{"title":"Can depression and anxiety apps improve quality of life, wellbeing, and disability outcomes? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Cleo Anderson, Jake Linardon","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2599349","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2599349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apps can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, yet their impact on broader functional outcomes remains less understood. This meta-analysis examined the efficacy of mental health apps for depression and anxiety on quality of life, general wellbeing, and disability outcomes. Twenty-five RCTs were included. Most trials targeted depression (k = 14), while other trials targeted generalized anxiety (k = 3), mixed depression/anxiety (k = 5), social anxiety (k = 2) and panic (k = 1). Small, significant post-test pooled effect sizes were observed for quality of life (<i>n</i> = 17; g = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.07, 0.28; I<sup>2</sup> = 43%), general wellbeing (<i>n</i> = 14; g = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.50; I<sup>2</sup> = 63%), and disability (<i>n</i> = 3; g = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.37; I<sup>2</sup> = 46%) in favor of apps over controls. Effects remained significant when adjusting for various sources of biases and were primarily applicable to samples with depression. Meta-regression showed that the effect size of primary symptoms was related to the effect size for quality of life. At follow-up, the pooled effect size for wellbeing nearly doubled (<i>n</i> = 10; g = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.39, 0.74; I<sup>2</sup> = 56%), but became non-significant for quality of life (<i>n</i> = 7; g = 0.08; 95% CI = -0.08, 0.25; I<sup>2</sup> = 65%). Apps designed for depression and anxiety may lead to acute improvements in broader functional outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1060-1071"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145713497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tapan A Patel, Matthew C Sala, James M Zech, Jesse R Cougle
{"title":"A multi-method analysis of the role of social anxiety in hostile interpretation bias.","authors":"Tapan A Patel, Matthew C Sala, James M Zech, Jesse R Cougle","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2026.2615653","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2026.2615653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive models of social anxiety (SA) have posited that individuals elevated in SA exhibit a bias to interpret neutral social situations as threatening. While social-evaluative interpretation bias (IB) has been extensively studied, little research has examined the relationship between SA and hostile IB, a specific form of IB characterized by the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli as indicating hostile intent, meanness, or aggression. In Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 120), we found in a sample of college students that while SA was associated with hostile IB cross-sectionally, it did not predict hostile IB one month later, while controlling for baseline hostile IB. In Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 69), we examined the effect of a one-month safety behavior fading intervention for SA, wherein participants were asked to systematically reduce their use of SA safety behaviors. Relative to a waitlist control, this one-month safety behavior fading intervention led to lower hostile IB at posttreatment among individuals elevated in baseline SA. We also found that changes in SA mediated the effect of treatment on hostile IB. Overall, the present study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that SA maintains hostile IB, and that hostile IB may be an outcome worth investigating in future intervention studies pertaining to clinical SA.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1010-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145988577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does it feel certain enough? Intolerance of uncertainty predicts checking behavior through 'not just right' experiences.","authors":"Helmut Appel, André Mattes, Alexander L Gerlach","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2026.2618137","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2026.2618137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the mechanisms underlying pathological safety behavior is crucial for the development of effective treatments for mental disorders. This study investigates the interplay between intolerance of uncertainty (IU), not just right experiences (NJREs), and safety behaviors using a behavior-based checking paradigm in individuals (<i>N</i> = 164) diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or anxiety disorders. Findings revealed that IU was related to more disturbance caused by experimentally induced NJREs. In addition, IU was linked to more NJREs on a trait level. Regarding safety behavior in the form of checking, IU was also indirectly associated with longer checking via NJRE-related disturbance. This indirect effect is in line with a conceptual pathway where IU promotes NJRE-related disturbance, thus contributing to excessive uncertainty-reducing safety behaviors. These results add evidence regarding IU as a factor driving safety behaviors, which can contribute to maintaining pathology. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate a mediating role of NJREs in this relationship. Implications include considering IU and NJREs in therapies across anxiety-related diagnoses for addressing pathological safety behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1023-1038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halaina R Winter, Alice R Norton, Bethany M Wootton
{"title":"Videoconferencing-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Halaina R Winter, Alice R Norton, Bethany M Wootton","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2540916","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2540916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Videoconferencing-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (vCBT) has the potential to overcome barriers to accessing treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). The present study examines the efficacy and acceptability of vCBT for SAD in a randomised controlled trial. Seventy-eight participants were randomised to a vCBT condition or waitlist control group (61.8% female, 34.2% male, 3.9% non-binary; <i>M</i>age = 39.19, <i>SD</i> = 12.28). On the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale-short form (SIAS-6; SPS-6), vCBT within-group analyses indicated large effect sizes from pre-treatment to post-treatment on the SIAS-6 (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.45-1.41) and SPS-6 (<i>d</i> = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.41-1.37). The between-group effect size at post-treatment was large on the SPS-6 (<i>d</i> = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.51-1.47) and medium on the SIAS-6 (<i>d</i> = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.09-1.00). At post-treatment, 57% of participants in the vCBT condition no longer met criteria for SAD and 68% at 3-month follow-up. Benchmarking analyses indicated similar treatment effect sizes to in-person CBT for SAD. Participants rated the program as acceptable and treatment completion rates were high. The results suggest that vCBT may be a viable remote treatment option for individuals with SAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"880-896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah J Egan, Sian B Pauley-Gadd, Thomas Callaghan, Amy O'Brien, Danyelle Greene, Elizabeth Bills, Shravan Raghav, Nicholas Payne, Bronwyn Myers, Christopher Hall, Hayden Wilson, Maarten C Eisma, Paul A Boelen, Kirsten V Smith, Jennifer Wild, Michael Duffy, David Trickey, Lauren J Breen
{"title":"Co-designed unguided internet cognitive behaviour therapy for grief in adolescence: a pilot randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Sarah J Egan, Sian B Pauley-Gadd, Thomas Callaghan, Amy O'Brien, Danyelle Greene, Elizabeth Bills, Shravan Raghav, Nicholas Payne, Bronwyn Myers, Christopher Hall, Hayden Wilson, Maarten C Eisma, Paul A Boelen, Kirsten V Smith, Jennifer Wild, Michael Duffy, David Trickey, Lauren J Breen","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2603521","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2603521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This pilot trial aimed to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of co-designed unguided internet CBT for grief. Efficacy was assessed for anxiety (primary outcome), well-being, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and prolonged grief (secondary outcomes), relative to four-week wait-list control. There were 88 participants, <i>M</i> age = 16.95 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.45, who had experienced the death of a person (<i>n</i> = 72; 81.82%) or other loss (e.g. parental divorce; <i>n</i> = 16; 18.81%). Participants were randomised to intervention (<i>n</i> = 49; 55.68%), or waitlist control (<i>n</i> = 39; 44.31%). Outcome measures included the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale, Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale Revised, Children's Revised Impact of Events Scale, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Findings suggest good feasibility, with acceptable recruitment and attrition (<i>n</i> = 9; 18.37% of 49 intervention participants at post-intervention). While no differences in anxiety, depression, PTSD, or prolonged grief were observed between intervention and waitlist control post-intervention, there was a significant small between groups effect on well-being in favour of intervention. There was a significant within group reduction for intervention participants in anxiety, depression and PTSD at follow-up. Acceptability was high, 97% (<i>n</i> = 33 of 34 completers) liked the program, however uptake was moderate.<b>Trial Registration</b>: The trial was registered on 26 March 2024 with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12624000337572).</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"961-978"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145910743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N Zandstra, E Derksen, M F Miggiels, J J M Dekker, P Ten Klooster, A T F Beekman, M K van Dijk
{"title":"The association between treatment integrity and treatment outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy for major depressive disorder.","authors":"N Zandstra, E Derksen, M F Miggiels, J J M Dekker, P Ten Klooster, A T F Beekman, M K van Dijk","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2602004","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2602004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading contributor to disease burden. Although research shows that patients with MDD generally prefer psychotherapy, less than half achieve remission after psychotherapy. This highlights the need to understand which factors improve psychotherapy effectiveness for MDD. Therefore, this study explores the association between treatment integrity, defined by adherence to and competence in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and treatment outcome for MDD within a pragmatic randomized controlled (non-inferiority) trial comparing CBT and short-term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy (SPSP). Out of 77 cases (50% of the included CBT cases), two sessions per case (one from each half of treatment) were randomly selected and rated by two independent raters for adherence and competence using the Cognitive Therapy Adherence and Competence Scale (CTACS). Results showed competence, but not adherence, to be significantly associated with treatment outcome with a small effect size (ƒ<sup>2</sup> = 0.059) similar to common factors such as goal consensus. Therapist competence in applying CBT appeared to be more important for treatment outcome than adherence to protocol. Prioritizing training therapists' skills in applying CBT-specific techniques over adherence to protocol could possibly enhance treatment outcomes in the future. Additional research to further unravel the treatment integrity-outcome relation is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"946-960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145762424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria A Torres, Julia M Katz, Jourdan Milton, Jalisa E Jackson, Kira Swensen, Elizabeth Coe, Suzy B Gulliver
{"title":"A pilot study of telehealth-delivered treatment for emotional disorders in a frontier community.","authors":"Victoria A Torres, Julia M Katz, Jourdan Milton, Jalisa E Jackson, Kira Swensen, Elizabeth Coe, Suzy B Gulliver","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2612490","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2612490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Access to high-quality evidence-based mental healthcare is limited, particularly among those living in extremely rural, frontier communities. Frontier communities often face unique stressors and have inflated mental health concerns including depressive symptoms and suicidality. Telehealth is a helpful option used to overcome barriers to care access; however, those living in frontier communities may be overlooked for fear that internet connection may not allow for adequate mental healthcare provision. Accordingly, we sought to demonstrate feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of delivering the Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders via telehealth among a frontier community of National Park Service (NPS) workers. Participants were asked to complete well-researched symptom measures of anxiety, depression, suicidality, and posttraumatic stress before treatment, following six weeks, 12-weeks, final treatment session and one-month post-treatment. Treatment outcome data are shared from four cases. All four patients completed treatment and endorsed improvements in all four domains of quality of life. No adverse events were reported. Overall, pilot data from this descriptive brief report demonstrate that treatment delivery is possible and well-accepted even in extremely rural and remote, at-risk communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1072-1080"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145942768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne Huntjens, Filip Smit, L M C Wies van den Bosch, Ad Kerkhof, Bram Sizoo, Mark van der Gaag
