Memory最新文献 - Book学术

Exploring the dimensions of autobiographical memory: a validation of the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART) for the European-Portuguese language. 探索自传体记忆的维度：对欧洲-葡萄牙语自传体回忆测试（ART）的验证。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2749492

Pedro B Albuquerque, Raquel Pinto, João Pedro Matos

{"title":"Exploring the dimensions of autobiographical memory: a validation of the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART) for the European-Portuguese language.","authors":"Pedro B Albuquerque, Raquel Pinto, João Pedro Matos","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2749492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2749492","url":null,"abstract":"The Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART) assesses individual differences in the subjective phenomenology of autobiographical remembering across seven dimensions of recollection. The present study adapted and validated the European-Portuguese ART (ART-PT) in a sample of 303 adults. Following standardised translation and back-translation procedures, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to examine whether the original seven-factor structure generalised to the European-Portuguese language. The seven-factor model demonstrated an excellent fit, with all items loading significantly on their intended factors. A higher-order factor structure also showed a comparable fit, consistent with previous validations. Internal consistency was high for the total scale at both administrations (ω = .95 and .96) and satisfactory to excellent for all subscales. Test- retest reliability over a three-week interval (n = 83) was acceptable for the full scale (r = .73). Convergent validity analyses revealed small to moderate associations between ART-PT scores, vividness of visual imagery, and self-reported memory lapses, in theoretically expected directions. Together, the findings confirm that the ART-PT is a reliable, valid, and culturally robust instrument for assessing subjective autobiographical memory in European-Portuguese. This adaptation expands the methodological tools available for cross-cultural research on the phenomenology of autobiographical memory, providing a theoretically grounded measure suitable for cognitive, developmental, and clinical applications. Keywords: Autobiographical Memory; Autobiographical Recollection Test; Memory Phenomenology; Psychometric Validation; European-Portuguese Language.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Internal memory costs following cognitive offloading in younger and older adults. 年轻人和老年人认知卸载后的内部记忆成本。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742966

Neta Shenhav, Hagit Magen

{"title":"Internal memory costs following cognitive offloading in younger and older adults.","authors":"Neta Shenhav, Hagit Magen","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742966","url":null,"abstract":"Older adults rely on cognitive offloading to compensate for memory decline. However, research in younger adults has shown that offloading weakens internal memory because individuals disengage from encoding externally saved information. We examined whether similar costs occur in older adults. Forty older and forty younger adults studied four lists of 20 words. Following an internal memory baseline block, participants wrote down words during study and used their list at test in two consecutive blocks. In a critical fourth block, participants wrote down words during study but were tested without the list. Half of the participants were told the list would be inaccessible at test and therefore relied on internal memory, while the remaining participants expected list access. Participants also reported their encoding strategies and confidence in list availability. Younger adults outperformed older adults when relying on internal memory, yet both groups performed comparably with external aids. Critically, in both age groups, the expectation of list availability was associated with reduced strategy use and poorer memory performance, with strategy use partially mediating the impact of cognitive offloading on memory performance. Older adults, like younger adults, incur an internal memory cost when offloading information, highlighting the importance of maintaining external store access.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Associations between autobiographical characteristics of past and future events, anhedonia and anticipatory pleasure: a cross-sectional study in a community sample of adolescents. 过去和未来事件的自传式特征、快感缺乏症和预期愉悦之间的联系：青少年社区样本的横断面研究。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2746740

