Journal of personality and social psychology最新文献

{"title":"Beyond age and generations: How considering period effects reshapes our understanding of personality change.","authors":"Lena Roemer, Cavan V Bonner, Beatrice Rammstedt, Samuel D Gosling, Jeff Potter, Brent W Roberts","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age, cohort, and period effects are three ways to explain personality trait change over time. While past research mostly focused on age differences, showing relatively consistent patterns, evidence for cohort differences is more mixed, and period differences have hardly been examined. However, age, period, and cohort are exactly collinear (age = period-cohort), such that estimates are likely confounded and always hinge on so-called identification assumptions. Identification assumptions shape substantive conclusions, and inappropriate or inconsistent strategies may explain past discrepant findings. To address this age-period-cohort identification problem in personality change, we leveraged four large-scale (<i>N</i>_total > 2 Mio) repeated cross-sectional data sets from 2003 to 2022. Our aims were to demonstrate how identification assumptions common in personality studies impact estimates for age, cohort, and period and to use weaker, substantively informed assumptions to narrow down the range of plausible solutions. Results showed that common identification strategies of constraining one temporal effect to zero can dramatically affect conclusions-less for age-graded, but more for generational differences. Using weaker assumptions, our results indicated that all three factors-age, cohort, and period-likely contribute to trait differences over time. Assuming age-graded change in a certain direction revealed cohort-related decreases in extraversion, openness, and neuroticism and increases in agreeableness, alongside period-related increases in extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness. This suggests that several previously assumed cohort differences may actually be driven by period effects, overlooked due to strong identification assumptions. Overall, highlighting the importance of appropriate identification strategies, our results offer unique insights into factors driving trait differences over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Social Bias Blind Spots: Attractiveness Bias Is Seemingly Tolerated Because People Fail to Notice the Bias","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000459.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000459.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observers (and transgressors) prefer creative punishments.","authors":"Timothy G. Kundro, Salvatore J. Affinito, Daniela Rodriguez-Mincey","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000457","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Beyond Age and Generations: How Considering Period Effects Reshapes Our Understanding of Personality Change","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000562.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000562.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Savvy or Savage? How Worldviews Shape Appraisals of Antagonistic Leaders","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000456.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000456.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What explains personality change intervention effects?","authors":"Michael D Krämer, Christopher J Hopwood, Travis J Miller, Wiebke Bleidorn","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Volitional personality change interventions have been shown to help people change their current personality toward their ideal personality. Here, we address three limitations of this literature. First, we contrast the dominant theoretical perspective of self-improvement with self-acceptance as pathways to reduce the discrepancy between current and ideal personality. Second, we test how well-being aspects change as a by-product of targeting personality. Third, we use a waitlist control group to account for expectancy and demand effects. Across three studies (combined <i>N</i> = 2,094; 1,044 women, 1,050 men; <i>M</i>_age = 30.74, <i>SD</i>_age = 9.57, range_age = 18-75), we implemented randomized online interventions of self-improvement or self-acceptance over a 3-month period, with another follow-up 6 months after baseline and a waitlist control group added in Study 2. Across Studies 1 and 2, participants in both intervention groups reduced discrepancies between current and ideal personality and increased in well-being. In both intervention groups, current personality increased, whereas ideal personality remained stable. Critically, however, control group participants changed similarly, with no significant differences in change compared to participants who received the interventions. Study 3 compared different control group specifications and highlighted that the intervention recruitment framing might have induced selection effects and expectancy and demand effects leading to positive changes in neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion as well as life satisfaction and self-esteem. Thus, we demonstrate both shortcomings of previous intervention designs and imprecisions in theoretical frameworks of personality change mechanisms. We discuss future directions including multimethod studies, measurement advances, and microrandomization of intervention components. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IQ, genes, and miscalibrated expectations.","authors":"Chris Dawson","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Almost all formal models of decision making under uncertainty require agents to judge the likelihood of relevant uncertainties. Typically, decisions are best made when these judgments are accurate. In the context of probabilistic subjective survival expectations, from a nationally representative English sample of participants aged over 50 (<i>N</i> = 3,946), we test whether IQ is associated with calibration. We find strong evidence that high-IQ respondents make substantially lower forecast errors and produce less noise in their predictions than low-IQ respondents. These results are confirmed when we leverage the randomness in genetic variants linked to IQ as an instrumental variable (Mendelian randomization) and when directly using participants' genetic variants related to educational attainment-that captures IQ as well as other cognitive and noncognitive traits relevant to educational success. These results highlight important channels through which IQ contributes to beliefs about the world and may explain why low IQ is often linked to poor financial decision making, lower economic growth and economic welfare, and judgmental biases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal person evaluation: First impressions from faces, voices, and names.","authors":"Mila Mileva","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We form a first impression every time we meet someone unfamiliar to us. When this happens, we often have access to information about this person's appearance, voice and the first thing we learn about them is usually their name. Despite this, much of what we know about social evaluation processes has been almost exclusively based on facial information. Here, approximately 45,000 spontaneous first impression descriptors were sampled to identify the most common judgments we make when presented with information about someone's face, voice, and name at the same time as well as when presented with information about their voice or name only. Ratings of these most common traits were then collected, and exploratory factor analysis was used to establish the underlying structure of multimodal, voice-, and name-based first impressions. Consistent with facial impression models, the two underlying dimensions of social evaluation, approachability and competence, emerged consistently regardless of the degree or type of identity information available, further adding to the existing evidence for their universal nature. Additional independent dimensions capturing confidence and pretentiousness were also found for multimodal impressions. These more social aspects of first impressions highlight further cultural learning routes to impression formation in addition to the evolutionary ones that have been the sole focus of existing work based on unimodal impressions from faces. Such findings draw attention to the need to further understand the mechanisms behind first impressions from different identity cues and, more importantly, how these cues are integrated together to form person first impressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"People overestimate how harshly they are evaluated for disengaging from passion pursuit.","authors":"Zachariah Berry, Brian J Lucas, Jon M Jachimowicz","doi":"10.1037/pspa0000455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The call to pursue one's passion is ubiquitous advice, and prior research highlights the many upsides to doing so. To pursue one's passion sustainably, people need to try different pursuits-and, critically, drop those that are not tenable for them. However, disengaging from a passion is seemingly antithetical to the stereotypical expectations people hold of how passion should be pursued, which is commonly depicted as persevering through challenges. These expectations, we suggest, lead people to perceive disengaging from a passion as a negative event that myopically focuses their attention on the decision to disengage rather than future opportunities to (re-)engage in a new passion. As a result, when people consider giving up on a passion, we hypothesize that they overestimate how harshly their character will be judged by others and that this occurs because others-from their distant vantage point-see disengaging from a passion as an opportunity to (re-)engage in other passions more than passion pursuers expect they will. These misperceptions, we argue, are consequential because they reduce passion pursuers' willingness to speak out against challenging working conditions or pursue other opportunities. We find evidence for these predictions across seven main and three supplemental studies in the lab and field (<i>N</i> = 4,825), including samples of PhD students, nurses, and teachers. Our theory and results uncover a critical social impediment to the pursuit of passion: By overestimating how harshly they are judged for giving up, people may struggle to sustainably pursue their passion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for IQ, Genes, and Miscalibrated Expectations","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pspp0000567.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000567.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144252016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}