Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Evaluating Self's Emotions on Frontal Alpha Asymmetry","authors":"Masato Ito,&nbsp;Toru Takahashi,&nbsp;Yuto Kurihara,&nbsp;Rieko Osu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70419","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In research to assess emotions from biometric signals, participants are asked to evaluate the emotions they subjectively experienced to confirm whether the assumed emotions were actually elicited. However, the evaluation of emotion may influence the biometric signals related to the emotion itself. While such evaluative processes may function as a form of emotion regulation, which is known to modulate emotional experiences, the neural mechanisms and effects of evaluation itself remain unclear. Specifically, the temporal dynamics of how these evaluations affect emotion-related brain activity in electroencephalography (EEG) have not been investigated. Based on theories of emotional processing and self-focused attention, we hypothesized that emotion evaluations would enhance emotional processing as reflected in frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) through both immediate attentional effects and sustained self-focused attention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured a 29-channel EEG in 40 healthy participants who were presented with unpleasant and highly arousing images. Participants were assigned to either an experimental group that performed the task with subjective evaluation followed by without subjective evaluation, or a control group that performed the task without subjective evaluation twice. This design allowed us to examine both immediate effects of evaluation and its lasting influence on subsequent emotional processing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Finding</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results revealed that FAA was significantly lower during emotional evaluation compared to conditions without subjective evaluation, particularly during stimulus processing (300–500 ms). This early modulation suggests that evaluation automatically engages attentional processes, may reflect enhanced negative emotional processing as well as the activation of behavioral inhibition system through self-focused attention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates that the emotional evaluation procedure itself can significantly alter early emotion-related brain activity, providing insights into how self-focused emotional evaluation engages both emotional and motivational processes. These findings suggest the need for methodological reconsiderations in EEG emotion estimation studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal Functional Connectivity of the Primary Sensory Network in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Sex Differences, Early Overdevelopment, and Clinical Significance","authors":"Yanan Zhang,&nbsp;Quan Zhou,&nbsp;Limei Gao,&nbsp;Jingwen Li,&nbsp;Hong Li,&nbsp;Gong-Jun Ji,&nbsp;Hua Yang,&nbsp;Enze Wang,&nbsp;Kai Wang,&nbsp;Dandan Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70363","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Primary sensory processing is atypical in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and affects daily functioning. However, the functional connectivity (FC) patterns of primary networks in ASD have not been systematically investigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Primary networks were defined as four regions of interest (ROIs) in each brain hemisphere. We analyzed ROI-wise FC in 105 individuals with ASD and 132 typically developing (TD) participants from Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I. We calculated the correlation between abnormal FC and clinical scores. Additionally, data from 53 individuals with ASD from our laboratory's two-site dataset were used to validate the results and assess the effects of sex and age on FC consistency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regarding the ROI-wise connectivity, significant group differences in FC emerged in several regional pairs, particularly in the primary auditory and somatosensory regions. Abnormal brain regions correlated with clinical symptoms. As age increased, abnormal FC had an initial fast and then slowing development trend, and the abnormal FC in females was higher than that in males. The two-site dataset results were consistent with those of the multisite dataset in assessing the influence of age and sex on FC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Abnormal FC exists in the primary sensory cortex of patients with ASD, which correlates with clinical outcomes and may cause impairments in advanced cognitive functions. In addition, the primary sensory cortex of patients with ASD may undergo excessive growth in the early stages and demonstrate imbalanced development according to sex. These findings may help identify new biomarkers for ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Possible Causal Relationships Between Neurodevelopment-Related Proteins and Bipolar Disorder","authors":"Yanyan Li,&nbsp;Qianqian Gui,&nbsp;Shurong Ren,&nbsp;Zhifen Liu,&nbsp;Aixia Zhang,&nbsp;Penghong Liu,&nbsp;Xueping Zhou,&nbsp;Ning Sun,&nbsp;Chunxia Yang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70442","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex mental condition of which the mechanism of onset remains unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) allows evaluation of the causal effects of biomarkers by minimizing the risks of reverse causation and confounding factors. In this study, MR was used to assess the causal relationships between neurodevelopment-related proteins and BD, thereby providing potential evidence for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of this mental disorder.