Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"About Sugar Addiction","authors":"Di Qin,&nbsp;Jiayu Qi,&nbsp;Fuqiang Shi,&nbsp;Zhihua Guo,&nbsp;Hongwu Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70338","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sugar addiction, characterized by excessive cravings for high-sugar foods, poses a significant health challenge in modern society. The parallels between sugar and drug addiction have attracted attention, prompting extensive research on the neurological mechanisms involved.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review summarizes recent research on sugar addiction and its impact on health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Finding</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-sugar consumption activates the brain's reward circuits—a positive reinforcement mechanism—including the dopamine and endorphin systems, which are associated with satisfaction and pleasure. Chronic exposure to high-sugar foods may alter these systems, leading to heightened cravings and a dependence on sugar. Appetite is regulated by complex neural pathways, including those in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Therefore, dysfunction of these areas may lead to excessive sugar intake and impulsivity. Sugar addiction also negatively affects physical health, with high-sugar intake strongly associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other health problems. Sugar addiction can lead to weight gain and metabolic disorders, which in turn increase the risk of developing these diseases. Pharmacological and psychological interventions are the primary treatment for sugar addiction. Certain medications can reduce sugar cravings and dependence; however, their long-term efficacy and side effects require further investigation. Cognitive behavioral therapy can also help individuals change their attitudes and behaviors toward sugar, thereby enhancing their self-control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In summary, sugar addiction is an increasingly prevalent problem involving multiple aspects of the nervous system, behavior, and health. Further research on sugar addiction will enhance understanding, inform preventive and treatment measures, and elucidate the mechanisms underlying sugar addiction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Anatomy of the Distal Part of the Dorsal Scapular Nerve With a Focus on the Triple-Tendon Transfer","authors":"Beyza Celikgun,&nbsp;Ozcan Gayretli,&nbsp;Ilke Ali Gurses,&nbsp;Osman Coskun,&nbsp;Aysin Kale","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70694","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A review of the literature shows that most studies of the dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) have focused on morphological evaluation of the proximal part of the nerve. Morphometric studies contributing to clinical applications are limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the topographic and morphometric anatomy of the distal part of the DSN.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>13 cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, were examined bilaterally. DSN dissection was performed on the anterior surface of the levator scapulae and rhomboids, and the distance to the medial border of the scapula (MBS) was recorded at different levels. The insertion lengths of the levator scapulae and rhomboids were also measured.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two types of DSN were observed according to the level of termination in the muscle. Contrary to its classical course, the nerve ran laterally to the MBS on the four sides. The shortest distance between the nerve and the MBS was at the level of the superior border of the rhomboid minor (4.46 ± 9.88 mm). The insertion lengths of the levator scapulae and rhomboids according to gender and the insertion length of the rhomboid minor according to the level of termination in the muscle were significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We have obtained results that may be useful during Eden–Lange tendon transfer. The DSN is not always located medial to the MBS, it may be located lateral to it. To avoid nerve damage, we believe it is important to identify the nerve on the anterior surface of the muscles for a successful surgery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Settings are Crucial for Assessing Sensorimotor, Anxiety, and Social Changes in Aging and Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Chloé M. Gazard,&nbsp;Nacéra Douich,&nbsp;Eloïse Néel,&nbsp;Patrick Villette,&nbsp;Florence E. Perrin,&nbsp;Yannick N. Gerber","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70686","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For decades, behavioral tests have been used to evaluate functions and dysfunctions of the central nervous system. The open field test is one of the most commonly used methods to assess murine behaviors, including exploration, spontaneous motor activity, and anxiety-like behaviors. The choice of open field shape can vary across studies, either to address specific research objectives or to simplify data acquisition and analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we investigated whether the shape of the open field arena influences mice's behaviors in an age- and sex-dependent manner during physiological aging. We then assessed how the shape of the open field influences male mice's behaviors in an age-dependent manner following spinal cord injury.