Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Acupuncture on Cognitive Function in Patients With Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Ziyan Luo, Wenxuan Li, Jieting Jiang, Jie Sun, Mingyue Zhang, Yaqing Zhang, Lu Dong, Kunpeng Li, Caiqin Wu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims and objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate the impact of acupuncture on post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PSCI is a major barrier to stroke patients’ rehabilitation, and acupuncture is one of the treatments. However, the benefit of acupuncture on PSCI is unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Up to February 1, 2024, databases in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched. The risk of bias was investigated using the <i>Cochrane Handbook</i> for systematic reviews of treatments. Random-effect and fix-effect models were used to report the effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were 29 randomized clinical trials with 2477 participants included. The findings demonstrated that the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were higher in the acupuncture group than medicine group (mean difference [MD] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) CI [1.26, 2.23], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 59%, <i>p</i> <i><</i> 0.01). Compared to medicine group, the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) score exhibited a significant decrease and demonstrated improvement in the acupuncture group. Statistically significant outcomes were observed in the Barthel Index scores and P300 event-related potential (ERP). According to subgroup analysis, acupuncture was superior to conventional therapy for improving cognitive function in PSCI patients at 4 weeks after treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acupuncture therapy has shown promise in ameliorating cognitive deficits and enhancing daily functional abilities in individuals diagnosed with PSCI. But future research should focus on the duration and implement large sample, high-quality RCTs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Relevance to clinical practice</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical workers in practical clinical work can select appropriate acupoints according to the actual conditions of patients, as well as confirm the treatment co","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Relaxation-Based Virtual Reality on Psychological and Physiological Stress of Substance Abusers Under Detoxification: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Shahab Lotfinia,&nbsp;Aram Yaseri,&nbsp;Pardis Jamshidmofid,&nbsp;Fatemeh Nazari,&nbsp;Homa Shahkaram,&nbsp;Jafar Sarani Yaztappeh,&nbsp;Amir Sam Kianimoghadam","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Substance abuse is a widespread problem, with high rates of treatment dropout. Stress plays a crucial role in this problem, so innovative interventions with stressed patients can assist them in completing treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is a randomized controlled trial with 60 participants who have substance abuse disorder undergoing detoxification at a residency facility in Tehran, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: watching a 360° video of nature, a 360° video of a city environment, or no virtual experience. The intervention was performed only for one session. Psychological stress was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Perceived Stress Scale before and after the intervention. Physiological stress was assessed through respiratory rate, skin conductance, and heart rate recordings during the virtual reality (VR) experience. Data analysis was performed using R software (version 4.2).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paired <i>t</i>-test results indicated significant psychological differences before and after virtual nature experiences, but not in the control and city groups. The repeated measure ANOVA showed a significant reduction in skin conductance (<i>p &lt; </i>0.01) and respiratory rate (<i>p &lt; </i>0.01) scores in the nature group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings suggest that VR relaxation could be a potentially beneficial intervention for reducing stress in patients during detoxification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallel Mediating Effects of Sleep Quality, Psychological Distress, and Self-Stigma in the Associations Between Long COVID Symptoms and Quality of Life Among Taiwanese Individuals With Mental Health Illness","authors":"Kun-Chia Chang,&nbsp;Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu,&nbsp;Hsin-Chi Tsai,&nbsp;Carol Strong,&nbsp;Nai-Ying Ko,&nbsp;Jung-Sheng Chen,&nbsp;Cheng-Fang Yen,&nbsp;Servet Üztemur,&nbsp;Mark D. Griffiths,&nbsp;Chung-Ying Lin","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long COVID symptoms (i.e., experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 for 3 months post-COVID-19) affect individuals’ health and their quality of life (QoL). However, the pathways through which it does so are not fully known.