Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Unraveling the Disease Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain Through Constructing miRNA-mRNA Networks Based on a Rat Model.","authors":"Lingqi Yao, Ming Liu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70812","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuropathic pain (NP) lacks clear biomarkers and effective treatment methods. We aimed to identify important genes and microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory network in NP to elucidate the underlying mechanism of NP using bioinformatics analysis combined with an animal model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two NP-related gene expression datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NP and controls were identified using the limma package. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and miRNA-mRNA-disease networks were constructed to investigate the interactions among genes and miRNAs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed to investigate the biological functions of DEGs in NP. Additionally, to further confirm the expression and the functions of hub genes, a chronic constriction injury (CCI) NP rat model was established, and C1qb knockdown treatment was performed by transfection of sh-C1qb.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 108 common DEGs (94 upregulated and 14 downregulated) were identified related to the pathogenesis of NP. Five hub genes (Ptprc, C1qb, Aif1, Fcgr2b, and Ccl2) were selected in the PPI network. KEGG analyses unveiled that the five hub genes were primarily involved in immune regulation and neuroinflammation especially NF-κB signaling pathway. miRNA-mRNA-disease network analysis revealed 160 miRNAs associated with the five hub genes, and 25 miRNAs (including miR-124-3p, miR-128-3p, and miR-369-3p) were regulated to Ptprc, C1qb, Fcgr2b, and Ccl2 in NP. Moreover, the expressions of Aif1, Ptprc, C1qb, Fcgr2b, and Ccl2 were increased in blood, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and prefrontal cortex in NP rats compared to sham rats. C1qb knockdown alleviated the rat NP and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four hub genes (Ptprc, C1qb, Fcgr2b, and Ccl2) may be potential biomarkers in NP pathogenesis, offering insights into its molecular mechanisms and suggesting therapeutic targets. C1qb knockdown is demonstrated to alleviate the NP progression through the NF-κB signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":"e70812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic MRI Volumetry Assisted Visual Assessment of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Clinical Dementia Work-Up","authors":"Karin Persson,&nbsp;Hanneke F. M. Rhodius-Meester,&nbsp;Trine Holt Edwin,&nbsp;Anne-Brita Knapskog,&nbsp;Peter Bekkhus-Wetterberg,&nbsp;Geir Selbæk,&nbsp;Knut Engedal,&nbsp;Till Schellhorn","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70948","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70948","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Efficient and cost-effective diagnostic tools for supporting dementia assessment are increasingly important. We aimed to evaluate whether providing neuroradiologists with volumetric data from an automatic MRI software, NeuroQuant, enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of their visual MRI assessment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two neuroradiologists assessed brain MRIs from 366 patients (mean age 67.5 years, SD 9.2, and 52% females) with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, <i>n</i> 79), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, <i>n</i> 86), or dementia (<i>n</i> 201). The MCI and dementia patients were further diagnosed according to an etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD, <i>n</i> 217) versus non-AD (<i>n</i> 70). In random order the neuroradiologists visually evaluated medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA, scale 0–4) with and without having access to the NeuroQuant report of age and sex adjusted volumetric percentiles of the hippocampus. Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) analyses were conducted to calculate the area under the curves (AUCs) for the visual MTA, the automated NeuroQuant percentile, and the combined NeuroQuant-assisted MTA in discriminating dementia from SCD and AD from non-AD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The AUC of the visual MTA for dementia versus SCD discrimination increased slightly but not significantly when the neuroradiologists were provided with NeuroQuant results (AUC 0.76–0.79, <i>p</i> 0.28). Yet, the isolated NeuroQuant evaluation reached the highest accuracy (AUC 0.85, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), significantly better than the MTA assessment (<i>p</i> 0.002) and the NeuroQuant-assisted MTA (<i>p</i> 0.04). Only the isolated NeuroQuant assessment discriminated AD from non-AD (AUC 0.60, <i>p</i> 0.006).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>On the basis of our findings, we suggest an increased use of clinically approved automatic volumetry methods in radiological departments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline Impaired Insight Predicts Longitudinal Brain Atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Cognitive States: A 30-Month Cohort Study From the ADNI Dataset","authors":"Jacob Wilkins,&nbsp;Carlos Muñoz Neira,&nbsp;Li Su,&nbsp;Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70893","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70893","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Impaired insight can be understood clinically as a loss of ability to appropriately recognize one's own disease status. Investigating insight in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its relation to longitudinal changes in brain structure is important to understand the disease progression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine how the character of insight changes with disease stage and assess whether baseline levels of impaired insight can predict rate of brain atrophy across a period of 30 months in a cohort of subjects consisting of subjective memory complaint (SMC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and cognitively normal (CN) controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from 794 eligible participants were extracted from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Insight levels were estimated by the Measurement of Everyday Cognition (ECog). Impairment was further categorized into overestimation or underestimation of ability. Brain atrophy rates were estimated by measuring change in gray matter volume within 30 months.