L Bogaert, E Loyen, D J Hallford, A D'Argembeau, S B Duken, F Raes

{"title":"Associations between autobiographical characteristics of past and future events, anhedonia and anticipatory pleasure: a cross-sectional study in a community sample of adolescents.","authors":"L Bogaert, E Loyen, D J Hallford, A D'Argembeau, S B Duken, F Raes","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2746740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2746740","url":null,"abstract":"Impairments in autobiographical characteristics of Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) and Autobiographical (AM), such as reduced specificity, level of detail, and mental imagery, are associated with stress-related mental health problems in adults, including depression. The current study aims to identify which cognitive and emotional autobiographical characteristics, including objectively-rated level of specificity and autobiographical detail, predict unique variance in anhedonia and anticipatory pleasure in adolescents. Both are core symptoms of depression characterised by low positive affective experiences. By doing so, we aimed to identify modifiable cognitive processes that may improve the resilience of adolescents at an early stage before they develop psychopathology. An adolescent community sample (N = 149, M age = 13.21; SD = 1.04) completed self-report scales assessing anhedonia, resilience, and depressive symptoms, and the Episodic Future Thinking Test and Autobiographical Memory Test to measure EFT and AM variables. With respect to anhedonia, anticipated pleasure (EFT) accounted for unique variance. Regarding anticipatory pleasure, the findings consistently indicated that anticipated pleasure, mental imagery and level of detail (EFT) each served as unique predictors. Lower anhedonia levels fully mediated the positive relation between anticipated pleasure and resilience. Although findings should be interpreted considering the study limitations, clinical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How visual perspective modulates memory retrieval in a lifelogging intervention: observations from a study with Korsakoff patients. 在生活记录干预中，视觉视角如何调节记忆检索：来自Korsakoff患者研究的观察。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742969

Tijmen van Teijlingen, Albert Postma, Geert Jan Biessels, Erik Oudman

{"title":"How visual perspective modulates memory retrieval in a lifelogging intervention: observations from a study with Korsakoff patients.","authors":"Tijmen van Teijlingen, Albert Postma, Geert Jan Biessels, Erik Oudman","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742969","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Memory impairments form a major handicap for many neurological patients, including those with Korsakoff syndrome (KS). This study aimed to explore whether the perspective used in a visual lifelogging intervention, where visual recordings of daily activities are reviewed to support later retrieval, influence episodic memory retrieval. We compared the effects of first - versus third-person perspectives on episodic memory performance in KS patients.Methods: Three patients with KS participated in a controlled within-subject study with three experimental conditions: (1) review of first-person lifelogging images, (2) review of third-person images, (3) a control condition without review. Both objective memory performance and subjective memory ratings were assessed after each condition. Bayesian analyses were performed to evaluate evidence.Results: Both perspectives yielded improvements in objective memory recall compared to the control condition. Evidence suggested that a first-person perspective may provide additional benefit for objective recall. No consistent advantage was observed for subjective memory ratings and experienced vividness.Conclusions: These findings suggest that visual perspective during retrieval cueing influences episodic memory in patients with Korsakoff. The results provide proof of concept for future investigations into how perspective influences episodic memory and hold promise for real-life application of the intervention in amnesic populations.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond instantaneous spontaneity: advancing the conceptual landscape of involuntary autobiographical memory retrieval. 超越瞬时自发性：推进非自愿自传体记忆检索的概念景观。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-11 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742965

Krystian Barzykowski, Denis Perrin, Søren R Staugaard, Giuliana Mazzoni, Chris Moulin

{"title":"Beyond instantaneous spontaneity: advancing the conceptual landscape of involuntary autobiographical memory retrieval.","authors":"Krystian Barzykowski, Denis Perrin, Søren R Staugaard, Giuliana Mazzoni, Chris Moulin","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742965","url":null,"abstract":"Autobiographical memories can sometimes come to mind spontaneously only after a temporal delay, raising the question of whether involuntary remembering is necessarily immediate. While involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) are typically described as rapidly triggered by internal or external cues, it remains unclear whether they may also emerge more gradually. Building on a dimensional framework that distinguishes retrieval intentionality from accessibility, the present study examined whether IAMs vary as a function of the timing of their retrieval and whether such variation is reflected in their phenomenology. We reanalyzed 1,006 IAMs reported during a laboratory vigilance task in which retrieval latencies were recorded. Memories were classified as immediate if they emerged while the cue was still visible and as subsequent if they arose after the cue had disappeared. Nearly half of all IAMs (45%) were subsequent. Immediately retrieved memories were experienced as more vivid, clearer, more detailed, and more emotionally intense than subsequent memories. Although most effects attenuated under conservative multilevel modelling, differences in clarity remained robust. Moreover, retrieval latency was negatively associated with vividness, clarity, detail, and emotional intensity, indicating that longer retrieval times were linked to reduced subjective accessibility. These findings suggest that involuntary remembering is not a unitary, instantaneous process but varies along a temporal-accessibility dimension. By demonstrating that spontaneity does not necessarily imply immediacy, the present study expands the conceptual landscape of autobiographical memory retrieval and highlights the importance of distinguishing intentionality from accessibility in models of remembering.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Narrative identity and mental health in contexts of chronic collective crises. 慢性集体危机背景下的叙事认同与心理健康。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2743852

