Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Resting-state intrinsic network connectivity and mind wandering: Insights from tasks with varying demands.","authors":"Hong He, Yunyun Chen, Xuemin Zhang","doi":"10.1037/neu0001017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0001017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recent research has uncovered that mind wandering, as evaluated through a mind wandering questionnaire, is linked to heightened functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) and increased functional connectivity between the DMN and the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). However, limited research has focused on the association between mind wandering and resting-state network functional connectivity in relation to task demands.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study aimed to address this issue by collecting data on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging images and mind wandering during 0-back and 1-back tasks outside the scanner (<i>N</i> = 93). The study examined how resting-state functional connectivity within and between intrinsic brain networks (DMN, FPCN, and dorsal attention network) is associated with mind wandering during tasks of different cognitive loads.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the study revealed a significant positive correlation between mind wandering and resting-state within-network connectivity of the DMN in both tasks. Additionally, in the 0-back task, mind wandering exhibited a significant positive correlation with resting-state connectivity between the DMN and the FPCN. In the 1-back task, mind wandering demonstrated a significant positive correlation with resting-state connectivity between the DMN and the dorsal attention network.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings are consistent with previous findings and further suggest that the relationship between resting-state network functional connectivity and mind wandering is sensitive to task demands. They lend support to the context regulation hypothesis, suggesting that executive function may regulate mind wandering frequency based on situational demands. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of cognitive performance in Zambian adults with clade C HIV-1: The roles of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced CD4+ T-cell increase and pulmonary tuberculosis.","authors":"Knut A Hestad, J Anitha Menon, Mary Shilalukey Ngoma, Lumbuka Kaunda, Norma Kabuba, Ravi Paul, Scott Letendre, Donald R Franklin, Robert K Heaton","doi":"10.1037/neu0001000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0001000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this cross-sectional study in Zambia, we examined factors that influence cognitive performance in adults with clade C human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection who were on antiretroviral therapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We examined if detectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in blood plasma, nadir CD4+ T-cell count before antiretroviral therapy, increase in CD4+ T-cell count during antiretroviral therapy, and having pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) influenced cognitive performance. We performed a multilinear regression in which the dependent variable was the global mean cognitive <i>T</i>-score, an overall composite score based on 16 neuropsychological tests that were adjusted for age, sex, and education using normative data from Zambian adults without HIV infection. The 16 tests were merged into seven cognitive domains: Executive Functions, Verbal Fluency, Attention/Working Memory, Learning (immediate recall), Memory (delayed recall), Motor Control, and Speed of Information Processing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When on antiretroviral therapy, a greater increase in CD4+ T-cells was significantly associated with a better global mean cognitive <i>T</i>-score (<i>p</i> = .002). Pulmonary TB was independently associated with worse performance (<i>p</i> = .008). Neither nadir CD4+ T-cell count nor plasma HIV RNA during antiretroviral therapy was associated with cognitive performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accounting for CD4+ T-cell increase after antiretroviral therapy initiation and comorbid pulmonary TB may help explain cognitive outcomes in persons with HIV infection in endemic settings. We suggest that it is essential that those with a low CD4+ T-cell count increase the number of cells as early as possible. Our data suggest that this is important for their cognitive functioning. Future research should determine whether the deleterious effect of pulmonary TB resolves after completion of TB treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elongated tau in an ex-Gaussian decomposition of vocal articulation speed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"Xu Yan, Hilary Galloway-Long, Alexander Weigard, Katherine All, Alexandra Roule, Tyler Warner, Christina Hlutkowsky, Cynthia Huang-Pollock","doi":"10.1037/neu0001015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0001015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Slower and more variable reaction time is one of the most prominent cognitive signatures in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, standard use of tasks that involve motor responses to index \"speed\" potentially confounds fine-motor coordination with central cognitive processing speed. One promising alternative is a vocal articulation task, which provides a measure of speeded performance that is independent of fine-motor coordination.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present study applies an ex-Gaussian decomposition to preparatory interval (the time to initiate a vocal response) and speech rate on a speeded articulation task among children aged 8-12 with and without ADHD (<i>N</i> = 119).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was substantial evidence that the tail of the distribution, as indexed by the <i>tau</i> parameter (which is linked to the rate of information accumulation), was larger in children with ADHD and among children with low working memory capacity (regardless of ADHD status). Variance in <i>tau</i> was also greater among children with ADHD, and the greater variance was not fully explained by individual differences in working memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results highlight the importance of adopting analytic methods that can more accurately describe performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory control underpins the relationship between cognitive and psychological inflexibility after a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Diane L Whiting, Josh W Faulkner, Thomas Gates, Kasey Metcalf, Grahame K Simpson","doi":"10.1037/neu0001018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0001018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive flexibility is proposed as being one \"building block\" of psychological inflexibility/flexibility, yet empirical studies examining these associations are scarce. This study aims to examine the relationship between these constructs in those with a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury who demonstrate impairments in cognitive flexibility.