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overestimating ability was significantly correlated with increased whole-brain atrophy rates (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) independent of general cognitive decline. Overestimation of ability exhibited significant correlations with increased atrophy in specific regions of the brain including the medial temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus, and hippocampus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present results suggest a statistically significant correlation between overestimation of ability and increased rates of subsequent brain atrophy. This is particularly notable in regions of the brain such as the hippocampus. However, further study into the phenomenon of insight and its progression over the disease course is required before its potential clinical utility can be fully assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereo-Electroencephalography Reveals Dynamic Spatio-Spectral Signatures of Negative Emotions: A Distributed Circuit Mechanism Involving Amygdala–Cingulate–Hippocampus–Orbitofrontal Networks","authors":"Zheng Li,&nbsp;Rong Yang,&nbsp;Jiaxi Zhao,&nbsp;Kanglin Liu,&nbsp;Sixun Yu,&nbsp;Xin Chen,&nbsp;Haifeng Shu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70951","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70951","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The brain functional network connection mechanism mediating negative emotions is a central research focus in affective neuroscience. Although prior studies have identified key regions involved in emotion processing, the dynamic interactions among these regions remain inadequately understood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) was employed to simultaneously record local field potentials from both human cortical and subcortical structures. This technique enables the tracking of dynamic time-frequency responses and functional connectivity patterns evoked by emotional stimuli with high spatial and temporal resolution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings indicate that the amygdala (Amy), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus (Hip), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) play pivotal roles in negative emotion processing. Importantly, the experience of negative emotions depends on dynamic network interactions among these regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides direct electrophysiological evidence supporting previous investigations of emotional neural circuits based on electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, it offers novel insights into the real-time network mechanisms underlying emotion processing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2400080217</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes of Deep Brain Stimulation in the Lateral Habenula Nucleus for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder","authors":"Chao Jiang,&nbsp;Peijing Du,&nbsp;Lingxiao Guan,&nbsp;Chunhua Hu,&nbsp;Zhiyan Wang,&nbsp;Tengteng Fan,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Cui","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70899","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70899","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the long-term efficacy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes of lateral habenula nucleus (LHb) deep brain stimulation (DBS; LHb-DBS) for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder (TRBD).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An 18-year-old woman with TRBD received bilateral LHb-DBS. We assessed changes in Hamilton Depression Scale-17 (HDRS-17), Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI) scores from preoperative baseline to postoperative continuous 24-month follow-up. Brain activity and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) were examined off-stimulation at 0.6 and 15 months post-LHb-DBS. Overall improvement and adverse events were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Continuous 24-month follow-up showed average improvements from baseline of 65.33%, 54.90%, 63.33%, and 48.72% for HDRS-17, BRMS, HAMA, and PSQI scores, respectively. At the final follow-up, improvement was 96.00%, 88.24%, 84.85%, and 69.23%, respectively. Resting-state fMRI results revealed an increase in fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) within the putamen, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) over 15 months of continuous bilateral LHb stimulation when DBS was off. From baseline to 15 months, fALFF in the putamen, VTA, and SNc increased by 1.68%, 6.36%, and 1.10%, respectively. Consistently reduction in rsFC was observed between the left nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and left hippocampus. Over the 15 months of continuous stimulation, rsFC decreased by 72% from baseline.