Mélissa C Allé, Saria Majdalani, Lyla Rigoulot, Yendi Khadra, Myriam Yazbeck, Laura-Joy Boulos

{"title":"Narrative identity and mental health in contexts of chronic collective crises.","authors":"Mélissa C Allé, Saria Majdalani, Lyla Rigoulot, Yendi Khadra, Myriam Yazbeck, Laura-Joy Boulos","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2743852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2743852","url":null,"abstract":"Narrative identity is shaped by how individuals interpret and integrate significant life events. Yet little is known about these processes in contexts of chronic collective adversity. This study examined their links with psychological symptoms and mental health among Lebanese adults exposed to chronic crises.Ninety-five Lebanese and forty-three French participants provided oral life narratives and completed clinical and cognitive assessments. Narratives were coded for content, autobiographical reasoning, coherence, and references to personal and collective adversities. Group comparisons were conducted across Lebanese participants with higher symptom levels, Lebanese participants with lower symptom levels, and a French comparison group.Lebanese participants, regardless of symptom level, integrated more collective adversities into their life narratives than French participants. In the Lebanese sample, PTSD symptom severity was associated with more negative, consequential, self-defining life events, and with a greater proportion of personal adversities. Event centrality and emotional valence at recall showed the strongest associations with PTSD symptoms, whereas thematic coherence showed a more complex and less robust relationship with mental health.These findings highlight the importance of narrative identity processes for mental health in contexts of chronic collective stress and support the development of context-sensitive models in environments characterised by ongoing collective stress.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Convergent validation of the need for Emotional Closure Scale in autobiographical memory: links to rumination, uncertainty, and involuntary thoughts in a Polish sample. 自传体记忆中情感关闭量表需求的聚合验证：波兰样本中反刍、不确定性和非自愿思想的联系。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742961

Krystian Barzykowski, Sezin Öner, Weronika Hryniszak, Magdalena Kękuś

{"title":"Convergent validation of the need for Emotional Closure Scale in autobiographical memory: links to rumination, uncertainty, and involuntary thoughts in a Polish sample.","authors":"Krystian Barzykowski, Sezin Öner, Weronika Hryniszak, Magdalena Kękuś","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742961","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional closure refers to the subjective sense that a personally significant past event has been resolved, allowing it to be integrated into autobiographical memory with reduced emotional disturbance. The Need for Emotional Closure Scale (NECS) was developed to assess individual differences in the motivation to achieve such resolution. Across two studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties and convergent validity of the NECS in a Polish sample. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor structure, and the scale demonstrated good internal consistency. Convergent validity was examined through associations with rumination, need for cognitive closure (Studies 1 and 2), intolerance of uncertainty (Study 1), and the frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and future thoughts assessed via both self-report and laboratory paradigms (Study 2). Emotional closure tendencies were positively associated with rumination and intolerance of uncertainty. Although NECS scores were significantly related to self-reported frequency of involuntary mental time travel, no significant associations were observed for laboratory-based measures. Additionally, NECS subscales showed distinct patterns of association with dimensions of need for cognitive closure, supporting their conceptual differentiation. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the validity of the NECS and highlight the role of emotional closure in shaping autobiographical memory and spontaneous mental time travel.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Endorsement of common memory beliefs in TikTok videos about repression, trauma, and memory. 在关于压抑、创伤和记忆的TikTok视频中支持共同记忆信念。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742981

