Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Acute Anxiolytic Effects of Salvia Heldreichiana Essential Oil in Rats: Reduction in Serum Cortisol","authors":"Ahmet Onur Daştan, Aslı Şan Dağlı Gül, Gülderen Yılmaz, Okan Arıhan, Ayşen Erdem","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70701","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rapid onset of anxiolytic drugs without cognitive or motor impairments remains an unmet need. This study evaluated the acute anxiolytic effects of <i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> essential oil in rats, measuring anxiety-related behaviors, hippocampal levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA, and serum cortisol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats were divided into two experiments. Experiment 1 (<i>n</i> = 24) tested a single dose (200 mg/kg, oral gavage) of <i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> essential oil, while Experiment 2 (<i>n</i> = 24) evaluated repeated doses (200 mg/kg/day for five days, oral gavage). Anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. Sedation and motor coordination were measured via the rotarod test. Neurochemical analysis included hippocampal noradrenaline, serotonin, GABA levels, and serum cortisol. Potential toxicity was monitored through ALT, AST, creatinine, and BUN levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> essential oil significantly reduced serum cortisol levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and showed a trend toward increased hippocampal serotonin levels, similar to diazepam. No sedative or motor impairing effects were observed, and no hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic effects were observed at the administered dose.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> essential oil showed promise as a rapid-onset anxiolytic, as it reduced cortisol levels and may increase serotonin, all without causing motor impairments. Further studies with conditioned anxiety models are required to confirm these effects and elucidate underlying mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Significance Statement</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlighted the potential of <i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> essential oil as a rapid-onset anxiolytic with minimal side effects. The oil significantly reduced serum cortisol levels, a key biomarker of stress, and showed a trend toward increased serotonin levels in the hippocampus, contributing to its anxiolytic effects, paralleling mechanisms observed in conventional anxiolytic medications. Unlike many existing treatments, <i>Salvia heldreichiana</i> did not induce sedation or impair motor coordination, highlighting its promise as a safer alternative for anxiety management. These findings suggested the essential oil could addr","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Implementation of Contingency Management and Benefits of a Controlled Environment “Head Start”","authors":"Himmat Singh Dhillon,&nbsp;Stephanie Rochon,&nbsp;Basant Kaur Dhillon,&nbsp;Ahmed N. Hassan,&nbsp;Timothy H. Guimond,&nbsp;Tanya S. Hauck","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70710","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To use quality improvement (QI) principles to implement contingency management (CM) in an outpatient clinic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prize-based CM was implemented for stimulant use disorder using standard protocols with QI processes used to improve efficiency and effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CM was successfully implemented in an outpatient addictions clinic using clinical funds. Participants who were discharged to the outpatient clinic from a controlled environment (such as hospital, withdrawal management, residential treatment program) had 8.3 (<i>SD</i> = 3.1) weeks of consecutive abstinence (CA) and 10.7 (<i>SD</i> = 1.0) weeks total abstinence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pragmatic clinical implementation of CM yielded results that are comparable to controlled trials in similar populations. QI processes identified that a controlled environment resulted in significant ongoing abstinence.CM was implemented in a small community clinic with no additional funding, and QI principles were used to improve efficiency and effectiveness. The initial implementation of 17 participants yielded a mean of 2.2 (<i>SD</i> = 3.2) weeks of CA. Recent discharge from a controlled environment resulted in 8.3 (3.1) weeks CA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Childhood Trauma on Emotional Distress: A Chain-Mediated Effects of Alexithymia and Psychological Flexibility","authors":"Ning Wang,&nbsp;Jingyi Chu,&nbsp;Guo Chen,&nbsp;Xingyue Pan,&nbsp;Ziyue Wang,&nbsp;Wenjuan Wang","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70825","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study aims to explore how emotional distress is affected by childhood trauma through pathways involving alexithymia and psychological flexibility, and to construct a complete model established on this foundation, which will be provided as a theoretical theory for interventions in college students' mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Note that 1002 college students were assessed using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition (AAQ-II). After removing some non-compliant questionnaires, the remaining 885 were used for data analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Scores on childhood trauma, alexithymia, and psychological flexibility exhibited notable correlation with