Cortex最新文献

{"title":"Temporal context modulates cross-modality time discrimination: Electrophysiological evidence for supramodal temporal representation","authors":"Shufang Pang ,&nbsp;Shaofan Ding ,&nbsp;Chunhua Peng ,&nbsp;Youguo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although the peripheral nervous system lacks a dedicated receptor, the brain processes temporal information through different sensory channels. A critical question is whether temporal information from different sensory modalities at different times forms modality-specific representations or is integrated into a common representation in a supramodal manner. Behavioral studies on temporal memory mixing and the central tendency effect have provided evidence for supramodal temporal representations. We aimed to provide electrophysiological evidence for this proposal by employing a cross-modality time discrimination task combined with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. The task maintained a fixed auditory standard duration, whereas the visual comparison duration was randomly selected from the short and long ranges, creating two different audio–visual temporal contexts. The behavioral results showed that the point of subjective equality (PSE) in the short context was significantly lower than that in the long context. The EEG results revealed that the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the short context was significantly higher (more negative) than in the long context in the early stage, while it was lower (more positive) in the later stage. These results suggest that the audiovisual temporal context is integrated with the auditory standard duration to generate a subjective time criterion. Compared with the long context, the subjective time criterion in the short context was shorter, resulting in earlier decision-making and a preceding decrease in CNV. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence that temporal information from different modalities inputted into the brain at different times can form a supramodal temporal representation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 143-156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New functional dissociations between prefrontal and parietal cortex during task switching: A combined fMRI and TMS study","authors":"José A. Periáñez ,&nbsp;Raquel Viejo-Sobera ,&nbsp;Genny Lubrini ,&nbsp;Juan Álvarez-Linera ,&nbsp;Elisa Rodríguez Toscano ,&nbsp;María D. Moreno ,&nbsp;Celso Arango ,&nbsp;Diego Redolar-Ripoll ,&nbsp;Elena Muñoz Marrón ,&nbsp;Marcos Ríos-Lago","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Preparatory control in task-switching has been suggested to rely upon a set of distributed regions within a frontoparietal network, with frontal and parietal cortical areas cooperating to implement switch-specific preparation processes. Although recent causal evidence using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have generally supported this model, alternative results from both functional neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies have questioned the switch-specific role of both frontal and parietal cortices. The aim of the present study was to clarify the involvement of prefrontal and parietal areas in preparatory cognitive control. With this purpose, an fMRI study was conducted to identify the brain areas activated during cue events in a task-switching paradigm, indicating whether to switch or to repeat among numerical tasks. Then, TMS was applied over the specific coordinates previously identified through fMRI, that is, the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Results revealed that TMS over the right IFG disrupted performance in both switch and repeat trails in terms of delayed responses as compared to Sham condition. In contrast, TMS over the right IPS selectively interfered performance in switch trials. These findings support a multi-component model of executive control with the IFG being involved in more general switch-unspecific process such as the episodic retrieval of goals, and the IPS being related to the implementation of switch-specific preparation mechanisms for activating stimulus-response mappings. The results are discussed within the framework of contemporary hierarchical models of prefrontal cortex organization, suggesting that distinct prefrontal areas may carry out coordinated functions in preparatory control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002156/pdfft?md5=b6d3dbcf2410c471ff14a708423d5219&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002156-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing and evaluating the gradient of item naming difficulty in post-stroke aphasia and semantic dementia","authors":"Erling Nørkær ,&nbsp;Ajay D. Halai ,&nbsp;Anna Woollams ,&nbsp;Matthew A. Lambon Ralph ,&nbsp;Rahel Schumacher","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anomia is a common consequence following brain damage and a central symptom in semantic dementia (SD) and post-stroke aphasia (PSA), for instance. Picture naming tests are often used in clinical assessments and experience suggests that items vary systematically in their difficulty. Despite clinical intuitions and theoretical accounts, however, the existence and determinants of such a naming difficulty gradient remain to be empirically established and evaluated. Seizing the unique opportunity of two large-scale datasets of semantic dementia and post-stroke aphasia patients assessed with the same picture naming test, we applied an Item Response Theory (IRT) approach and we (a) established that an item naming difficulty gradient exists, which (b) partly differs between patient groups, and is (c) related in part to a limited number of psycholinguistic properties - frequency and familiarity for SD, frequency and word length for PSA. Our findings offer exciting future avenues for new, adaptive, time-efficient, and patient-tailored approaches to naming