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study examined the mediating roles of sleep quality, psychological distress, and self-stigma in the associations between long COVID symptoms and QoL among individuals with mental illness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals with mental illness (<i>n</i> = 333) were recruited from a psychiatric center in southern Taiwan to participate in the study. Data were collected regarding sleep quality, psychological distress, self-stigma, and QoL. Independent <i>t</i>-tests, Pearson correlations, and regression with Hayes’ Process Macro were used to compare groups, examine relationships, and parallel mediation models, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants with long COVID symptoms had significantly worse sleep quality, psychological distress, physical QoL, and psychological QoL compared to those without symptoms. There were significant relationships between sleep quality, psychological distress, self-stigma, and QoL. Sleep quality significantly mediated the associations between long COVID symptoms and physical and social QoL. Psychological distress significantly mediated the associations between long COVID symptoms and all domains of QoL, but not self-stigma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are alternative pathways (e.g., sleep quality and psychological distress) through which long COVID symptoms may affect the QoL of individuals with mental illness. The findings suggest that individuals with long COVID symptoms have a higher chance of having poor QoL. Therefore, there may be the need for counseling and possible therapy for those who contract COVID-19, especially among individuals who already have mental illness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of Control Eating in Adults With Impulsive and/or Inattentive Tendencies","authors":"Laura Christie,&nbsp;James H. Smith-Spark,&nbsp;Rachel D. Teodorini","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70092","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous research has tended to consider impulsive, inattentive, and loss of control eating (LOC) tendencies as symptoms of greater pathologies in treatment-seeking samples. However, inattentive and impulsive tendencies and LOC often co-occur. Although LOC is an important diagnostic component of disordered eating (ED), it has recently been argued to be a dysregulated eating behavior in its own right. The purpose of the current self-report study was, therefore, to investigate the association between impulsive and inattentive tendencies and LOC in adults after accounting for ED.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A community sample of 516 adults was surveyed online about their inattentive and impulsive tendencies, LOC, and ED behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A hierarchical multiple linear regression revealed ED, inattentive, and impulsive symptoms to be independent, significant, positive predictors of LOC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that the levels of inattentive and, to a lesser extent, impulsive tendencies are significantly associated with LOC in adults, even after ED is accounted for. Moreover, inattentive tendencies were found to be more significantly associated with LOC than impulsive tendencies. These are novel and important findings that can be used to inform both clinicians and individuals with inattentive and impulsive tendencies alike of this association. Considering the well-documented adverse health and wellbeing outcomes associated with LOC, future feasibility trials are needed aimed at treating this co-occurrence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Attention and Suicidal Ideation Among Patients With Adult-Onset Chronic Schizophrenia","authors":"Qiongzhang Wang,&nbsp;Yurou Zhou,&nbsp;Weiqian Xu,&nbsp;Wei Tang,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with chronic schizophrenia (SZ) have a high risk of suicide, and their cognition function is impaired. We aimed to explore the relationship between attention and suicidal ideation among patients with adult-onset chronic SZ.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 416 patients with adult-onset chronic SZ were enrolled in this study. We divided patients into suicidal ideation group and non-suicidal ideation group according to the evaluation results of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Psychotic symptoms were measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognitive function was measured by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Insomnia symptoms were measured by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Age was significantly different (44.28 ± 10.58 vs. 48.46 ± 12.23, <i>t</i> = 10.64, <i>p</i> = 0.001) between the two groups, and the patients with suicidal ideation were younger than patients without suicidal ideation. The positive symptom scores of the PANSS, the scores of ISI, and attention scores of RBANS were higher in patients with suicidal ideation than patients without suicidal ideation (17.30 ± 5.67 vs. 15.58 ± 4.90, <i>t</i> = 9.633, <i>p</i> = 0.002; 3.00 [1.00–6.00] vs. 2.00 [1.00–3.50], <i>Z</i> = −2.048, <i>p</i> = 0.041; 81.80 ± 14.99 vs. 76.91 ± 13.88, <i>t</i> = 10.101, <i>p</i> = 0.002). In the logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio [OR], 0.973; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], [0.955–0.992]; <i>p</i> = 0.005), positive symptom scores of PANSS (OR, 1.063; 95%CI, [1.019–1.109]; <i>p</i> = 0.005), ISI scores (OR, 1.098; 95%CI, [1.037–1.163]; <i>p</i> = 0.001), and attention scores of RBANS (OR, 1.029; 95%CI, [1.013–1.047]; <i>p</i> = 0.001) were independently associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation among patients with adult-onset chronic SZ.