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leveraging data from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs), the associations between six neurodevelopment-related proteins and BD were analyzed using five MR approaches; namely, inverse-variance weighted, weighted median, MR–Egger, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. The neurodevelopment-related proteins were selected in the study with 5368 European descents. GWAS of BD come from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (<i>N</i>_Case = 41,917, <i>N</i>_Control = 371,549).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analyses identified robust causal relationships between BD and the proteins inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (ITIH)5 (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00–1.17, <i>p</i> = 0.04) and neurofascin (NFASC) (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92–1.00, <i>p</i> = 0.042). Initial findings for ITIH1 and ITIH3 were deemed unreliable due to pleiotropy (ITIH1: MR–Egger intercept <i>p</i> = 0.025) or heterogeneity (ITIH3: Cochran's <i>Q p</i> = 0.001). Furthermore, the MR analyses failed to yield evidence supporting a causal effect of liability to BD on neurodevelopment-related proteins.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The MR analysis indicated potential causal relationships between two neurodevelopment-related proteins (NFASC and ITIH5) and BD. Further studies are required to validate these results and elucidate the specific functions of these proteins in the development of this mental disorder.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging Characteristics of Pruritus Induced by Eczema: An fMRI Study","authors":"Tae-eun Kim,&nbsp;Jin Li,&nbsp;Larissa Tao,&nbsp;Ji-ming Tao,&nbsp;Xiang-yu Wei","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70415","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the neuroimaging characteristics of eczema-induced pruritus with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 42 patients with eczema were recruited in the PE group, and 42 healthy participants were included in the HC group. The Visual Analogue Score (VAS), 12-Item Pruritus Severity Scale (12-PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were recorded in the PE group. The different values of fraction amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC) were compared after rs-fMRI scanning.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared with the HC group, the fALFF values of the left precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, left supplementary motor area (SMA), and left midcingulate cortex in the PE group were increased. The FC values between the left precentral gyrus, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, and left inferior occipital gyrus in the PE group were decreased. The FC values between left SMA and bilateral superior temporal gyrus in the PE group were decreased. The 12-PSS score was positively correlated with fALFF value of the left precentral gyrus and left postcentral gyrus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pruritus caused increased spontaneous activity in given cerebral regions, involving the perception of itch, control of scratching movements, and expression of itch-related emotions. Meanwhile, there is a correlation between fALFF values of given cerebral regions and clinical scales, which provided potential neurobiological markers for the future study of pruritus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Controversy: The Causal Link Between Osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's Disease","authors":"Jingkai Di,&nbsp;Yujia Xi,&nbsp;Yaru Liu,&nbsp;Likun Qi,&nbsp;Tingting Chen,&nbsp;Shuai Chen,&nbsp;Chuan Xiang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70455","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research on osteoarthritis (OA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently highly controversial, and the upstream and downstream relationships between them remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between OA and AD using Mendelian randomization (MR).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were obtained for OA and AD. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected as instrumental variables (IVs), and significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 5.0 × 10⁻⁸) and independent (<i>r</i>² &lt; 0.001) SNPs were extracted for two-sample MR analyses. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used to assess these causal relationships, and meta-analysis was used to combine MR results from multiple IVWs. Confounders were assessed by multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR). Results were reported as odds ratios (OR). Heterogeneity was then tested using Cochran's <i>Q</i> test, multiplicity was tested using the MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO, and sensitivity analyses were performed using the leave-one-out sensitivity test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The MR results showed a positive causal effect of AD and OA (IVW OR = 19.89, 95% CI = 2.90–136.57, <i>p</i> = 0.002; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.11–1.47, <i>p</i> = 0.017; OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.11–1.46, <i>p</i> = 0.017) and no significance of the reverse MR results (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Meta-analysis of the MR results confirmed this finding and was significant in all population subgroups (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.18–1.40). The findings were maintained after controlling confounders using MVMR (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.50–30.44, <i>p</i> = 0.013). These