assessment and therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002090/pdfft?md5=035725a450a615a13fae26f063f46fc2&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002090-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme weight conditions impact on the relationship between risky decision-making and interoception","authors":"Gerardo Salvato ,&nbsp;Manuela Sellitto ,&nbsp;Francesco Crottini ,&nbsp;Patrizia Tarlarini ,&nbsp;Marcella Tajani ,&nbsp;Stefania Basilico ,&nbsp;Ettore Corradi ,&nbsp;Gabriella Bottini","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity (OB) lie on the two ends of the broad spectrum of extreme weight conditions (EWC). Both disorders entail the constant risk to one's body integrity. Importantly, risk-taking is supported by internal signals, the perception of which is typically distorted in EWC. In this study, we sought to characterize in EWC: (i) risky decision-making by contrasting situations in which people process bodies or neutral objects and (ii) the relationship between interoceptive ability and risky decision-making. In a between-subject design, participants with AN restricting type, participants with class 2 OB, and two groups of matched healthy controls (HC) (total <em>N</em> = 160) were administered either the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) or a modified version of it by using a body-related stimulus as a cue in the place of the balloon. Moreover, we collected a measure of interoceptive sensibility and a measure of interoceptive accuracy. Results showed that, when analysing the global population as a continuum based on the BMI, the risk propensity decreased as a function of increased BMI, only for the task involving a body-related stimulus. Moreover, while HC risk propensity toward a body-related stimulus correlated with interoceptive sensibility, such correlation was absent in participants with AN. Individuals with OB, on the opposite pole, showed mixed interaction between interoception and risky decision-making in both tasks. These findings add one more tile to understanding these complex pathologies in the EWC spectrum, opening up future differential rehabilitation scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 126-142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002120/pdfft?md5=2c638f0989d285b3b089203ce41b3ada&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002120-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous simulations of pure, surface and phonological acquired dyslexia within a full computational model of the primary systems hypothesis","authors":"Ya-Ning Chang ,&nbsp;Stephen Welbourne ,&nbsp;Steve Furber ,&nbsp;Matthew A. Lambon Ralph","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to the primary systems hypothesis, reading requires interactions of visual-orthographic, phonological and semantic systems. Damage to each primary system generates very different types of acquired dyslexia. Variants of the connectionist ‘triangle’ models of reading have been developed to investigate individual acquired dyslexia. However, only a few studies have investigated multiple acquired alexia within one framework. Importantly, there are no studies that simultaneously simulate both central dyslexia (e.g. surface and phonological dyslexia) and peripheral dyslexia (e.g. pure alexia). That is largely due to the lack of a visual component in the traditional reading models. To verify the predictions made by the primary systems hypothesis, we developed a connectionist ‘deep’ multi-layer triangle model of reading including visual, orthographic, phonological and semantic processing layers. We investigated whether damage to the model could produce the general behavioural patterns of impaired performance observed in patients with the corresponding reading deficits. Crucially, damage to the visual-orthographic, phonological or semantic components of the model resulted in the expected reading impairments associated with pure alexia, phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia, respectively. The simulation results demonstrated for the first time that neurologically-impaired reading including both central and peripheral dyslexia could be addressed within a single triangle model of reading. The findings are consistent with the predictions made by the primary systems hypothesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 112-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002089/pdfft?md5=1273ca9819d1a9013ce8d14d98a2f67b&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002089-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Eric Salmon,&nbsp;Fabienne Collette,&nbsp;Christine Bastin","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a useful paraclinical exam for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this narrative review, we report seminal studies in clinically probable AD that have shown the importance of posterior brain metabolic decrease and the paradoxical variability of the hippocampal metabolism. The FDG-PET pattern was a sensitive indicator of AD in pathologically confirmed cases and it was used for differential diagnosis of dementia conditions. In prodromal AD, the AD FDG-PET pattern was observed in converters and predicted conversion. Automated data analysis techniques provided variable accuracy according to the reported indices and machine learning methods showed variable reliability of results. FDG-PET could confirm AD clinical heterogeneity and image data driven analyses identified hypometabolic subtypes with variable involvement of the hippocampus, reminiscent if the paradoxical FDG uptake. In studies dedicated to clinical and metabolic correlations, episodic memory was related to metabolism in the default mode network (and Papez's circuit) in prodromal and mild AD stages, and specific cognitive processes were associated to precisely distributed brain metabolism. Cerebral metabolic correlates of anosognosia could also be related to current