Cortex最新文献

{"title":"A taxometric analysis of developmental prosopagnosia: Evidence for a categorically distinct impairment","authors":"Sarah Bate ,&nbsp;Emma Portch ,&nbsp;Rachel J. Bennetts ,&nbsp;Benjamin A. Parris","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poor performance on cognitive assessment tasks may indicate a selective ‘impairment’. However, it is unclear whether such difficulties separate the individual from the general population qualitatively (i.e., they form a discrete group) or quantitatively (i.e., they represent the lower end of a continuous distribution). Taxometric methods address this question but have rarely been applied to cognitive disorders. This study examined the latent structure of developmental prosopagnosia (DP) – a relatively selective deficit in face recognition that occurs in the absence of neurological injury. Multiple taxometric procedures were applied to dominant diagnostic indices of face recognition ability across two independent datasets. All analyses supported a categorical outcome, even for mild cases of DP, suggesting that it is a qualitatively distinct condition. This finding has significant implications for our understanding of DP given it has traditionally been viewed as a continuous impairment. In particular, existing (arbitrary) diagnostic cut-offs may be too conservative, underestimating prevalence rates and prohibiting big-data approaches to theoretical study. More broadly, these conclusions support application of the taxometric method to many other cognitive processes where weaknesses are predominantly assumed to reside on a continuous distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure–function relationships in the human aging brain: An account of cross-sectional and longitudinal multimodal neuroimaging studies","authors":"Grégoria Kalpouzos ,&nbsp;Jonas Persson","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The patterns of brain activation and functional connectivity, task-related and task-free, as a function of age have been well documented over the past 30 years. However, the aging brain undergoes structural changes that are likely to affect the functional properties of the brain. The relationship between brain structure and function started to be investigated more recently. Brain structure and brain function can influence behavioral outcomes independently, and several studies highlight independent contribution of structure and function on cognition. Here, a central assumption is that brain structure also affects behavior indirectly through its influence on brain function. In such a model, structure supports function. Although findings generally suggest that structure may indeed influence function, the direction of the associations, the variability in terms of regional effects and age windows when associations are observed vary greatly. Also, a certain number of studies highlight the independent contribution of structure and function on cognition. A critical aspect of studying aging is the necessity of longitudinal designs, allowing to observe true aging effects – as compared with age differences in cross-sectional designs. This review aims to give an updated account on research dealing with multimodal neuroimaging in aging, and more specifically on the links between structure and function and associated cognitive outcomes, putting in parallel findings from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Additionally, we discuss potential mechanisms by which age-related changes in structure may affect function, but also factors (sample characteristics, methodology) that may contribute to the heterogeneity of the findings and the lack of consensus on the associations between structure, function, cognition and aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 274-289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving diagnosis of developmental prosopagnosia: The role of exclusion criteria","authors":"Tirta Susilo ,&nbsp;Brad Duchaine","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 304-308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142945994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociating language switching from executive control in bilinguals with MCI","authors":"Marco Calabria ,&nbsp;Anna Suades ,&nbsp;Montserrat Juncadella ,&nbsp;Jordi Ortiz-Gil ,&nbsp;Lidia Ugas ,&nbsp;Isabel Sala ,&nbsp;Alberto Lleó","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bilingual language control is a dynamic cognitive system that enables individuals to effectively manage language use and prevent interference when switching between languages. Research indicates that certain neurodegenerative conditions may influence language-switching abilities or hinder the suppression of cross-language interference. However, it remains uncertain whether neurodegeneration primarily affecting mesial temporal structures, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), impacts lexical retrieval in dual-language naming conditions.</div><div>To investigate this, we assessed early and highly proficient Catalan-Spanish bilinguals with MCI (<em>n</em> = 28) and age-matched older adults without MCI (<em>n</em> = 40) in a language-switching task. Additionally, to explore the domain specificity of language control deficits, participants completed four executive control (EC) tasks: task switching, n-back, Spatial Stroop, and flanker task.</div><div>Results indicated that MCI patients exhibited larger switch costs (switch minus repeat trials) compared to older adults while showing similar mixing costs (repeat minus single trials). In the non-linguistic control domain, MCI patients performed significantly worse than older adults only in the n-back task and displayed slower performance in the task-switching task. However, the regression analysis model incorporating the performance of non-linguistic tasks as predictors of language switching performance did not yield statistically significant results.