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Across physiological aging, we observed that the shape of the open field arena influenced motor activity, anxiety, and social behavior, with some gender differences. Following spinal cord injury, arena shape affected motor activity, tactile sensitivity, and social behavior in male mice, but anxiety-like behaviors remained unaffected.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results highlight that the shape of the arena significantly influences mouse behavior, emphasizing the importance of careful experimental protocol design in behavioral assessments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissecting Causal Relationships Between Gut Microbiota, Immunocyte Phenotype, and Migraine: A Mendelian Randomization Study","authors":"Yupei Lai,&nbsp;Yike Liu,&nbsp;Jiahao Chen,&nbsp;Yu Cao,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Lu Li,&nbsp;Pengyu Zhou,&nbsp;Peng Sun,&nbsp;Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70693","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Migraines impose a substantial economic and societal burden, yet their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. While observational studies suggest associations between gut microbiota dysbiosis, immunophenotypic alterations, and migraine risk, causal evidence is lacking. This study leverages Mendelian Randomization to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and migraine while exploring the mediating role of immune traits in this association.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We employed a two-sample, two-step Mendelian Randomization approach to examine the mediating effects of immunocyte phenotypes on the relationship between gut microbiota and migraine outcomes, including migraine with aura and migraine without aura. The primary analysis utilized inverse-variance weighted estimation, supplemented by sensitivity analyses to ensure robustness. Summary statistics for gut microbiota were sourced from the MiBioGen consortium and NHGRI-EBI, immunocyte phenotypes from the GWAS catalog, and migraine data from the FinnGen consortium. Next, we evaluated <i>Prevotella histicola</i> level by qPCR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analysis identified suggestive associations between 34 gut microbiota taxa and migraine subtypes. Notably, Family <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i> (id.433, PIVW: 1.51×10⁻⁵, ORIVW: 0.861, 95% CI: 0.765–0.970) and Order <i>Bifidobacteriales</i> (id.432, PIVW: 1.51×10⁻⁵, ORIVW: 0.861, 95% CI: 0.765–0.970) demonstrated strong causal links to a reduced risk of migraine. Mediation analysis revealed that HLA-DR on monocytes mediated 7.74% of the causal pathway from Genus <i>Prevotella9</i> (id.11183, PIVW: 0.002, ORIVW: 0.834, 95% CI: 0.744–0.936) to MA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides robust evidence of a causal relationship between <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i> and a decreased risk of migraine. Furthermore, we identify HLA-DR on monocytes as a key inflammatory mediator in the protective effect of <i>Prevotella</i> against migraine with aura. These findings highlight the potential of gut microbiota modulation and immune-targeted therapies in migraine prevention and treatment, offering novel insights into the gut-brain-immune axis in migraine pathogenesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Interplay Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Anorexia Nervosa","authors":"Lama Mattar,&nbsp;Anne-Laure Delaunay,&nbsp;Sylvie Berthoz,&nbsp;Maeva Duquesnoy,&nbsp;Sylvain Iceta,&nbsp;Christophe Lalane,&nbsp;EVHAN group,&nbsp;Mouna Hanachi,&nbsp;Nathalie Godart","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70685","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A strong association exists between anorexia nervosa (AN) and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The levels of these psychiatric symptoms observed in AN may be influenced by different biological factors related to poor nutritional status and changes in thyroid hormone levels. Yet, few studies have investigated this relationship. The objective of this study is to examine the association between depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and circulating thyroid hormones in a sample of undernourished patients with AN.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two hundred and two patients with AN (DSM-IV TR) were included in the study and were assessed upon admission for duration of illness, psychiatric treatments, sociodemographic data, and different psychopathological symptoms [depression (BDI), anxiety (HAD scale), obsessive-compulsive (MOCI), social phobia (LSAS fear sub-scale), and Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26)] using psychometric scales. Nutritional status was assessed with body mass index (BMI) and body composition using bioelectrical impedance. Upon patient admission, free-T3 (fT3), free-T4 (fT4), and TSH thyroid hormone plasma levels were collected, as well as albumin and transthyretin levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Taking into consideration confounding factors, particularly the duration of AN evolution, thyroid hormone (fT3 and/or fT4) blood levels can partially explain the levels of depression and OCD symptoms of the doubt type and social phobia in undernourished AN patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A high prevalence of these symptoms among malnourished individuals requires investigation to differentiate between symptoms directly related to the biological effects of malnutrition and those indicative of a comorbid condition such as depression or anxiety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Serum NADPH Oxidase 2 Levels for Predicting 180-Day Clinical Outcomes Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Analysis","authors":"Chang Su,&nbsp;Dapu Shen,&nbsp;Junlong Xu,&nbsp;Miaomiao Chen,&nbsp;Heng He,&nbsp;Jianping Ye","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70692","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) affects oxidative response to acute brain injury. We set out to determine if there are connections between serum NOX2 levels, severity, and subsequent clinical outcomes of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this prospective cohort study, serum NOX2 levels were measured in 123 patients and 123 controls. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and Rotterdam computed tomography (CT) classifications were applied for assessing injury severity. A poor prognosis was considered if the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score was 4 or below at 180 days post-injury.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>STBI patients exhibited markedly enhanced serum NOX2 levels relative to healthy controls, and serum NOX2 levels were independently linked to Rotterdam CT classifications and GCS scores. Serum NOX2 levels effectively identified individuals at risk of death or poor prognosis at 180-day after sTBI. When compared to GCS scores and Rotterdam CT classifications, its predictive power was comparable. When the three variables were utilized together, the model's predictive ability was significantly higher than when they were independently used.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>NOX2 might be used as a potential biomarker to assess the severity of sTBI and foretell its outcome, since elevated serum NOX2 levels are significantly linked to increasing severity, 180-day mortality, and poor prognosis after sTBI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is a History of Gestational Diabetes Associated With Long-Term Mental Health?—Findings From the GEMS 5-Year Follow Up Study","authors":"Phyllis Ohene-Agyei,&nbsp;Greg D. Gamble,&nbsp;Debbie Samuel,&nbsp;Oluwatoyin Oladimeji,&nbsp;Qiliang Liu,&nbsp;Jane E. Harding,&nbsp;Caroline A. Crowther","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70666","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with poor long-term maternal metabolic health. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of GDM on later maternal mental health. We, therefore, aimed to compare mental health outcomes between women who had GDM and women who did not five years after the index pregnancy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A follow-up study of women diagnosed with GDM using the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria matched to a random sample of women not diagnosed with GDM for maternal age, ethnicity, and BMI. Participants completed questionnaires screening for anxiety (6-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), or health-related quality of life (SF-36).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 563 participants, 233 (41.4%) were diagnosed with GDM in their index pregnancy. At follow-up, 152/563 (27.0%) reported an increased risk of symptoms of poor mental health, and this was similar in women who were and were not diagnosed with GDM.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was no difference between the two groups for risk of anxiety, [aRR: 0.76 (0.50, 1.22)] or depression [aRR: 1.11 (0.74, 1.66)]. However, women diagnosed with GDM reported lower mean SF- 36 scores for general health [aMD: −3.91 (−7.14, −0.68)] and social functioning [aMD: −3.61 (−7.05, −0.16)] than women without GDM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The risk of poor mental health is common five years after birth. However, GDM diagnosis was not associated with an increased risk for anxiety or depression, although GDM may affect women's perception of their later general health and social functioning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Modulation of Glutamate Transporter-1 by Cocaine and Oxycodone and the Efficacy of MC-100093 to Reduce Reinstatement of Self-Administration","authors":"Damyan W. Hart,&nbsp;Yanaira Alonso-Caraballo,&nbsp;Britta Hornback,&nbsp;Angel Robert,&nbsp;Megan A. Brickner,&nbsp;Manuel Esguerra,&nbsp;Wayne E. Childers,&nbsp;Magid Abou-Gharbia,&nbsp;Mark J. Thomas","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70616","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the widespread impact of opioid use disorder, pharmacological options for treatment remain limited. Recent studies find that cocaine exposure decreases the expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and that treatment with the beta-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone rescues this loss of expression and reduces cue-induced reinstatement to cocaine self-administration. The novel beta-lactam derivative MC-100093 (093) lacks antimicrobial properties but crosses the blood-brain barrier more rapidly and retains the beneficial effects of ceftriaxone following cocaine. However, 093 effects following oxycodone exposure have not been examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of oxycodone in rats to test if 093 can attenuate oxycodone seeking. Membrane expression of GLT-1 in the NAc was investigated using western blots. Conditioned place preference (CPP) was used to test the effect of oxycodone and cocaine alone on GLT-1 expression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We find that 093 injections following IVSA of oxycodone in rats did not reduce cue-induced reinstatement. Interestingly, western blot analysis revealed that 093 failed to upregulate the expression of GLT-1 in the NAc of oxycodone-exposed animals. Follow-up CPP experiments suggest that oxycodone exposure alone does not decrease GLT-1 expression as cocaine does.