Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Naoxueshu Oral Liquid Attenuates Early Radiation-Induced Brain Injury in Rats.","authors":"Fuguang Li, Xiaolong Qu, Kuiyuan Li, Guosong Li, Shifang Zhou, Min Zhao, Chunyu Zhang, Lei Hui, Wenchao Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71801","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the effect of Naoxueshu Oral Liquid on rats with radiation-induced brain injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 108 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group, an irradiated + normal saline group (RBI+NS), and an irradiated + Naoxueshu Oral Liquid group (RBI+NXS). A radiation-induced brain injury model was established by single-dose whole-brain high-energy X-ray irradiation (30 Gy). After irradiation, rats received Naoxueshu Oral Liquid (0.5 mL/100 g/day, gavage) or normal saline for 14 days. Body weight was monitored, cerebral edema was assessed by brain tissue water content on Days 3, 7, and 14, histopathology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and Morris water maze training was conducted from Day 8 to Day 13 post-irradiation, followed by the probe trial on Day 14 post-irradiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body weight differed significantly among groups after irradiation (Day 3/6/9/12: all p < 0.01). Specifically, at Day 12, body weight was 328.17±20.10 g (control), 258.50±18.87 g (RBI+NS), and 302.83 ± 10.87 g (RBI+NXS); RBI+NXS was higher than RBI+NS (p < 0.01), while control versus RBI+NS remained different (p < 0.01). H&E staining showed widened perineuronal and perivascular spaces after irradiation, which were attenuated by Naoxueshu. In the Morris water maze, RBI+NS rats exhibited prolonged latency and fewer platform crossings; these impairments were improved after Naoxueshu treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Naoxueshu Oral Liquid reduced cerebral edema and improved Morris water maze performance in rats after whole-brain irradiation. Because behavioral outcomes were assessed only using the Morris water maze, the cognitive-related findings should be interpreted cautiously.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":"e71801"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexmedetomidine Inhibition of GABA Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area Attenuates the Depth of Sedation in Mice.","authors":"Jin Rao, Gaolin Qiu, Jiansheng Wang, Yuanhai Li","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71835","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dexmedetomidine is a sedative anesthetic with a unique ability to produce an arousable state of sedation. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this arousable sedation remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have implicated dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in mediating this effect, but the upstream neural circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, although VTA GABAergic neurons exert robust inhibitory effects on dopaminergic neurons, their specific role in dexmedetomidine-induced arousable sedation remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Vgat-Cre transgenic mice were used to investigate the role of VTA GABAergic neurons in dexmedetomidine-induced arousable sedation. Electroencephalography (EEG), fiber photometry, calcium imaging, GABA neurotransmitter sensing, chemogenetic manipulation, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess neuronal activity, GABAergic signaling, and behavioral responses to dexmedetomidine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fiber photometry using the calcium indicator GCaMP6m revealed that dexmedetomidine inhibited VTA GABAergic neurons. Fiber photometry with the GABA neurotransmitter sensor iGABASnFR demonstrated that dexmedetomidine increased GABAergic input to VTA GABAergic neurons. Chemogenetic manipulation combined with EEG demonstrated that activating VTA GABAergic neurons deepened dexmedetomidine-induced sedation, whereas inhibiting these neurons attenuated sedation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that dexmedetomidine increases GABAergic input to VTA GABAergic neurons and suppresses their activity, potentially contributing to its arousable sedative effects. Further studies are needed to establish the causal role of this neural circuit mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":"e71835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Metric EEG Connectivity and Graph Analysis Reveal Altered Resting-State Networks in Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Sushmit Jahan Rose, A H M Rahmatullah Imon, Rushdania Bushra, Nafis Ahmed, Moha Tasneem Habib Warid","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71842","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>EEG functional-connectivity studies in major depressive disorder (MDD) have produced inconsistent findings, partly because different estimators capture distinct aspects of neural coupling. We implemented a multi-metric resting-state EEG approach combining linear, phase-based, nonlinear, and graph-theoretical measures to characterize frequency-dependent sensor-level connectivity alterations and identify sensor-level network patterns relevant to depression-related dysconnectivity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Resting-state EEG from 30 DSM-IV MDD participants and 28 healthy controls was analyzed using a 19-channel 10-20 montage. After MNE-Python preprocessing, including filtering, ICA-based artifact removal, current source density (CSD) transformation, and symmetric orthogonalization, coherence, PLV, PLI, and MI were computed across theta, alpha, and beta bands. Edge-wise differences were tested using Brunner-Munzel with Holm correction, confirmed with Westfall-Young maxT correction, and summarized using Hedges' g and graph measures.