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-term LHb-DBS can control symptoms and improve the quality of life in patients with TRBD. This may be attributed to an increase in fALFF in the putamen, VTA, and SNc, and a reduction in rsFC between the left NAcc and left hippocampus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in Region-Specific Gray Matter Volume Underlying Callous Unemotional Traits in Adolescents","authors":"Johannah Bashford-Largo,&nbsp;Ru Zhang,&nbsp;R. James R. Blair,&nbsp;Karina S. Blair,&nbsp;Jaimie Elowsky,&nbsp;Matthew Dobbertin,&nbsp;Ahria J. Dominguez,&nbsp;Melissa Hatch,&nbsp;Tyler Patrick,&nbsp;Sahil Bajaj","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70941","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70941","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Callous-unemotional (CU) traits during adolescence, for example, shallow affect or lack of remorse, have been shown to be a risk marker for antisocial behavior. Only a few studies have investigated structural brain alterations underlying CU traits, and findings are inconclusive. The study examines CU symptomatology and gray matter volume (GMV) associations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Structural brain MRI data were collected from a sample of 578 adolescents (60% male) with a mean age of 14.85 years (SD = 2.30; range = 10–19 years). CU traits were indexed via the Inventory for Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU). Region-wise volumetric parameters were obtained following parcellation of the brain into 68 cortical and 14 subcortical regions per participant. A multiple linear regression was conducted using age, sex, IQ, intracranial volume, and handedness as covariates to assess the relationship between ICU scores and GMV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our regression analysis showed significance (<i>R</i>² = 0.244, <i>F</i>[87,490] = 1.821, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Specifically, GMV of the left parahippocampal gyrus, left pars orbitalis, right medial orbitofrontal cortex, right superior temporal, and right putamen had significant negative regression loadings, indicating those with lower GMV in these regions had higher ICU scores. The right postcentral gyrus and right hippocampus had significant positive regression loadings, indicating those with higher GMV in these regions had higher ICU scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Utilizing a transdiagnostic sample of adolescents, our study found significant associations between CU traits and GMV. Understanding the neurobiological associations of CU traits could be crucial for early intervention and targeted treatments, particularly for those at risk of antisocial behavior.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Fear Memory in Adult Male C57BL/6 Mice Following Low-Dose Isoflurane Exposure During Juvenile Development","authors":"Jing Sun,&nbsp;Yong Tang,&nbsp;Jinlong Chang,&nbsp;Jianbang Lin,&nbsp;Li Luo,&nbsp;Yuantao Li,&nbsp;Guanxiong Wu,&nbsp;Yuting Hu,&nbsp;Zhao Zheng,&nbsp;Ye Zhang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70816","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70816","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To elucidate the neural mechanisms through which neonatal exposure to low-dose anesthetic isoflurane (ISO) enhances adult fear memory, specifically examining neural oscillations and activation patterns in the mediodorsal thalamus (MDL), dentate gyrus (DG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Male C57BL/6 mice received 0.75% ISO or saline injections at postnatal day 7 (P7). At 6 months, contextual fear-memory testing was conducted (Saline + Air: <i>n</i> = 14; Saline + ISO: <i>n</i> = 13). Neural correlates were assessed via in vivo electrophysiology during behavioral tasks and c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the MDL, DG, ACC, and MEC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ISO-exposed mice exhibited significantly enhanced fear memory, with &gt;75% displaying freezing as the dominant conditional response (vs. controls). This was accompanied by increased c-Fos+ cell density in the MDL and altered slow gamma oscillation power in fear-processing circuits. Non-freezing responses (e.g., jumping/darting) were reduced in the Saline + ISO group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Interpretation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early low-dose ISO intervention in neonatal mice enhances adult fear memory, potentially through MDL activation and slow gamma oscillation modulation. These findings indicate that low-dose ISO may improve cognitive function by optimizing fear memory consolidation, contrasting with known detrimental effects of high-dose anesthetics on neurodevelopment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do You Feel What I Feel? Parental Perception of Pain Intensities, Level of Suffering, and Pain Impairment in Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents","authors":"Adam Geremek,&nbsp;Ishita Noori Haider,&nbsp;Martin Jung,&nbsp;Manuel Munz","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70945","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70945","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ratings of pain intensities, level of suffering, and impairment through pain are important factors informing physicians and pain therapists with respect to therapy choice. This study aimed to investigate the concordance of children's and their parents’ ratings and the relationship of pain-related measures with psychopathological variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children diagnosed with chronic pain disorders and comorbid psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, trauma-, and stress-related disorders according to ICD-10; <i>N</i> = 152, <i>n</i> = 103 females and <i>n</i> = 49 males; mean age 15.5 years, age range 11–17 years) and their parents (<i>N</i> = 195, <i>n</i> = 120 mothers/<i>n</i> = 75 fathers) were assessed with ratings of mean and maximum pain level. Impairment through pain and level of suffering were assessed with respective questionnaires.