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results indicate that drug-specific reductions in NAc GLT-1 expression may be necessary for 093's efficacy. Further investigation into 093 and other opioids is needed to fully understand their relationship with GLT-1 expression and beta-lactams.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acupuncture Alleviates Blood–Brain Barrier Damage After Delayed rtPA Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Ferroptosis","authors":"Zheng Huang,&nbsp;Tianliang Lu,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu,&nbsp;Zhihui Zhang,&nbsp;Yangyang Song,&nbsp;Yiyang Li,&nbsp;Wentao Xu,&nbsp;Xinchang Zhang,&nbsp;Guangxia Ni","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70644","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was the first FDA-approved thrombolytic drug for AIS. However, delayed administration of rtPA exacerbates brain injury and increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and mortality. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, is closely associated with the pathological process of AIS. Acupuncture, a vital component of traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in clinical practice for AIS treatment. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of acupuncture on rats subjected to delayed rtPA thrombolysis in cerebral infarction and its relationship with ferroptosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a thromboembolic stroke model and were randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) acupuncture (at Neiguan and Shuigou acupoints) or sham acupuncture was administered in combination with rtPA thrombolysis. Outcome measures included neurological scores, infarct volume, brain water content, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, expression of iron metabolism-related proteins, lipid peroxidation levels, and mitochondrial ultrastructural changes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>XNKQ acupuncture significantly improved neurological deficits following delayed rtPA thrombolysis, reduced infarct volume and brain water content, and decreased the incidence of HT and brain edema. By modulating iron metabolism, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and preserving mitochondrial integrity, acupuncture attenuated neuronal damage and BBB disruption mediated by ferroptosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>XNKQ acupuncture inhibits neuronal ferroptosis by improving iron metabolism disorders, lipid peroxidation accumulation, and mitochondrial structure, thereby alleviating neuronal damage and BBB disruption, and exerting a protective effect on brain tissue after delayed rtPA thrombolysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Incidence of Autoimmune Encephalitis and Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Associated Antibodies in Singapore","authors":"Rui Ling Rena Lau,&nbsp;Karine Su Shan Tay,&nbsp;Seyed Ehsan Saffari,&nbsp;Patricia Yut Wan Wong,&nbsp;Mei Ting Lim,&nbsp;Angelia Swee Hoon Koe,&nbsp;Jeanne May May Tan,&nbsp;Kok Pin Yong,&nbsp;Kevin Tan,&nbsp;Josiah Yui Huei Chai,&nbsp;Tianrong Yeo","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70630","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between COVID-19 and autoimmune encephalitis (AE). We aimed to evaluate the positivity rate of AE- and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS)-associated antibodies in relation to COVID-19.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the frequency and incidence of AE- and PNS-associated antibodies amongst clinical tests performed at the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibodies against surface-exposed antigens associated with AE were tested using cell-based assays; antibodies against intracellular antigens in PNS were detected by immunoblot and tissue-based assays.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 87 of 4347 samples and 29 of 3393 samples tested for AE- and PNS-associated antibodies, respectively, were positive. A spike in the incidence of AE-associated antibodies was observed in 2020 at 4.92 (95% CI, 3.05–7.53) per 1,000,000 person-years, coinciding with the first year of the COVID-19 “pandemic outbreak.” The cumulative incidence in the “pre-pandemic” period from 2017 to 2019 was 2.44 (95% CI, 1.66–3.46) per 1,000,000 person-years (<i>p </i>= 0.034, vs. “pandemic outbreak”), and in the “mid to late pandemic” period from 2021 to 2023, this was 2.74 (95% CI, 1.91–3.82) per 1,000,000 person-years (<i>p </i>= 0.086, vs. “pandemic outbreak”). The incidence of PNS-associated antibodies was unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increased incidence of AE-associated antibodies during the COVID-19 “pandemic outbreak” suggests a potential biological link. The subsequent decline in incidence in the “mid to late pandemic” period may be attributable to widespread vaccination and the emergence of new viral variants with less potential to induce autoimmunity. The incidence of PNS-associated antibodies was stable throughout, reinforcing its primary association with malignancy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}