</p><p><strong>Finding: </strong>MDD showed frequency- and metric-dependent sensor-level connectivity alterations. Theta coherence, PLV, and PLI were dominated by lower connectivity across frontal-to-posterior, fronto-central, temporal/posterior-temporal, parieto-occipital, and central-to-occipital sensor pairs, whereas theta MI showed few increased frontal/fronto-temporal effects. Alpha findings were more selective, with mainly lower coherence and PLV across frontopolar/frontal-to-central, fronto-midline, and posterior links, while alpha MI showed a limited mixed pattern. In beta, coherence, PLV, and PLI showed sparse robust reductions, whereas beta MI showed widespread increased statistical dependence. Graph-theoretical summaries at 20% proportional density showed mainly lower mean weighted strength and global efficiency in theta- and alpha-band networks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate frequency- and metric-dependent resting-state EEG sensor-level connectivity alterations in MDD. The dominant pattern was lower theta/alpha connectivity across distributed sensor pairs, alongside increased beta MI-based dependence. The results provide corrected, effect-size-informed evidence of altered inter-sensor coordination without establishing dysfunction of specific cortical regions or named networks. This framework may support future hypothesis-driven research in independent, clinically annotated, higher-density EEG or multimodal datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":"e71842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13684065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Cognitive Function With Event-Related Potentials and Immune Inflammation in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Lu Yang, Liemin Ruan, Zhongze Lou, Zhenglai Liu, Yiqin Huang, Li Zhang, Yunxin Ji","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71802","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate cognitive function changes in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and examine their associations with depression severity, event-related potentials (ERP), T lymphocyte subsets, and inflammatory cytokines to identify exploratory clinical and biological correlates for cognitive impairment in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 89 adolescent patients with MDD and 30 healthy controls, matched for age and gender. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), depression severity with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD17), and anxiety with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. ERP were recorded, and blood samples were analyzed for T lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory cytokines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents with MDD exhibited significantly lower MoCA scores, indicating cognitive impairment, particularly in attention, delayed recall, and executive function. ERP component analysis showed prolonged latencies and decreased amplitudes in the MDD group. Increased serum concentrations of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6, and elevated percentages of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells were observed in the depressive group, with positive correlations between CD3+ cells and MoCA scores and between CD3+CD8+ cells and HAMD17 scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adolescents with MDD showed lower cognitive performance, which was associated with depression severity and immune-inflammatory indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":"e71802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Factor XIa Inhibitors for Secondary Prevention After Noncardioembolic Ischemic Stroke or High-Risk Transient Ischemic Attack: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mirza Ammar Arshad, Hina Nadeem, Maham Afzal, Abbas Ali, Rasheeda Shehroz, Affan Khalid, Zaiya Waseem, Ahsan Raza Raja, Eman Naeem Cheema, F N U Hizbullah, Gulleena Junaid, Asad Ali Ahmed Cheema","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with recent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA) remain at risk of recurrent events despite antiplatelet therapy. Oral factor XIa (FXIa) inhibitors may reduce thrombotic risk while limiting bleeding, but their adjunctive efficacy and safety require clarification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through May 2026 for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of oral FXIa inhibitors added to antiplatelet therapy. Primary efficacy and safety outcomes were recurrent ischemic stroke and major bleeding. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three trials randomized 16,501 participants overall, of whom 14,239 contributed to the primary selected-dose efficacy analysis. FXIa inhibition reduced recurrent ischemic stroke (413/6927 vs. 579/7312; RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84; I² = 0%; p < 0.00001). No statistically significant differences were observed in major bleeding (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.87-1.44), major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.91-2.15), clinically relevant non-major bleeding (RR 1.49, 95% CI 0.85-2.60), minor or non-actionable bleeding (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.84-1.05), intracranial or intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.75-1.79), or fatal bleeding (RR 1.75, 95% CI 0.74-4.17); however, confidence intervals for several bleeding outcomes were wide and did not exclude clinically important harm. Findings remained consistent in the all-dose sensitivity analysis (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.86; I² = 0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with recent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or high-risk TIA receiving antiplatelet therapy, pooled randomized evidence showed a reduction in recurrent ischemic stroke with oral FXIa inhibition; however, the estimate was predominantly driven by