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High attention scores of RBANS were a risk factor for suicidal ideation among patients with adult-onset chronic SZ.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Residual Inhibition Predict the Success of Sound Enrichment Treatment for Tinnitus?","authors":"Eser Sendesen,&nbsp;Didem Turkyilmaz","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to investigate whether residual inhibition (RI), which provides information on the relationship between tinnitus and increased spontaneous activity in the auditory system, is a predictor for the success of sound enrichment treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tinnitus patients were divided into two groups based on whether RI was achieved (RI+) or not (RI−). All participants underwent sound enrichment. Psychosomatic measures (for tinnitus severity, discomfort, attention deficit and sleep difficulties), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), minimum masking level (MML), and tinnitus loudness level (TLL) results were compared before and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study sample</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sixty-seven chronic tinnitus patients were divided into two groups based on whether RI was achieved (RI+) or not (RI−). There were 38 patients in the RI+ group and 29 in the RI− group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in psychosomatic measures, THI, MML and TLL scores at the post-treatment 6 months after treatment (<i>p</i> &lt;.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in psychosomatic measures, THI, MML and TLL scores during the treatment period in the RI+ group, but not in the RI− group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>RI may predict the prognosis of tinnitus treatments used in clinics to reduce the spontaneous firing rate of neurons in the central auditory system, and that RI positivity may be a predictor of treatment success in sound enrichment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Somatization Rates, Frequent Spontaneous Recovery, and a Lack of Organic Biomarkers in Post-Covid-19 Condition","authors":"Anna Tröscher,&nbsp;Patrick Gebetsroither,&nbsp;Marc Rindler,&nbsp;Vincent Böhm,&nbsp;Rainer Dormann,&nbsp;Tim von Oertzen,&nbsp;Anna Heidbreder,&nbsp;Raimund Helbok,&nbsp;Judith Wagner","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many patients report neuropsychiatric symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data on prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) vary due to the lack of specific diagnostic criteria, the report of unspecific symptoms, and reliable biomarkers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PCC patients seen in a neurological outpatient department were followed for up to 18 months. Neurological examination, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, Epstein–Barr virus antibodies, and cortisol levels as possible biomarkers, questionnaires to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and somatization (Patient Health Questionnaires D [PHQ-D]), cognition deficits (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), sleep disorders (ISS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), and fatigue (FSS) were included.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 175 consecutive patients (78% females, median age 42 years) were seen between May 2021 and February 2023. Fatigue, subjective stress intolerance, and subjective cognitive deficits were the most common symptoms. Specific scores were positive for fatigue, insomnia, and sleepiness and were present in 95%, 62.1%, and 44.0%, respectively. Cognitive deficits were found in 2.3%. Signs of somatization were identified in 61%, who also had an average of two symptoms more than patients without somatization. Overall, 28% had a psychiatric disorder, including depression and anxiety. At the second visit (<i>n </i>= 92), fatigue (67.3%) and insomnia (45.5%) had decreased. At visit three (<i>n</i> = 43), symptom load had decreased in 76.8%; overall, 51.2% of patients were symptom-free. Biomarker testing did not confirm an anti-EBV response. SARS-CoV-2-specific immune reactions increased over time, and cortisol levels were within the physiological range.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite high initial symptom load, 76.8% improved over time. The prevalence of somatization and psychiatric disorders was high. Our data do not confirm the role of previously suggested biomarkers in PCC patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiological Insights Into Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"Izere Salomon","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70065","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired mobility and posture caused by brain injury or abnormal development. CP relates to a variety of neurological mechanisms and pathways that impact the type and severity of motor disability, as well as comorbidities. The heterogeneity in clinical phenotype, pathogenesis, and etiology poses significant challenges for effective therapeutic intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying CP and evaluate current and prospective therapeutic strategies, highlighting the necessity for targeted interventions to address the disorder's multifaceted nature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A thorough