Journal of personality and social psychology最新文献

{"title":"How will I know if you really like me? Assessing the role of appearance, behavior, and reciprocity for metaliking accuracy in initial social encounters.","authors":"Jana Bruns, Eva Bleckmann, Lisa M Niemeyer, Mitja D Back, Steffen Nestler","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000611","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In first social encounters, people regularly try to figure out whether others like them. When accurate, these metaliking judgments enable individuals to more optimally engage in social interactions. Although previous research shows that people do know how much others like them, little is known about the processes leading to accurate metaliking judgments. In the present, preregistered research, we aimed to close this gap by investigating the role of a metaperceiver's appearance and behavior, others' behavior toward that metaperceiver, and the reciprocity heuristic in forming accurate metaliking judgments. To this end, we used data from a round-robin study, in which <i>N</i> = 144 participants (<i>M</i>_age = 22.91, 67.6% female) took part in two group meetings, where they interacted with unacquainted others. After each participant had given a short self-introduction, participants indicated liking and metaliking for each other participant. In addition, trained raters judged participants' appearance and behavior during the self-introduction. Results showed that people were able to correctly infer how much others generally liked them, but hardly knew how much specific other liked them. Lens model analyses revealed that although one's appearance and behavior were valid cues for being generally liked, metaperceivers did not utilize most of these observable cues to inform their metaliking judgments. However, the assumed reciprocity mediated both individual and dyadic metaliking accuracy. In light of these findings, we discuss the role of self-observed behavior and stable personality characteristics as well as situational and motivational factors, presenting an integrative theoretical framework to explain generalized and dyadic metaliking accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speaking of gender: Language genderedness and its association with gender differences in personality across 48 languages.","authors":"Roxana Hofmann, René Mõttus","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000600","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have suggested that personality assessments can be influenced by the language people speak. Therefore, gendered ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving may be associated with gendered structures encoded in different languages. Here, we study the association between gender differences in personality traits as measured by the IPIP-NEO-120 (<i>n</i> = 755,307; representing 48 languages from 122 countries, with English being the language of assessment and therefore held constant) and the genderedness of languages as rated by experts, estimated by word-embedding models on large-scale text corpora from movie subtitles and Wikipedia, and rated by large language models such as ChatGPT-5.2, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and DeepSeek-V3.2. Consistent across all measures of language genderedness, more gendered languages were associated with stronger gender differences in personality traits compared to less gendered languages (<i>r</i> = .51-.59), suggesting that language might influence people's self-concept in terms of their gender. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"537-556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147941801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fleeting generalization: How unstable belief updating keeps people overly pessimistic about talking to strangers.","authors":"Stav Atir, Nicholas Epley","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000483","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conversations with strangers and weak ties tend to be positive experiences, and yet research suggests a reliable tendency to hold overly pessimistic expectations about such conversations. We examine how people update their beliefs after talking with strangers to understand how people's miscalibrated social expectations could persist even in the presence of more positive social experiences. In three longitudinal experiments, having a conversation led to more optimistic (and better calibrated) expectations about a future conversation, especially with the same person, but updating was fleeting. Within 1 or 2 weeks, expectations reverted to a more pessimistic baseline similar to those who had no conversation to learn from in the first place. This <i>fleeting generalization</i> was unique to conversation (compared to a noninteractive control condition). It emerged both when a future conversation was with the same person and when it was with a different person, when people were explicitly asked to predict their experience before having it and when they were not, and across both relatively shallow and deeper conversations. Fleeting generalization stems partly (but not entirely) from recalling conversations as less positive than they felt immediately after having them. These findings suggest that miscalibrated social beliefs can persist even with unbiased experience to learn from. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"422-443"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is my loneliness killing me? Effects of loneliness and social isolation on transitions between cognitive status categories and death.","authors":"Tomiko Yoneda, Kathryn L Jackson, Emily C Noyer, Christopher R Beam, Gabrielle Pfund, Stephen Antonoplis, Emorie Beck, Katy Bedjeti, Pei Qin, Kayla M Garner, Jing Luo, Karina Van Bogart, Lily Pieramici, Katherina Hauner, Nicholas A Turiano, Páraic S O'Súilleabháin, Lisa Barnes, David A Bennett, Graciela Muniz Terrera, Daniel K Mroczek, Bryan D James, Andrew Steptoe, Anthony D Ong, Eileen K Graham","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000606","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loneliness and social isolation are associated with numerous adverse physical and psychological health outcomes in older adulthood, including cognitive impairment and mortality risk. Yet, how the individual and joint effects of loneliness and social isolation contribute to these outcomes remains unclear, particularly given the interplay between individual differences (loneliness) and environmental factors (social isolation) in shaping these important health outcomes in older adulthood (i.e., person-environment interactions). We used Cox regression, logistic regression, and multistate survival models to systematically investigate the individual and adjusted associations among loneliness, social isolation, cognitive aging outcomes, and mortality risk. Further, extensive between-study variability in operational definitions, modeling approaches, and covariate adjustments may be contributing to mixed results in the existing literature. In this