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 66 individuals with a traumatic brain injury were administered a battery of cognitive flexibility measures in conjunction with their standard neuropsychological assessment, general (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II [AAQ-II]) and context-specific (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Acquired Brain Injury [AAQ-ABI]) measures of psychological inflexibility and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear regression modeling found the Stroop color-word interference score was the only measure of cognitive flexibility that was significantly associated with AAQ-ABI (β = -.14, <i>p</i> < .001), a finding that remained when controlling for Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient and education. Similarly, the Stroop color-word interference score significantly predicted the AAQ-II (β = -0.13, <i>p</i> = .024). Simple mediation analysis found the AAQ-ABI and AAQ-II fully mediated the relationship between the Stroop color-word interference score and psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research provides support for the theory of cognitive flexibility being an essential component of psychological inflexibility. Inhibitory control may be an important process within cognitive flexibility that contributes to psychological inflexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing memory for emotions separately from emotion recognition after traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Gavin D Sanders, Lisa J Rapport, Mark A Lumley, Robin A Hanks, Scott A Langenecker, Robiann R Broomfield, Lauren J Radigan","doi":"10.1037/neu0000998","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often show deficits in recognition of facial emotion, but their ability to <i>remember</i> emotions is poorly understood. Furthermore, there are no practicable tasks that measure this ability. This study examined the construct of memory for emotions using a novel Facial Recognition and Memory for Emotion (FRAME) test.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 53 adults with complicated mild-to-severe TBI and a comparison group of 64 neurologically healthy adults. The FRAME and a neuropsychological battery were administered to participants. Analyses included zero-order and partial correlations, as well as group comparisons. A series of hierarchical logistic regressions evaluated the incremental utility of the FRAME in distinguishing adults with and without TBI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adults with TBI performed worse than healthy participants across FRAME indices. Processing speed was the strongest correlate of both emotion recognition and memory for emotion. The FRAME demonstrated a pattern of correlations with cognitive tests supporting convergent and discriminant validity of the concept that memory for emotion is distinct from the simple perception of it. Hierarchical logistic regression models showed that memory for emotion accounted for unique variance in group membership beyond emotion recognition accuracy, memory for nonemotional faces, and verbal delayed recall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Support was found for the construct validity of a novel performance-based assessment measure of recognition and memory for facial displays of emotion. We conclude that memory for facial emotions represents a unique aspect of social cognition, distinct from accurate recognition of facial emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"347-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between implicit conflict monitoring, metacognitive monitoring, and cognitive control demand avoidance in children and adults.","authors":"Yuqi Huang, Jesse Niebaum, Nicolas Chevalier","doi":"10.1037/neu0001006","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Unlike adults, children often fail to coordinate their behavior away from unnecessary cognitive demands to conserve effort. The present study investigated whether greater conflict monitoring may contribute to metacognitive monitoring of cognitive demands, which in turn may support greater cognitive demand avoidance with age.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Electroencephalogram data were recorded while 54 adults and fifty-four 5- to 10-year-old children completed a demand selection task, where they chose between versions of a task with either higher or lower demands on cognitive control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both adults and children avoided the high-demand task, showing that, in some circumstances, children as young as 5 years can avoid unnecessary cognitive demands. Critically, midfrontal theta power predicted awareness of cognitive demand variations, which in turn predicted demand avoidance. The relationship between midfrontal theta power and demand awareness was negative and did not change between age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Together, these findings suggest that metacognitive monitoring and control are based in part on conflict monitoring in both children and adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"289-304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching gears: Age-related differences in goal-directed and habitual behavior.","authors":"Chelsea Hennessy, Thomas Pace, Remy Blatch-Williams, Tim van Timmeren, Sanne de Wit, Sophie C Andrews","doi":"10.1037/neu0000997","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study intended to improve understanding of cognitive factors contributing to age-related differences in cognitive ability to shift between goal-directed (i.e., purposeful) and habitual (i.e., automatic) behavior.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty participants, divided into two age groups (older: <i>n</i> = 25, <i>M</i>_age = 67.35, 15 female; younger: <i>n</i> = 25, <i>M</i>_age = 20.84, 18 female), were included. They completed behavioral measures of mood and well-being, as well as a cognitive battery of measures related to memory, reaction time, and speed of processing. Goal-directed and habitual responding was measured using the symmetrical outcome-revaluation task. Response window lengths were varied with overall longer response windows for older (800 ms short/1,100 ms long) compared to younger adults (500 ms short/800 ms long). Independent sample t tests, mixed analyses of variance, and analyses of covariance were used to compare age groups on behavioral and cognitive measures and the symmetrical outcome-revaluation task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When given short response windows, both age groups displayed a reliance on habitual behavior over goal-directed responding. Interestingly, when provided longer response windows, younger adults were able to update responding to exercise goal-directed behavior and significantly improved their task performance compared to older adults who continued to rely on incorrect habitual responses. Working memory did not appear to be a significant driver of performance differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide a better understanding of the balance between goal-directed and habitual behaviors in aging, suggesting that age-related slowing and memory changes do not fully account for older adults' reliance on habitual responding and warrant further research into practical implications of addressing healthy behavioral change in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"305-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive approach of executive functions in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.","authors":"Julie Remaud, Amanda Guerra, Marie-Laure Beaussart-Corbat, Valérie Charbonnier, Marie-Charlotte Dubrey, Julie Proteau, Morgane Daheron, Olivier Cadeau, Jean-Luc Roulin, Nathalie Fournet, Didier Le Gall, Sébastien Barbarot, Arnaud Roy","doi":"10.1037/neu0000995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder marked by a range of clinical symptoms, including neurocognitive deficits, particularly in executive functions (EF), which are crucial for adaptive behavior. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate core EF domains-such as inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning-in children with NF1 using the Child Executive Functions Battery (CEF-B). Additionally, it compared these findings with parent and teacher evaluations from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and examined the role of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sixty-four children with NF1, aged 7-16 years (M = 10.20, SD = 2.11), were recruited from a university hospital's NF1 referral center between May 2013 and March 2016. The children completed the CEF-B, with results compared to normative data via t tests. Parents and teachers provided BRIEF assessments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant EF deficits were observed across all CEF-B components, and both parents and teachers reported substantial EF difficulties. Cohen's kappa indicated mild to moderate agreement between CEF-B and BRIEF scores (κ = -0.11-0.63). ADHD did not affect CEF-B performance, but children with ADHD were rated as having greater difficulties on the BRIEF than those without ADHD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NF1 significantly impairs EF across all domains in children, with most showing multiple concurrent EF impairments. These deficits appear to be partially independent of ADHD comorbidity. The CEF-B showed greater sensitivity than questionnaires in detecting EF deficits in NF1, but both performance-based assessments and real-world evaluations are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of these impairments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":"39 4","pages":"332-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the neuropsychological profile of patients with fibromyalgia with insights from pain, psychological, and clinical predictors.","authors":"Erika Gentile, Mary-Ann Fitzcharles, Vanessa Correia, Marc O Martel, Mathieu Roy","doi":"10.1037/neu0000993","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0000993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Dyscognition is a frequently overlooked symptom in fibromyalgia (FM) that negatively impacts functioning and contributes to disability. Previous research has substantiated these complaints but lacks a comprehensive assessment battery to establish a neuropsychological profile. Further, the factors contributing to their genesis remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the cognitive profile of FM participants compared to healthy controls using an inclusive battery of neuropsychological measures and to explore the contribution of pain, psychological, and clinical variables in explaining this profile among FM participants.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>For this purpose, 33 FM participants and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed 17 cognitive tests measuring five broad domains. Participants also completed tests measuring pain sensitivity, endogenous pain modulation, and questionnaires on spontaneous pain severity, interference, and psychological and clinical characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to controls, FM participants reported elevated levels of depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and pain catastrophizing, alongside lower sleep quality and quality of life. They also reported higher spontaneous pain severity and interference, demonstrated heightened sensitivity to evoked pain, and reduced pain modulation. Moreover, our analysis identified a distinct cognitive profile in FM participants, characterized by poorer performance in memory and executive function measures. Elevated spontaneous pain severity and poor sleep quality emerged as key predictors of this cognitive profile.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study offers insights into the cognitive profile of FM and substantiates the factors involved in its development. These findings contribute to explaining the high prevalence of dyscognition in FM and suggest multiple treatment targets for addressing these symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"359-374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental rotational skills from pre to mid-adolescence: What a novel test tells us about skill development.","authors":"Andrew Moore, Ben Lewis, Sara Jo Nixon","doi":"10.1037/neu0001004","DOIUrl":"10.1037/neu0001004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates the development of mental rotation skills in male and female youth from a longitudinal study at ages 9/10 (baseline), 11/12 (Year 2), and 13/14 (Year 4) using a relatively novel task, the Little Man Task.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Little Man Task consists of four humanoid figures holding an object in either hand and rotated on two axes at 0° or 180°. Participants were prompted to indicate which of the figure's hands (left or right) was holding the object. Overall task performance (accuracy and response time on correct trials) and performance for individual orientations were obtained. Youth (<i>n</i> = 4,157) were drawn from the population-based, demographically diverse sample of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Conditional growth models for overall accuracy revealed main effects for age (representing the time variable) and sex. Effect sizes for sex effects were small and interactions between age and sex were not observed. There was a large main effect for orientation accompanied by small effect sizes for the interactions of orientation by age and orientation by sex. Exploratory descriptive data revealed that accuracy on the easiest orientation approximated asymptote at Year 4, whereas performance on the most difficult orientation remained relatively poor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results demonstrate that rotational skills emerge early but are incompletely developed at midadolescence. Despite task characteristics optimized to detect sex differences, substantive differences were minimal. Further insight could be gained by incorporating an evaluation of evolving response strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":19205,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"321-331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12005964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}