literature review was conducted, focusing on studies published in peer-reviewed journals that explore the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical interventions, and therapeutic strategies for CP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The pathogenesis of CP involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and perinatal factors leading to brain injury. Inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity are critical in CP development. Current therapeutic approaches primarily focus on symptom management through physical and occupational therapy, as well as pharmacological interventions. Emerging therapies, including anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and neuroprotective and neurotrophic agents, show potential but require further validation. Notably, although steroids provide anti-inflammatory benefits, their use in pediatric patients raises concerns regarding long-term adverse effects such as osteoporosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite advances in understanding CP's neurobiological underpinnings, effective therapeutic targets remain elusive. A comprehensive approach addressing CP's heterogeneity is essential. Future research should emphasize in-depth evaluations of the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents, particularly in pediatric populations, to develop targeted and effective treatments for CP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study of the Causal Association Between Ischemic Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and Hydrocephalus","authors":"Wencai Wang,&nbsp;Menghao Liu,&nbsp;Zun Wang,&nbsp;Luyao Ma,&nbsp;Yongqiang Zhao,&nbsp;Wei Ye,&nbsp;Xianfeng Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70090","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The association among coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hydrocephalus remains ambiguous.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a need for a Mendelian randomization study to evaluate the underlying causality between coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hydrocephalus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data source utilized genome-wide association studies, employing a threshold of <i>p </i>&lt; 5 × 10⁻⁸ to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly linked to ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease as instrumental variables (IVs). Five methods—inverse variance weighted (IVW), Mendelian randomization (MR) Egger, Weighted Median, Weighted mode, and Simple mode—utilized the selected IVs to estimate the causality between ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, and hydrocephalus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The IVW demonstrated that ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease serve as risk factors for hydrocephalus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.650, 95% CI: 1.066–2.554, <i>p</i> = 0.025; OR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.023–1.668, <i>p</i> = 0.032). Both the MR-Egger intercept test and Cochran's <i>Q</i> test affirmed the relative reliability of the IVW analysis results. However, no evidence of a reverse causation was observed between hydrocephalus and coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Coronary heart disease and Ischemic stroke may increase the risk of hydrocephalus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effects of Different Cognitive Tasks on Autonomic Nervous System Responses: Implementation of a High-Precision, Low-Cost Complementary Method","authors":"Nazli Karimi Ahmadi,&nbsp;Sezgi Firat Ozgur,&nbsp;Erhan Kiziltan","doi":"10.1002/brb3.70089","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We developed a low-cost, user-friendly complementary research tool to evaluate autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity at varying levels of cognitive workload. This was achieved using visual stimuli as cognitive tasks, administered through a specially designed computer-based test battery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To assess sympathetic stress responses, skin conductance response (SCR) was measured, and electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of cardiac vagal tone. Twenty-five healthy adults participated in the study. SCR and ECG recordings were made during both tonic and phasic phases using a computer-based system designed for visual stimuli. Participants performed a button-pressing task upon seeing the target stimulus, and the relationship between reaction time (RT) and cognitive load was evaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of the data showed higher skin conductance levels (SCLs) during tasks compared to baseline, indicating successful elicitation of sympathetic responses. RTs differed significantly between simple and cognitive tasks, increasing with mental load. Additionally, significant changes in vagally mediated HRV parameters during tasks compared to baseline highlighted the impact of cognitive load on the parasympathetic branch of the ANS, thereby influencing the brain–heart connection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings indicate that the developed research tool can successfully induce cognitive load, significantly affecting SCL, RTs, and HRV. This validates the tool's effectiveness in evaluating ANS responses to cognitive tasks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}