analyses were confirmed to be reliable and stable by sensitivity testing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study found a positive causal effect of OA and AD, which was confirmed by the highest levels of evidence-based medicine. It may provide meaningful evidence for the current controversy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Behavioral and fNIRS Comparative Study of Gender and Task Differences in Mental Rotation Among Primary Students","authors":"Dandan Wu,&nbsp;Jinfeng Yang,&nbsp;Zhi Hong Wan,&nbsp;Yining Shen,&nbsp;Qianming Liu,&nbsp;Jinghui Zhang,&nbsp;Simin Cao,&nbsp;Hui Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70358","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated the sex and task effects in mental rotation (MR) among Chinese primary school students, employing behavioral assessments and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for a comprehensive analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample consisted of 62 Grade 4 and 5 students aged between 9.58 and 11.33 (<i>M</i>_age = 10.604, SD = 0.35). Participants completed two MR tasks: MR1, which required the rotation of 24 figures, and MR2, which involved the rotation of 16 English letters. fNIRS was employed to measure neural activation in specific brain areas, and behavioral performance was assessed alongside brain activity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Behavioral data revealed no significant effects of sex or task type on the performance of MR1 or MR2. However, the fNIRS results demonstrated notable sex and task effects. Specifically, boys exhibited significantly higher brain activation in Brodmann Areas (BAs) 6, 9, and 46 than girls. In contrast, girls showed significantly more activation in BA 46 during the MR1 figure rotation task. This suggests that while behavioral tasks showed no differences, neuroimaging revealed underlying neural disparities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The discrepancy between behavioral and fNIRS findings reveals a tendency in behavioral studies to accept a false negative, resulting in Type II errors. While neuroimaging data indicate substantial differences not reflected in behavioral measures, this challenges the reliability of null results typically associated with traditional behavioral paradigms. This study highlights the critical need to integrate neuroimaging techniques to understand cognitive processes better. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of reevaluating conventional interpretations of behavioral data to ensure a more comprehensive view of mental function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Citronellal Exerts Sedative-Like Effects and Augments Diazepam's Action in Swiss Mice, Possibly Through the GABAergic Pathway","authors":"Md. Torequl Islam,&nbsp;Md. Sakib Al Hasan,&nbsp;Emon Mia,&nbsp;Irfan Aamer Ansari,&nbsp;Siddique Akber Ansari,&nbsp;Md. Amirul Islam,&nbsp;Md. Saifuzzaman","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70446","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Citronellal (CTL), a monoterpenoid, exhibits notable neurological activity, including anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects, primarily through GABAergic pathways. Our current study aimed to explore CTL's sedative potential using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches through the GABAergic pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The in vitro GABAergic activity of CTL was assessed via colorimetric assay, while acute toxicity was evaluated in <i>Swiss</i> mice per OECD guidelines with doses up to 2000 mg/kg to establish safety margins. Sedative effects were assessed in <i>Swiss</i> mice using thiopental sodium (TS, 40 mg/kg)-induced sleep protocols. CTL was administered at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg doses, alone or combined with diazepam (DZP, 2 mg/kg) or flumazenil (FLU, 0.1 mg/kg). The in silico studies were also performed with GABA_A receptors (α1 and β2 subunits) to investigate the possible molecular mechanism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results demonstrated that in vitro, CTL exhibited significantly concentration-dependent GABAergic activity. Acute toxicity tests indicated a high safety margin (no behavioral or physiological abnormalities at 2000 mg/kg dose). Additionally, CTL significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced the latency and augmented sleep duration in animals, compared to the control group. It also significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) decreased the latency and increased the duration of sleep with DZP-2 while reducing this parameter with FLU-0.1. In in silico studies, CTL exhibited binding affinities (BAs) with the GABA_A receptor (α1 and β2 subunits) of –5.6 kcal/mol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CTL demonstrated potent sedative effects in vitro and in vivo, with a strong safety profile and interaction with the GABA_A receptor (α1 and β2 subunits).