depression, anxiety, and stress; childhood trauma had chain mediation effects on depression, anxiety, and stress through alexithymia and psychological flexibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among college students, childhood trauma is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and impacts the relationship between them through the single mediation and chain mediation of alexithymia and psychological flexibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interplay of Family Dynamics, Lifestyle, and ADHD: A Case–Control Study on Sociodemographic Risk Factors","authors":"Hülya Tercan,&nbsp;Pınar Bayhan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70830","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study aims to assess familial and environmental characteristics and daily routines (nutrition, sleep, and screen time) associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Turkish children and compare them with typically developing peers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A case–control study was conducted with 106 ADHD-diagnosed children and 100 typically developing peers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to determine risk factors for ADHD. Descriptive analyses summarized data, and logistic regression estimated ADHD associations between ADHD status and familial environmental factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Finding</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lower parental education and employment rates, alongside increased screen time and unhealthy dietary habits, were associated with ADHD risk. Rates of hyperactivity and impulsivity were higher in parents of ADHD-diagnosed children than in the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Additionally, ADHD children had significantly higher screen time, snack, and sugar consumption compared to controls (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of ADHD risk, emphasizing the interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and modifiable lifestyle factors. Integrating family-based interventions and targeted public health strategies may be crucial in addressing these associated factors and supporting developmental outcomes for children with ADHD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines on Bipolar Disorder: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","authors":"Ying Cheng,&nbsp;Meiti Wang,&nbsp;Yu Fang,&nbsp;Jinjie Xu,&nbsp;Jinxin Zheng,&nbsp;Peijun Ju,&nbsp;Jianhua Chen","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70796","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inflammatory cytokine disturbance is a prominent outcome of immune dysregulation, extensively documented in bipolar disorder (BD). However, observational studies have exhibited inconsistent findings, and the causal relationships between inflammatory factors and BD remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to uncover the causality between circulating inflammatory cytokines and BD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, two genetic instruments derived from a publicly available genomic dataset were utilized. Genetic variant data for 41 inflammatory cytokines were obtained from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies involving 8293 Finnish individuals. BD data included 41,917 cases and 371,549 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Database. To estimate causal connections between inflammation cytokines and BD, we performed five methods: inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness, including tests for heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and leave-one-out validation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the IVW approach, we identified significant associations between genetic liability to elevated levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3) with increased risk of developing BD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.119, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.021–1.226, <i>p</i> = 0.016; OR = 1.084, 95% CI = 1.002–1.174, <i>p</i> = 0.044; OR = 1.060, 95% CI = 1.001–1.122, <i>p</i> = 0.046, respectively). Across the various MR methods employed, the directions of causal inferences remained consistent. However, reverse MR analysis revealed no significant evidence for causal effects of genetic predisposition to BD on inflammatory cytokines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings provide robust genetic evidence supporting causal effects of elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines on BD, conferring a high susceptibility to BD. Our study emphasizes that interventions aimed at reducing peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels should be prioritized in BD management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZDHHC5 Mediates Immune Dysregulation Driving Generalized Anxiety Disorder Risk","authors":"Fuqiang Sun,&nbsp;Gengchen Lu,&nbsp;Nannan Li,&nbsp;Kun Dai,&nbsp;Zhe Ren,&nbsp;Ruimin Ma,&nbsp;Yifei Feng,&nbsp;Shuo Zong,&nbsp;Bin Cheng","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70818","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate genes associated with palmitoylation modification implicated in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and to elucidate the mechanistic roles of these genes via immune cell-mediated pathways.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Utilizing large-scale genetic datasets, genes categorized as palmitoylation-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were identified by intersecting palmitoylation-related genes (as compiled from the most recent reviews) with genome-wide eQTL datasets. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology was applied to investigate the causal relationship between palmitoylation-eQTL genes and GAD, with further verification conducted through summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) to establish the final target genes. Subsequently, the underlying mechanisms of these genes were examined through immune cell-mediated processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-two palmitoylation-eQTL gene loci were identified, among which five demonstrated a notable link to GAD: PPT2 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.844, <i>p</i> = 0.007), ZDHHC5 (OR = 1.101, <i>p</i> = 0.017), ZDHHC13 (OR = 1.175, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), ZDHHC20 (OR = 0.874, <i>p</i> = 0.003), and ZDHHC24 (OR = 0.806, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC13 were validated as final target genes through SMR analysis. Mediation MR analysis revealed that SSC-A on CD4+ T cells (mediation proportion: 36.4%) served as a mediating factor for ZDHHC5.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings indicate that ZDHHC5 contributes to the pathogenesis of GAD by modulating SSC-A on CD4+ T cells, thereby offering novel targets for the investigation of GAD pathophysiology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantical Visual Information Facilitates Odor Imagery: A Combined Neurophysiological and Psychometrical Approach","authors":"Luca Fantin,&nbsp;Hadrien Ceyte,&nbsp;Cécile Rumeau,&nbsp;Guillaume Drouot,&nbsp;Gabriela Hossu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70835","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Odor imagery (OI), or the ability to mentally simulate the presence of a smell, is a difficult cognitive function and is therefore misunderstood in terms of its neural underpinnings. In particular, the diverging results obtained in neuroimaging studies could be explained in part by the characteristics of the visual cues used to trigger this task. In this study, we investigated this question by comparing the effects of plain color patches, pictures, and words during OI using neurophysiological and psychometrical measurements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty healthy right-handed participants performed an OI task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging exam. They were instructed to focus on the odors evoked by different types of visual cues. Two 595s functional runs were performed using a block design in which seven individual plain colors, pictures, and odor labels were used as visual triggers for OI. After each functional run, behavioral ratings of success/failure of OI as well as subjective pleasantness and intensity of odor images were collected.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The OI task induced activity not only in regions of the olfactory network but also in non-olfactory brain regions. Across visual conditions, we observed activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, supplementary motor area, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Strikingly, no significant activity was found in the piriform cortex despite overall success in the OI task according to behavioral ratings (83% to 93% depending on the condition).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that OI can occur without significant involvement of the primary olfactory regions, contradicting most of the literature on this topic. Only little behavioral and neurophysiological effects of visual conditions were revealed in our sample of good odor imagers, although semantical cues seem to require fewer cognitive resources to generate odor images. This assumption remains to be confirmed using specific tools for the measurement of cognitive load.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Causal Links Between 338 Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolites and Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Houwen Zhang,&nbsp;Chunrong Li,&nbsp;Jialin Yu,&nbsp;Yu Liang,&nbsp;You Wu,&nbsp;Fangzheng Cao","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70815","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor impairments and intricate pathophysiological mechanisms. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites are viewed as potential biomarkers, the primarily observational design of the majority of existing studies limits the ability to draw causal conclusions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this research was to explore the causal link between CSF metabolites and PD by employing two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on CSF metabolites were acquired from the two longitudinal cohort studies. Information regarding PD was gathered from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium. Instrumental variables (IVs) for 338 CSF metabolites were identified based on notable SNPs. Causal impacts were assessed using Mendelian randomization techniques including inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis and MR-Egger regression. The analyses included sensitivity assessments to evaluate issues related to heterogeneity and pleiotropy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant causal associations were found between several CSF metabolites and PD. Higher levels of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, and oxalate were linked to increased PD risk, while elevated caffeine levels appeared protective. After FDR correction, glycerophosphoinositol, oxalate, and caffeine remained significant. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness with no heterogeneity or pleiotropy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This analysis of MR reveals multiple CSF metabolites that have causal links to PD. Increased levels of glycerophosphoinositol and oxalate are associated with higher risk, whereas caffeine provide protective benefits. These metabolites may act as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for PD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A Clinical Outcomes Analysis for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome","authors":"Lilia Evans,&nbsp;Simon Erridge,&nbsp;Madhur Varadpande,&nbsp;Arushika Aggarwal,&nbsp;Isaac Cowley,&nbsp;Evonne Clarke,&nbsp;Katy McLachlan,&nbsp;Ross Coomber,&nbsp;James J. Rucker,&nbsp;Michael Platt,&nbsp;Mikael H. Sodergren","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70823","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Complex regional pain syndrome is characterized by severe, persistent pain. Emerging evidence suggests that cannabis-based medicinal products may represent a new therapeutic option. However, to date, no clinical studies have evaluated the effects of cannabis-based medicinal products in individuals with complex regional pain syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess changes in patient-reported outcome measures and the prevalence of adverse events associated with cannabis-based medicinal products prescribed for complex regional pain syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This case series assessed changes in patient-reported outcome measures over 6 months in complex regional pain syndrome patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Adverse events were measured and graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A total of 64 patients were identified for inclusion. At baseline, pain severity measured by the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form was 6.69 ± 1.42. This improved at 1 (5.85 ± 1.73), 3 (5.91 ± 1.82), and 6 months (6.05 ± 1.72; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.050). Participants also reported improvements in severity as measured by the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 and pain visual analogue scale at the same time points (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.050). Participants also reported improvements in anxiety symptoms, sleep quality, and general health-related quality of life (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.050), as measured by validated measures. Five patients (7.81%) reported 50 (78.13%) adverse events.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study represents the outcomes in individuals with complex regional pain syndrome prescribed cannabis-based medicinal products. These suggest initiation of cannabis-based medicinal products is associated with improvements in patient-reported outcome measures. While these findings are consistent with the literature, they must be interpreted with caution, considering the limitations of this study.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Cannabis-based medicinal products were associated with improvements in pain severity and interference. Participants also reported improvements in important metrics of health-related quality of life. This supports further research through high-quality randomized controlled trials to ascertain the efficacy of cannabis-based medicinal products in improving","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Brain Amide Proton Transfer Weighted Imaging in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea","authors":"Guisen Lin,&nbsp;Weiting Tan,&nbsp;Shaojun Zhang,&nbsp;Qin Yang,&nbsp;Yijiang Zhuang,&nbsp;Shijie Hu,&nbsp;Dongxia Mo,&nbsp;Kan Deng,&nbsp;Wenhong Ye,&nbsp;Hongwu Zeng","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70808","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate alteration of brain amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) signals in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to assess the association of APTw signals in different brain regions with cognitive impairment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This prospective study was conducted from September 2021 to December 2023. Forty-six children with mild to severe OSA and 20 non-OSA volunteers with matched age and gender underwent a whole brain APTw imaging scan. The APTw signals of 29 regions of the brain were compared between the OSA group and volunteers with Fisher's least significant differences post-hoc analysis or the Kruskal–Wallis test with the Steel-Dwass test. The correlation of the APTw signals of different brain regions and cognitive assessment scores was analyzed with Pearson's correlation analysis or Spearman's correlation analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The APTw signals in the white matter of the inferior frontal gyrus, the white matter of the angular gyrus, and the thalamus of children with mild OSA and volunteers were significantly lower than that of children with moderate-severe OSA. The APTw signals of the gray matter of the supramarginal gyrus, the gray matter of the lingual gyrus, the corona radiata, and the genu of corpus callosum in children with moderate-severe OSA were significantly lower than that of volunteers. The APTw signals of the frontal-parietal-temporal regions, hippocampus, and corona radiata were significantly associated with cognitive assessment scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>APTw imaging could be used for detecting frontal-parietal-temporal regions and hippocampus damage in children with OSA, which possibly explain cognitive impairments associated with OSA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}