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fathers rated maximum pain lower than their children or mothers, while mothers rated the level of the child's pain suffering higher than their children or fathers. Both mothers and fathers underestimated the medium pain level compared to the children's assessment. We found intercorrelations of pain ratings and psychopathological measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Discrepancies in pain-related ratings in children with chronic pain and mental diagnoses indicate that the full picture of children's and both parents’ ratings should be considered for the adequate choice of therapeutic strategies and settings whenever possible.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Cognitive Dysfunction, TYG Index, and Depression in Older Adults: Based on the NHANES Database, 2011–2014","authors":"Qinghua Guo,&nbsp;Chao Chen,&nbsp;Libo Guo,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Shaomei Shang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70824","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70824","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between cognitive impairment, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and depression in the elderly remains unclear. This study aims to explore the associations among cognitive impairment, TyG index, and the risk of depression in older adults, providing a basis for targeted prevention strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Cognitive impairment was defined as the lowest quartile of three cognitive tests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) test for learning and memory, the Animal Fluency test for executive function, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for attention and processing speed. The TyG index was calculated as ln[triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2], and participants were categorized into quartiles based on their TyG index. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to investigate the relationships between cognitive impairment, TyG index, and depression in the elderly.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 2042 elderly participants (aged ≥ 60 years) were included in the study, among whom 312 (15.3%) were diagnosed with depression. Both cognitive impairment and higher TyG index were significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms among older adults in the United States. The risk of depression was 2.64 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–5.23) in those with cognitive impairment compared to those with normal cognitive function. Participants in the highest TyG quartile had a multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.61 (95% CI: 1.10–2.35) for depression compared to those in the lowest quartile. Similar results were observed across different genders, age groups, and baseline comorbidities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion:</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that higher TyG index and cognitive impairment (including deficits in learning and memory, executive function, and attention/processing speed) are associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms in older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation of the Effects of α- and β-Frequency Neural Entrainment Using tACS on Phase-Aligned TMS-Evoked Corticospinal Excitability","authors":"Aikaterini Gialopsou,&nbsp;Stephen R. Jackson","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70876","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70876","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for many brain disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), has a favorable adverse effect profile, and can be particularly effective for individuals with treatment-resistant symptoms. DBS is, however, inaccessible for most individuals, is extremely expensive, and is not considered suitable for children and adolescents. For these reasons, noninvasive alternatives to DBS, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are increasingly being sought to treat brain health conditions. Unfortunately, current TMS approaches exhibit large intra- and inter-subject variability in their efficacy, which limits their use clinically. One likely reason for this is that TMS is invariably delivered without reference to ongoing brain activity (i.e., open loop).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We propose that the efficacy of stimulation might be improved, and the variability of its effects reduced, if stimulation could be synchronized with ongoing brain activity. To investigate this, we used transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to induce entrainment of brain activity at two frequencies (<i>α</i> = 10 Hz and <i>β</i> = 20 Hz), and we delivered single-pulse TMS that was temporally aligned with the phase of each tACS oscillation. To investigate the effects of tACS-phase-aligned TMS, we measured motor-evoked potentials (MEPs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings confirm that for α- and β-tACS, both corticospinal excitability and inter-trial variability varied as a function of tACS phase. Importantly, however, the tACS phase angle that produced maximum TMS-evoked excitability was different for α- and β-tACS, coinciding with the negative peak (trough) for α-tACS and the positive peak (peak) for β-tACS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings confirm that aligning noninvasive brain stimulation to ongoing brain activity may increase the efficacy of TMS and reduce the variability of its effects. However, our results illustrate that the optimal phase of the tACS cycle at which to deliver TMS may vary for different tACS frequencies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12480923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}