registered report, we applied a multistudy approach (i.e., coordinated data analysis) in which independent but identical models were fit across 11 longitudinal studies representing participants from 18 countries (<i>N</i>_total = 175,070). Random effects meta-analyses synthesized results across studies, showing that loneliness was consistently associated with an elevated risk of cognitive impairment and mortality across statistical approaches, even after adjusting for social isolation. Conversely, social isolation was not consistently associated with cognitive impairment and showed weaker associations with mortality risk. Together, our findings suggest that loneliness is a robust, proximal predictor of major aging outcomes and highlight avenues for theory development, strategies to strengthen cognitive resilience and independence in older adulthood, and more efficient resource allocation of public health resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"480-512"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13271175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148252060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From charm to conflict: Simulating narcissistic interpersonal dynamics with agent-based modeling.","authors":"Lena Herchenhahn, Emanuel Jauk, Martin Schoemann, Stefan Scherbaum, Veronika Lerche","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000599","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Narcissism is a dynamic, normally distributed trait ranging from nonpathological to pathological expressions, with narcissistic personality disorder representing its extreme. Its complex interpersonal dynamics and paradoxical social outcomes underscore the need of uncovering its underlying mechanisms. However, experimental investigations face methodological constraints, making simulation-such as agent-based modeling (ABM)-a valuable alternative for controlled, theory-driven exploration. This study pursued three aims: (1) formalizing existing theories of narcissism into a computational framework for ABM, (2) evaluating its assumptions through an expert survey incorporating researchers and practitioners, and (3) implementing the framework as an agent-based model to simulate narcissistic dynamics over time. We developed the Framework of Interpersonal Narcissism Dynamics (FIND), which postulates five key processes: Status Assessment, Behavior Selection, External Feedback, Status Reassessment, and Movement. The expert survey supported FIND's conceptual validity, informed parameters, and facilitated implementation. Simulations produced empirical patterns: Agentic behavior occurred more frequently than antagonistic behavior, these behaviors were moderately positively correlated, and higher narcissism levels were associated with increased status instability. Beyond anticipated outcomes, simulations revealed novel insights, such as an association between higher narcissism levels and more steps without interaction partners and a nonlinear relationship between narcissism and outcome variables-for example, movement increased with rising narcissism levels, but only beyond a moderate threshold. Our findings provide proof of concept for FIND and highlight the potential of ABM in psychological research. ABM offers a valuable tool for exploring complex interpersonal dynamics that are challenging to examine empirically, thereby addressing key methodological constraints in that field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"513-536"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147868749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost of an expanding moral circle: After living abroad, outcasts matter more but loved ones matter less.","authors":"Daniela Rodriguez-Mincey, Salvatore J Affinito, Giselle E Antoine, Kurt Gray, William W Maddux","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000488","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People tend to morally prioritize their extremely close others (loved ones; such as family, partners, or friends) while disregarding extremely distant others (societal outcasts; such as pariahs, villains, or criminals). Across seven primary and 15 supplemental studies, we document how multicultural experiences might alter this universal default through <i>moral compression</i>: the simultaneous expansion of moral concern toward societal outcasts and contraction away from loved ones, effectively \"compressing\" the outermost and innermost anchors of the moral circle closer toward each other. Specifically, we find that greater breadth of living abroad experiences can compress the moral circle through heightened identification with all humanity, an association strengthened by cultural distance between home and host countries. Moral compression reflects a shift toward more impartial moral treatment under cognitive constraints. Whereas centuries of moral thought have idealized an ever-expanding moral circle, we draw from theories of bounded cognition and social identity abstraction to explore a costly trade-off of moral change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"131 3","pages":"399-421"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into growth mindsets over time: People with growth versus fixed mindsets grow increasingly negative in their reactions to others' repeated failures.","authors":"Samantha Zaw, Laura E Wallace, Ed O'Brien","doi":"10.1037/pspi0000526","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspi0000526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Success and innovation often require multiple failures. In workplace and classroom settings, this kind of repeated failure is often visible to others-managers and teachers-whose reactions can shape whether failure is tolerated, supported, or penalized. Thus, understanding people's reactions to others' repeated failures is critical for fostering success in both professional and educational contexts. Prior research suggests that growth (vs. fixed) mindset evaluators may react more positively to others' failures. Yet this research has largely examined reactions to failures at a single time point, not repeated failures over time. Three studies filled this gap by examining the trajectory of affective reactions to others' initial versus repeated failures as a function of evaluators' mindset. We found an interaction between mindset and time, such that people with growth (vs. fixed) mindsets demonstrated a steeper <i>negative</i> trajectory in their affective reactions as others failed repeatedly. This effect was driven by increased blame among growth mindset evaluators, which decreased their engagement with others who repeatedly failed. Moreover, an internal meta-analysis revealed a reliable absolute difference in affective reactions as well: Growth mindset evaluators reacted more positively than fixed mindset evaluators after initial failures, yet this classic positive effect flipped after repeated failures, such that growth mindset evaluators reacted more negatively than fixed mindset evaluators. By situating mindset beliefs in a temporal context, these