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Children's Auditory Perception Test: Reliability and Validity Analysis","authors":"Ozlem Icoz,&nbsp;Selen Yilmaz Isikhan,&nbsp;Esra Yucel","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70301","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70301","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to revise and investigate the validity and reliability of the Children's Auditory Perception Test (CIAT), which was developed to evaluate auditory perception skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study included 100 cochlear implant (CI) users between the ages of 2 and 15, and 80 individuals with normal hearing. In the first session, participants underwent the Turkish Early Language Development Test (TELD-3) and audiometric assessments. The second session involved administering age-appropriate subtests from the CIAT battery. Subtest reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and test–retest methods. We measured the construct validity by examining the relationships between subcategories. Also, we evaluated known-group validity and predictive validity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The reliability analysis of the CIAT indicated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.913 for all 17 tests. Subcategories demonstrated reliability ranging from acceptable to excellent (<i>α</i> = 0.741–0.973). Significant differences were observed in auditory perception scores between children with CI and those with normal hearing (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.005), demonstrating the known-group validity of the test across different age groups. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that factors such as age group, gender, special education duration, receptive and expressive language ages, CI duration, and usage status accounted for 78% of the variability in auditory perception scores (<i>R</i>² = 0.78), thus testing the predictive reliability of the model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A valid and reliable test battery that evaluates auditory perception skills at different difficulty levels across a wide age range (2–15 years) has been introduced to the literature. However, a notable limitation is that this battery does not include auditory processing assessments, such as speech-in-competition (noise/babble) tests, which could enhance the comprehensiveness of the evaluation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11924279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Clinical Diagnoses: Classifying Alzheimer's Disease Using Single fMRI, Small Datasets, and Transfer Learning","authors":"Samuel L. Warren,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Moustafa,&nbsp;for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70427","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70427","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Deep learning and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two unique methodologies that can be combined to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple studies have harnessed these methods to diagnose AD with high accuracy. However, there are difficulties in adapting this research to real-world diagnoses. For example, the two key issues of data availability and model usability limit clinical applications. These two areas are concerned with problems of accessibility, generalizability, and methodology that may limit model adoption. For example, fMRI deep learning models require a large amount of training data, which is not widely available. Contemporary models are also not typically formatted for clinical data or created for use by non-specialized populations. In this study, we develop a deep-learning fMRI pipeline that addresses some of these issues.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We use transfer learning to address problems with data availability. We also use semi-automated and single-image techniques (i.e., one fMRI volume per participant) to make a model that is usable for non-specialized populations. Our model was initially trained on 524 participants from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE; Autism and controls). Our model was then transferred and fine-tuned to a small sample of 64 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; AD and controls).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings and Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This transfer learning model achieved an AD classification accuracy of 77% and outperformed the same model without transfer learning by approximately 30%. Accordingly, our model showed that small AD samples can be accurately classified in a clinically friendly manner.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Grip Strength and Cognitive Impairment: Evidence From NHANES 2011–2014","authors":"Wenyi Nie,&nbsp;Jingqing Hu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70381","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prior research has consistently shown an association between muscle strength and various metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between muscle strength and cognitive impairment remains elusive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using data from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we investigated the association between muscle strength and cognitive impairment. We used multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline regression (RCS), and threshold effects to investigate the impact of muscle strength on cognitive function. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between muscle strength and cognitive impairment in subgroups of age, gender, race, education, smoking status, drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>2124 participants were ultimately included for further analysis. Multivariate logistic regression, trend testing, and RCS analysis showed a non-linear negative correlation between muscle strength and cognitive impairment. Threshold effect analysis suggests that when muscle strength reaches a certain value, this relationship undergoes significant changes. In the three cognitive function scoring tests, interaction was only observed in the racial subgroup.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study suggests a negative correlation between muscle strength and cognitive function, which may have a threshold effect. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate its potential mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}