random assignment of participants to a context in which their in-group was the perpetrator or victim strengthened causal inference (Jewish Israelis in Study 3). Moreover, the different representation preferences were associated with perceived perpetrator (victim) group members' need to restore their in-group's moral (agentic) identity (Studies 3 and 4), and affirming these identity dimensions reduced the discrepancy in the representation preferences of members of perceived victim and perpetrator group (Study 5). Yielding evidence for important downstream consequences, members of perceived perpetrator and victim groups were readier to reconcile with out-group members who shared (vs. did not share) their representation preferences (Study 6), which was associated with need satisfaction (Study 7). Practical implications are discussed pertaining to the representation of transgressions in real-life contexts such as history books, memorials, museums, or news reports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"12 1","pages":"864-886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Buying (quality) time predicts relationship satisfaction.","authors":"Ashley Whillans,Jessica Pow,Joe Gladstone","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000488","url":null,"abstract":"Seven studies examine the association between time-saving purchases (e.g., housecleaning and meal delivery services) and relationship satisfaction. Study 1 uses an 11-year longitudinal panel survey to show that increases in time-saving purchases predict long-term increases in relationship satisfaction. Study 2 replicates these findings with a 6-week daily diary study, demonstrating that time-saving purchases predict daily increases in relationship satisfaction, particularly for members of dual-income couples who are experiencing higher levels of stress. Studies 3 through 4b reveal that time-saving purchases are most beneficial when couples translate this influx of temporal resources into quality time spent together. Study 5 identifies two key aspects of quality time-positive mood when together and perceived support-that uniquely predict relationship satisfaction. Study 6, a preregistered study, provides evidence for our conceptual model: Members of committed relationships who make time-saving purchases more effectively manage daily stressors (i.e., household chores) and spend more quality time together, which predicts increased relationship satisfaction. Once again, these benefits are strongest for individuals experiencing higher levels of stress. These findings develop a nuanced framework connecting time-saving purchases to relationship satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"821-863"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The structure of self-related core beliefs.","authors":"Patrick Mussel","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-related core beliefs, reflecting what individuals think about themselves, constitute an important individual difference variable. To date, the literature on the structure of self-related core beliefs is scattered and disconnected, with many approaches developed outside personality psychology. In three studies, the present research presents an integration of existing approaches and an investigation of the underlying structure of self-related core beliefs proposed in these approaches. In the first study, a systematic review identifies existing approaches across subdisciplines. In the second study, a novel natural language processing approach is used to investigate and aggregate the identified beliefs on a semantic level. The third study provides an empirical analysis of the underlying latent structure via network analyses, factor analyses, and exploratory structure equation modeling. Results reveal that the structure of self-related core beliefs can be described on different hierarchical levels, including 97 nuances (e.g., entitled), 20 facets (e.g., rejected), and high-bandwidth dimensions of valence (positive vs. negative), direction (approach vs. withdrawal), and domain (agency, self-esteem, and communion). A structural, network-based model, the CorBel model, is presented which integrates the results. The results of the present research may promote a more comprehensive approach in research and applied settings such as counseling or health prevention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}