Christina O Perez, Abigail E Dempsey, Skye M Martin, Jack D Gangwisch

{"title":"Endorsement of common memory beliefs in TikTok videos about repression, trauma, and memory.","authors":"Christina O Perez, Abigail E Dempsey, Skye M Martin, Jack D Gangwisch","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742981","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have speculated about the role of social media in fuelling renewed interest and discourse about repressed memories. The present study examined the extent to which 394 TikTok videos related to repression, trauma, and memory explicitly endorsed eight commonly held beliefs about memory (Akhtar, S., Justice, L. V., Knott, L., Kibowski, F., & Conway, M. A. (2018). The 'common sense\" memory belief system and its implications. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 22(3), 289-304). Videos were identified using the hashtags #dissociativeamnesia, #repressedmmemories, #repressedtrauma, and #traumamemories. We also examined differences in endorsement of memory beliefs by creators identified as laypeople or professionals. The most frequently endorsed memory beliefs were that memories for trauma can be repressed and later recovered (24.11%), traumatic memories can be re-experienced as \"flashbacks\" (9.14%), and emotional memories are remembered differently than non-emotional memories (7.87%). Professionals were significantly more likely than laypeople to endorse common memory beliefs to viewers, especially belief in repressed memory. Our findings confirm concerns about social media platforms serving as a possible source of misinformation about memory.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visuospatial working memory performance under emotional face distraction in non-athletes, team-sport athletes, and individual-sport athletes. 非运动员、团体运动员和个人运动员情绪性面部分心下的视觉空间工作记忆表现。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742975

Chenxiao Wu, Xueqiao Li, Chaoxiong Ye, Piia Astikainen

{"title":"Visuospatial working memory performance under emotional face distraction in non-athletes, team-sport athletes, and individual-sport athletes.","authors":"Chenxiao Wu, Xueqiao Li, Chaoxiong Ye, Piia Astikainen","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742975","url":null,"abstract":"Sports expertise and emotional face distractors have both been examined in working memory (WM) research; however, little is known about whether visuospatial WM performance under emotional face distraction differs among non-athletes, team-sport athletes, and individual-sport athletes, or whether such effects vary across processing stages. This study addressed these questions in 71 young adults using a delayed-matching task. Angry and happy face distractors were presented during encoding, retrieval, or both stages. Accuracy and reaction time (RT) were analysed with mixed-design ANOVAs and Bayesian statistics. For accuracy, the overall distraction analysis showed no significant effects of distraction presence, participant type, or their interaction. Under distractor-present conditions, no significant main effect of distraction stage or participant type was found, whereas accuracy was slightly higher in happy-face than angry-face parts; interactions were non-significant. For RT, the overall distraction analysis showed slower responses in distractor than no-distractor conditions and a participant-type effect, although pairwise comparisons were non-significant. Under distractor-present conditions, only the distraction stage × distraction type interaction was significant, with longer RTs for happy than angry faces during retrieval. Supplementary analyses yielded a similar pattern. Collectively, the hypothesised group differences were not supported, and emotional face distractor effects were limited and stage- and index-dependent.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The disfluency effect revisited: processing demands moderate memory performance. 不流畅效应再次出现：加工需要适度的记忆表现。

IF 1.9 3区心理学

Memory Pub Date : 2026-10-07 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2026.2742962

Michèle C Muhmenthaler, Beat Meier

{"title":"The disfluency effect revisited: processing demands moderate memory performance.","authors":"Michèle C Muhmenthaler, Beat Meier","doi":"10.1080/09658211.2026.2742962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2742962","url":null,"abstract":"\"Desirable difficulties\" describe encoding conditions that enhance memory. Recently, this principle has been extended to perceptual difficulties, such as hard-to-read fonts. Although several studies report a memory benefit of disfluency, other findings fail to replicate this effect or even show reversals, consistent with a resource-sharing account. The present study examined whether processing demands moderate the disfluency effect. We hypothesised that under low processing demands, disfluent fonts engage additional encoding processes, whereas under high demands, cognitive resources are consumed by processing disfluency itself. Across three experiments, participants performed word classification tasks with easy-to-read or hard-to-read fonts followed by a free recall test. In Experiment 1, using a task-switching procedure, hard-to-read font did not significantly affect recall performance, although it was descriptively higher for easy-to-read font. In Experiment 2, a low-demanding single-task procedure revealed no effect of font. In Experiment 3, hard-to-read font benefited recall in a low-demanding two-option, but not in a high-demanding four-option task, suggesting that processing demands moderated the disfluency effect. Together, the results imply that under sufficiently low processing demands, a disfluent font can benefit memory, in line with the desirable difficulties account. However, the findings suggest that this benefit may be difficult to reliably elicit.","PeriodicalId":18569,"journal":{"name":"Memory","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149128191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0