neuropsychological models. AD FDG-PET pattern was reported in preclinical AD stages and related to cognition or to conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Using other biomarkers, the AD FDG-PET pattern was confirmed in AD participants with positive PET-amyloid. Intriguing observations reported increased metabolism related to brain amyloid and/or tau deposition. Preserved glucose metabolism sometimes appear as a compensation, but it was frequently detrimental and the nature of such a preservation of glucose metabolism remains an open question. Limbic metabolic involvement was frequently related to non-AD biomarkers profile and clinical stability, and it was reported in non-AD pathologies, such as the limbic predominant age-related encephalopathy (LATE). FDG-PET abnormalities observed in the absence of classical AD proteinopathies can be useful to search for pathological mechanisms and differential diagnosis of AD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symptomatology after damage to the angular gyrus through the lenses of modern lesion-symptom mapping","authors":"Mohamed L. Seghier","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Brain-behavior relationships are complex. For instance, one might know a brain region's function(s) but still be unable to accurately predict deficit type or severity after damage to that region. Here, I discuss the case of damage to the angular gyrus (AG) that can cause left-right confusion, finger agnosia, attention deficit, and lexical agraphia, as well as impairment in sentence processing, episodic memory, number processing, and gesture imitation. Some of these symptoms are grouped under AG syndrome or Gerstmann's syndrome, though its exact underlying neuronal systems remain elusive. This review applies recent frameworks of brain-behavior modes and principles from modern lesion-symptom mapping to explain symptomatology after AG damage. It highlights four major issues for future studies: (1) functionally heterogeneous symptoms after AG damage need to be considered in terms of the degree of damage to (i) different subdivisions of the AG, (ii) different AG connectivity profiles that disconnect AG from distant regions, and (iii) lesion extent into neighboring regions damaged by the same infarct. (2) To explain why similar symptoms can also be observed after damage to other regions, AG damage needs to be studied in terms of the networks of regions that AG functions with, and other independent networks that might subsume the same functions. (3) To explain inter-patient variability on AG symptomatology, the degree of recovery-related brain reorganisation needs to account for time post-stroke, demographics, therapy input, and pre-stroke differences in functional anatomy. (4) A better integration of the results from lesion and functional neuroimaging investigations of AG function is required, with only the latter so far considering AG function in terms of a hub within the default mode network. Overall, this review discusses why it is so difficult to fully characterize the AG syndrome from lesion data, and how this might be addressed with modern lesion-symptom mapping.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 77-90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002077/pdfft?md5=c99788a129de1bf32a8f426c83fdb081&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002077-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The minimal computational substrate of fluid intelligence","authors":"Amy P.K. Nelson ,&nbsp;Joe Mole ,&nbsp;Guilherme Pombo ,&nbsp;Robert J. Gray ,&nbsp;James K. Ruffle ,&nbsp;Edgar Chan ,&nbsp;Geraint E. Rees ,&nbsp;Lisa Cipolotti ,&nbsp;Parashkev Nachev","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quantification of cognitive powers rests on identifying a behavioural task that depends on them. Such dependence cannot be assured, for the powers a task invokes cannot be experimentally controlled or constrained <em>a priori</em>, resulting in unknown vulnerability to failure of specificity and generalisability. Evaluating a compact version of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), a widely used clinical test of fluid intelligence, we show that LaMa, a self-supervised artificial neural network trained solely on the completion of partially masked images of natural environmental scenes, achieves representative human-level test scores <em>a prima vista</em>, without any task-specific inductive bias or training. Compared with cohorts of healthy and focally lesioned participants, LaMa exhibits human-like variation with item difficulty, and produces errors characteristic of right frontal lobe damage under degradation of its ability to integrate global spatial patterns. LaMa's narrow training and limited capacity suggest matrix-style tests may be open to computationally simple solutions that need not necessarily invoke the substrates of reasoning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"179 ","pages":"Pages 62-76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224002053/pdfft?md5=963e22a643d99516c9e719d3767911f9&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224002053-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover figure","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0010-9452(24)00195-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0010-9452(24)00195-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"177 ","pages":"Page e1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141953267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Strategy-based motor learning decreases the post-movement β power” Cortex 166 2023 43–58","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 393-397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945224001308/pdfft?md5=c59ca6f780fcadeddb9b99b772e73f21&pid=1-s2.0-S0010945224001308-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141137085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}