findings contribute to a body of literature adding a more nuanced understanding of growth mindsets and working to identify the specific conditions under which growth mindsets will have positive effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-efficacy predicts differential neuroticism change in a smartphone-based intervention.","authors":"Michael D Krämer, Amanda J Wright, Peter Haehner, Johannes Zimmermann, Christoph Flückiger, Christopher J Hopwood, Wiebke Bleidorn","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000610","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-guided, digital interventions can help people change their personality traits in desired directions, including becoming less neurotic. However, little is known about how and why people differ in intervention-related changes. Theoretical models state that intentional personality change must be perceived as feasible and that being motivated to change is not sufficient to elicit lasting trait changes. Using a German-speaking sample (<i>N</i> = 446; <i>M</i>_age = 25.88; 85% female; Residence: 47% Switzerland, 26% Germany, 26% Austria, 1% other), we tested whether self-efficacy and growth mindset predict change in multiple neuroticism measures across a 6-week intervention and 2-month follow-up. To isolate temporal processes during the intervention, we examined codevelopment of weekly neuroticism and self-efficacy and their week-to-week temporal associations. We found evidence for self-efficacy predicting differential neuroticism change but not for growth mindset. Participants with higher self-efficacy showed greater pre-post decreases in self-reported neuroticism and greater pre-post increases in emotional resilience than those with lower self-efficacy. At follow-up, participants with higher self-efficacy continued to improve more in neuroticism and emotional resilience. Last, higher self-efficacy in 1 week predicted lower neuroticism in the following week, and vice versa, independent of participants' overall trajectories. In contrast, there was no consistent evidence for between-person codevelopment of weekly self-efficacy and neuroticism across the intervention. Findings support theoretical expectations that perceived feasibility is a precondition for neuroticism change and suggest possible reinforcement mechanisms between weekly self-efficacy and neuroticism. We discuss implications for theory and future intervention studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-nation variation in war exposure and psychological and physical adjustment.","authors":"Theresa M Entringer, Christoph Halbmeier, Laura Buchinger, Anne K Reitz","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000601","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspp0000601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extensive evidence suggests that war-related trauma negatively affects health, yet its long-term and transgenerational effects on psychological and physical adjustment remain poorly understood. This study examines whether individuals who experienced greater war exposure in early childhood-specifically variation in bombardment intensity across German municipalities during the Second World War-show lower, similar, or better psychological (life satisfaction, affective well-being, and mental health) and physical adjustment (self-rated and physical health) in late adulthood compared to less exposed peers. The study also analyzes intergenerational effects by investigating whether the children of parents who were more versus less exposed to bombardments differed in psychological and physical adjustment in midlife. War exposure was measured using exogenous variation in regional housing destruction across 1,739 German municipalities (0%-97% destroyed) during the Second World War. Combining these historical data with individual data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyzed three samples: two childhood-exposed samples (<i>N</i> = 1,975, <i>M</i>_age = 73.44; <i>N</i> = 959, <i>M</i>_age = 72.09) and one consisting of their children (<i>N</i> = 1,747, <i>M</i>_age = 51.67). Supporting perspectives on individual resilience, the findings revealed no significant associations between early-life war exposure and late-life adjustment. Likewise, parents' war experiences were not associated with their children's midlife adjustment. Process analyses, including socioeconomic status, control beliefs, and general stress responses only partially accounted for the observed associations. These results challenge the notion of inevitable long-term or intergenerational harm from early-life trauma and highlight the need for future replication studies examining individual differences in responses to war exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"355-379"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148031629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morality cut both ways: The role of cognition and emotion in attitude moralization and demoralization.","authors":"Paul E Teas, Linda J Skitka","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000489","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pspa0000489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moralized attitudes motivate social change, political participation, and charitable giving, but at the same time, hinder compromise, conformity, and acceptance of procedural solutions to conflict. Although considerable research has explored the consequences of moralized attitudes, the processes that lead to attitude moralization and demoralization are less clear. Across six studies (<i>N</i> = 4,464), we contrasted the moralization of attitudes about male circumcision (typically viewed as a matter of preference or convention in the United States) with the demoralization of attitudes about female circumcision (a practice most Americans see as immoral). For male circumcision, stronger negative emotional reactions consistently mediated the association between exposure to evocative information and stronger moral conviction, even when accounting for participants' underlying levels of support or opposition. For female circumcision, demoralization was observed but less consistently across studies, and mediational evidence emerged only under stronger informational \"pushes\": No individual piece of information was potent enough to predict demoralization on its own when participants chose which information to read, but weaker negative emotional reactions fully mediated the effect of information exposure on reduced moral conviction when participants were randomly assigned to read all (vs. no) information. These findings suggest that although negative emotion plays a central role in both moralization and demoralization, demoralization is harder to achieve and may require more extensive information exposure. In other words, attitudes may acquire their moral significance more readily than they lose it. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":"268-287"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148218181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}