{"title":"Emotion regulation as a mediator of dialectical behaviour therapy for autistic adults with suicidal ideation.","authors":"Anne Huntjens, Filip Smit, L M C Wies van den Bosch, Ad Kerkhof, Bram Sizoo, Mark van der Gaag","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2539301","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2539301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) effectively reduces suicidality in autism by improving emotion regulation (ER), yet its underlying therapeutic mechanism is unclear. This study explores ER factors as mediators in DBT's impact on suicidal ideation in autistic individuals. Data from 123 adult outpatients with autism and suicidal behaviours were randomly assigned to DBT (<i>n</i> = 63) or treatment as usual (<i>n</i> = 60). Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale, and six ER factors were measured with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Structural equation modelling compared a non-sequential model with a sequential model targeting ER factors in the following order: reducing suicide risk, enhancing emotional awareness, consolidating skills, and aligning coping strategies with long-term goals. ER mediated 67% of the total treatment effect. In the non-sequential mediation model, path coefficients were generally small (β ≤ 0.32) and largely not significant. Conversely, in the sequential model, path coefficients were stronger (range: 0.23 ≤ β ≤ 0.92) and all statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01). DBT effectively reduces suicidal behaviour in autistic individuals, with ER playing a profound mediating role. Sequential targeting of ER factors cascades the therapeutic process, highlighting the importance of structured intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"865-879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah Streit, Lena Merkt, Marie Reindl, Johanna Zeder, Matthias Berking
{"title":"Modifying dysfunctional beliefs in social anxiety disorder with an emotion-focused approach-avoidance modification training - a feasibility study.","authors":"Hannah Streit, Lena Merkt, Marie Reindl, Johanna Zeder, Matthias Berking","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2607746","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2607746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dysfunctional beliefs are one key factor in the development and maintenance of social phobia. Modifying the appraisal of such beliefs might be achieved with the help of approach-avoidance modification trainings (AAMTs). In these trainings individuals are instructed to push dysfunctional stimuli away and pull functional ones toward themselves via joystick- or swipe-based push/pull-movements. However, the efficacy of the AAMTs could be enhanced by using high-valence words as well as facial expressions of emotions as approach/avoidance responses. The present study aimed to examine the safety and feasibility of an emotion-focused AAMT (eAAMT) targeting dysfunctional beliefs. We conducted a feasibility study with a sample of 10 participants with social anxiety. With regard to acceptability, not all predefined cutoffs where met, indicating need for further optimization of the intervention. Regarding the therapeutic potential, the social anxiety symptom severity decreased with a large effect size (g = 0.89 [0.66, 1.79]) from T1 to T2 and with a moderate effect size (g = 0.72 [0.38, 1.31]) from T1 to T3. Thus, the results of the study confirmed the clinical safety and technical feasibility of delivering the eAAMT in a laboratory setting, albeit within a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm. Furthermore, results provide preliminary evidence for its potential efficacy.<b>Preregistration</b>: https://osf.io/d4ye2/overview.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"979-994"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145910754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathryn E Barber, Kate Rogers, Mercedes G Woolley, Sandra Hadlock, Douglas W Woods, Suzanne Mouton-Odum
{"title":"Evaluation of effectiveness and user engagement for StopPicking, a self-guided digital intervention for skin picking (excoriation) disorder.","authors":"Kathryn E Barber, Kate Rogers, Mercedes G Woolley, Sandra Hadlock, Douglas W Woods, Suzanne Mouton-Odum","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2608312","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2025.2608312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excoriation, or skin picking disorder (SPD), is a common and impairing condition, yet many individuals face barriers to accessing evidence-based care. Digital interventions offer a scalable option, but few have been evaluated in real-world settings. This study examined naturalistic outcomes among 2063 adult users of StopPicking, a self-guided online intervention for SPD. The program includes three modules: Module 1 focuses on self-monitoring and assessment, Module 2 delivers personalized behavioral strategies, and Module 3 supports maintenance and relapse prevention. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline, post-Module 1, and at final program use. Using an intent-to-treat approach, multilevel modeling showed a medium-sized reduction in symptom severity over time (Hedges' g = 0.71). Greater engagement, measured by self-monitoring frequency and number of weeks active in the program, was associated with lower final severity scores. Baseline severity, age of SPD onset, and age group were linked to usage patterns: users with higher severity or earlier onset tended to self-monitor more consistently, while older adults had higher rates of early discontinuation. Findings support StopPicking as a viable self-help option and highlight the importance of promoting meaningful engagement. Results also suggest that self-monitoring may function both as an indicator of engagement and a potential mechanism of change.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"995-1009"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}