the phase 3 asundexian trial, limiting certainty regarding generalization across individual FXIa inhibitors. Major bleeding and other safety outcomes were not significantly increased, although rare-event estimates were imprecise and clinically important harm cannot be excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13691415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149262549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brewing Anxiety: Caffeine-Induced Thigmotaxis in Zebrafish Larvae","authors":"Rishi Rai,&nbsp;Thais Del Rosario Hernandez,&nbsp;Robbert Creton","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71769","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71769","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thigmotaxis, or edge preference, is widely used as a measure of anxiety in vertebrate model systems. However, variability in this behavior limits its utility as a scalable measure for anxiolytic drug discovery. In the current study, we examine caffeine-induced thigmotaxis, using 5-day-old zebrafish larvae as a model system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We modified our imaging system and AI-assisted analysis for measurements of behavior in six-well plates. The imaging system was used to measure thigmotaxis and several other behaviors, including overall activity, scoot and burst swimming, and responses to acoustic and visual stimuli.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Result</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Caffeine (100 mg/L) caused the zebrafish larvae to exhibit increased edge preference, decreased activity, increased scooting, and decreased bursting behavior. Coadministration with diazepam (0.25 mg/L), a central nervous system depressant, significantly reduced caffeine-induced thigmotaxis and increased locomotor activity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings support edge preference as a reliable measure of anxiety and reconcile existing conflicting results regarding diazepam's anxiolytic efficacy in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that anxiolytic effects are most pronounced against a heightened anxiety baseline. These findings also establish a robust platform for high-throughput identification of anxiolytic compounds with potential relevance for treating anxiety and related stress in humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13625816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an Exploratory DBT–Based Psychotherapy Program for Suicide-Related Symptoms in Chinese Outpatients With Affective Disorders","authors":"Chanchan Hu,&nbsp;Jingkai Chen,&nbsp;Zhong Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Zhou,&nbsp;Yujin Yang,&nbsp;Shuguang Li,&nbsp;Ruili Zhang,&nbsp;Jianbo Lai,&nbsp;Jianbo Hu,&nbsp;Manli Huang,&nbsp;Shaohua Hu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71827","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71827","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This exploratory pilot study aimed to examine the potential effects of a shortened, individually delivered dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)-based intervention added to pharmacotherapy on suicide-related outcomes among Chinese outpatients with affective disorders.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-one participants recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinics of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, were randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in the research group received pharmacotherapy plus a shortened, individually delivered DBT-based intervention, whereas those in the control group received pharmacotherapy alone. Participants completed baseline assessments, 12 weeks of treatment, and 12 weeks of follow-up, with assessments performed every 4 weeks. Outcomes included suicide risk or severity, depression, anxiety, and hopelessness assessed using self-report scales.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After adjustment for baseline values using repeated-measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA), the between-group effect on suicide risk showed a marginal trend favoring the DBT-based psychotherapy group, but did not reach conventional statistical significance (<i>F</i> = 4.26, <i>p</i> = 0.054). The time effect (<i>F</i> = 0.234, <i>p</i> = 0.965) and time-by-group interaction (<i>F</i> = 1.306, <i>p</i> = 0.261) for suicide risk were not statistically significant. Depressive symptoms showed a significant time effect across the follow-up period, whereas most suicide-related and hopelessness outcomes were not statistically significant. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary because of the small sample size and baseline imbalance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results provided preliminary pilot evidence that a shortened DBT-based intervention may be feasible and potentially beneficial as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in this clinical population. However, the primary suicide-risk outcome did not show a statistically significant between-group effect. Larger adequately powered trials with baseline-adjusted analyses and more comprehensive outcome assessment are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment: Neural Mechanisms and Neurofeedback-Based Interventions","authors":"Zhiqiang Ma,&nbsp;Yutong Liu,&nbsp;Mengyuan Chen,&nbsp;Mengyang Wang,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71817","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71817","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thyroid dysfunction has emerged as a significant contributor to global public health challenges, with mounting evidence indicating its impact on cognitive function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current literature was synthesized to examine the association between thyroid dysfunction and cognitive impairments, the