</div><div>These findings suggest that reactive control, which involves bottom-up, transient, and stimulus-driven processes, might be independently affected from proactive control, defined as a top-down and sustained control process. Nonetheless, the presence of language control deficits is not necessarily linked to deficits in EC, indicating that these two control domains may not entirely overlap.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 290-303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-based stereotype threat effects: From the laboratory to the clinical setting","authors":"Isabelle Régner ,&nbsp;Pascal Huguet","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Age-Based Stereotype Threat (ABST) adversely affects older adults' memory performance by inducing anxiety and interfering thoughts related to negative stereotypes about aging and memory decline. While well-documented in laboratory settings, the relevance of ABST in real-life clinical contexts remains underexplored. This narrative review examines the effects of ABST and its implications for cognitive aging, emphasizing the importance of addressing ABST in clinical settings. We review key laboratory findings and the limited studies that simulate clinical environments, highlighting their methodological limitations. The review underscores the need for further research involving actual patients, tested within real clinical setting and using appropriate interventions to reduce ABST. Proactive interventions such as educational debriefing and expressive writing, are promising methods adapted to clinical settings. By enhancing our understanding and mitigation of ABST in clinical practice, we can improve the accuracy and reliability of neuropsychological assessments, leading to better diagnostic outcomes for older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 261-273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142930758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in slow frequency and decrease in alpha and beta power during post-learning rest predict long-term memory success","authors":"Dorottya Bencze ,&nbsp;Miklós Marián ,&nbsp;Ágnes Szőllősi ,&nbsp;Péter Simor ,&nbsp;Mihály Racsmány","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formation of episodic memories is linked to cortico–hippocampal interactions during learning, practice, and post-learning rest, although the role of cortical activity itself in such processes remains elusive. Behaviorally, long-term retention of episodic memories has been shown to be aided by several different practice strategies involving memory reencounters, such as repeated retrieval and repeated study. In a two-session resting state electroencephalography (EEG) experiment, using data from 68 participants, we investigated the electrophysiological predictors of long-term memory success in situations where such reencounters occurred after learning. Participants learned word pairs which were subsequently practiced either by cued recall or repeated studying in a between-subjects design. Participants' cortical activity was recorded before learning (baseline) and after practice during 15-min resting periods. Long-term memory retention after a 7-day period was measured. To assess cortical activity, we analyzed the change in spectral power from the pre-learning baseline to the post-practice resting state recordings. From baseline to post-practice, changes in alpha and beta power were negatively, while slow frequency power change was positively associated with long-term memory performance, regardless of practice strategy. These results are in line with previous observations pointing to the role of specific frequency bands in memory formation and extend them to situations where memory reencounters occur after learning. Our results also highlight that the effectiveness of practice by repeated testing seems to be independent from the beneficial neural mechanisms mirrored by EEG frequency power changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 167-182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven prediction of regional brain metabolism using neuropsychological assessment in Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant Frontotemporal dementia","authors":"Josefa Díaz-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Fernando García-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Pedro Bueso-Inchausti ,&nbsp;María Nieves Cabrera-Martín ,&nbsp;Cristina Delgado-Alonso ,&nbsp;Alfonso Delgado-Alvarez ,&nbsp;Maria Diez-Cirarda ,&nbsp;Adrian Valls-Carbo ,&nbsp;Lucia Fernández-Romero ,&nbsp;Maria Valles-Salgado ,&nbsp;Paloma Dauden-Oñate ,&nbsp;Jorge Matías-Guiu ,&nbsp;Jordi Peña-Casanova ,&nbsp;José L. Ayala ,&nbsp;Jordi A. Matias-Guiu","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of neuropsychological assessment to predict the regional brain metabolism in a cohort of patients with amnestic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) using Machine Learning algorithms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We included 360 subjects, consisting of 186 patients with AD, 87 with bvFTD, and 87 cognitively healthy controls. All participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination and the Neuronorma battery, in addition to [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging. We trained Machine Learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks (ANN) and models that incorporate genetic algorithms (GAs), to predict the presence of regional hypometabolism in FDG-PET imaging based on cognitive testing results.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The proposed models demonstrated the ability to predict hypometabolism trends with approximately 70% accuracy in key regions associated with AD and bvFTD. In addition, we showed that incorporating neuropsychological tests provided relevant information for predicting brain hypometabolism. The temporal lobe was the best-predicted region, followed by the parietal, frontal, and some areas in the occipital lobe. Diagnosis played a significant role in the estimation of hypometabolism, and several neuropsychological tests were identified as the most important predictors for different brain regions. In our experiments, classical Machine Learning models, such as support vector machines enhanced by a preliminary feature selection step using GAs outperformed ANNs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A successful prediction of regional brain metabolism of patients with AD and bvFTD was achieved based on the results of neuropsychological examination and Machine Learning algorithms. These findings support the neurobiological validity of neuropsychological examination and the feasibility of a topographical diagnosis in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 309-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142964126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An insight from the default mode network in patients with amnesia following left thalamic infarction involving the mediodorsal nucleus and mammillothalamic tract","authors":"Lola Danet ,&nbsp;Emmanuel J. Barbeau ,&nbsp;Marie Lafuma ,&nbsp;Fabrice Bonneville ,&nbsp;Igor Sibon ,&nbsp;Jean-François Albucher ,&nbsp;Jérémie Pariente ,&nbsp;Patrice Peran","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.10.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of the medial part of the thalamus, and in particular the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and the mammillothalamic tract (MTT), in memory has long been studied, but their contribution remains unclear. While the main functional hypothesis regarding the MTT focuses on memory, some authors postulate that the MD plays a supervisory executive role (indirectly affecting memory retrieval) due to its dense structural connectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Recently, it has been proposed that the MD, MTT and PFC form part of the DMN the default mode network (DMN). Due to the theoretical presence of MD and MTT in the DMN, we aimed to show the effect of thalamic lesions on functional connectivity (FC) and its putative role in cognitive impairment.</div><div>We recruited 12 patients with left thalamic infarction and 12 matched healthy controls. They underwent neuropsychological assessment including memory tasks, morphological 3D MRI and resting state fMRI. A ROI-to-ROI method was used for group-level FC analyses.</div><div>Patients had lesions in the MD and ventrolateral nuclei, with a damaged mammillothalamic tract (MTT) in seven of them. They showed lower performance than controls on verbal memory, executive function and language tests, with more impairment in memory, working memory, semantic verbal fluency and attention in the MTT-damaged patients. Contrast analyses between patients and matched controls showed lower FC in the ventral and dorsal DMN. Correlation analyses (patients and controls pooled) showed i/a positive correlation between memory and DMN, and ii/that MTT volume correlated with decreased functional connectivity in the dorsal DMN, whereas there was no correlation with MD lesion volume.</div><div>These results suggest that both the memory impairment and the DMN functional change we observed may reflect an effect of the MTT lesion rather than MD damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 220-231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral peri-hand bias affects the horizontal but not the vertical distribution of attention","authors":"Noah Britt,&nbsp;Hong-jin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been demonstrated that humans exhibit an attention bias towards the lower visual field (<em>e.g.</em>, faster target detection for targets appearing below eye level). This bias has been interpreted as reflecting the visual motor demand in near space below eye level. In this study, we examined whether this spatial bias could be affected by participants' hand position at the time of testing. Specifically, if the hand position is held at eye level at the time of target detection, whether the bias toward the lower visual field would be reduced if the bias is directly related to the motor demand at the time of testing. Using a modified spatial cueing paradigm, in Experiment 1, we found a downward bias in reaction time measures and cueing effects in a target detection task. In Experiment 2, using the same stimulus used in Experiment 1, we compared attention performance when participants’ dominant (right) hand was positioned close to the right side of the visual display with the conditions where their hand was in their laps. We revealed that despite an influence on the horizontal distribution of attention (lateral peri-hand effect), the downward bias in attention remained regardless of the hand position. This revealed that lateral peri-hand manipulation is insufficient to override the attention advantage for stimuli appearing in the lower visual field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 251-260"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142926843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty about the impact of sensory uncertainty? Comment on Duffy et al. (2022)","authors":"David M. Kaplan","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"185 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}