underlying neural mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A critical gap identified in this review is the incomplete understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying thyroid-related cognitive decline, which hampers the development of targeted interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neurofeedback is examined as a potential therapeutic approach for cognitive rehabilitation, and future research directions are proposed to advance this field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glymphatic System Dysfunction and its Associated Factors in Wilson's Disease: A DTI–ALPS Study","authors":"Ling Zhu,&nbsp;Tong Wu,&nbsp;Liang-Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Qin-yuan Liu,&nbsp;Liang-liang Zhang,&nbsp;Bin Song,&nbsp;Yu-long Zhu,&nbsp;Lei Hua,&nbsp;Long Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Quan Sun,&nbsp;Ben-chun Xue,&nbsp;Yin Xu,&nbsp;Yong-zhu Han,&nbsp;Yong-sheng Han","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71658","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71658","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wilson's disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper (Cu) metabolism that causes Cu accumulation in multiple organs, particularly the liver and brain, resulting in progressive multisystem damage. This study investigated glymphatic system function and its associated factors in patients with WD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-one patients with WD (19 hepatic, 52 neurological) and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. The analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index was quantified using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI–ALPS). Comparisons were performed between patients and than HCs, and across WD phenotypes, and correlations with clinical characteristics were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared with HCs, patients with WD exhibited significantly reduced ALPS index (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Patients with neurological WD had a significantly lower ALPS index than those with hepatic WD (<i>p</i> = 0.018) and HCs (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). No significant difference was observed between patients with hepatic WD and HCs (<i>p</i> = 0.077). In neurological WD, the ALPS index was significantly higher on the left side than that on the right (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), whereas no significant interhemispheric differences were found in hepatic WD or HCs (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). In neurological WD, the ALPS index correlated positively with albumin, fasting blood glucose, and the white matter volume-to-total intracranial volume ratio (V_WM/TIV ratio), and negatively with age, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the unified WD rating scale-part I (UWDRS-I) score. Multiple regression identified age, AST, and the UWDRS-I score as independent predictors of reduced ALPS index.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neurological WD was associated with impaired glymphatic system function and altered lateralization. Age, AST, and the UWDRS-I score were independently associated with dysfunction.Glymphatic function, assessed by DTI–ALPS index, was impaired in neurological WD compared with the hepatic phenotype and controls. Age, AST, and UWDRS-I score independently predicted dysfunction, linking neurodegeneration, liver injury, and altered glymphatic activity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13625821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Persian Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT) in Older Adult Outpatients","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Sadeghi,&nbsp;Amirreza Esmaeili,&nbsp;Maryam Pourshams,&nbsp;Vahid Saeedi,&nbsp;Seyed Kazem Malakouti,&nbsp;Leila Kamalzadeh","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71818","DOIUrl":"10.1002/brb3.71818","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early detection of neurocognitive disorders is crucial for timely intervention in older adults. The Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT) is a brief screening tool designed for rapid cognitive assessment, but a validated Persian version has not been available to date. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically evaluate the Persian version of the 6-CIT among Iranian older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this prospective cross-sectional psychometric validation and diagnostic accuracy study, 180 participants aged ≥ 60 years were recruited from outpatient geriatric clinics and categorized into three equal groups: normal cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and dementia. Diagnoses were established by a geriatric psychiatrist using DSM-5 criteria, and severity was staged using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) criteria. Reliability was assessed through internal consistency (Cronbach's <i>α</i>) and test–retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 3,1). Validity was examined via convergent validity with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Youden's J index.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Persian 6-CIT demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's <i>α</i> = 0.836) and strong test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.849). A strong negative correlation with the MMSE supported convergent validity (<i>ρ</i> = –0.919, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). PCA supported a unidimensional structure explaining 71.72% of the total variance. ROC analysis for dementia yielded an AUC of 0.984 (95% CI: 0.961–1.000); a cutoff score of ≥ 11 provided 96.7% sensitivity and 85.8% specificity, while a cutoff of ≥ 14 maximized overall mathematical accuracy (93.3% sensitivity, 94.2% specificity). Furthermore, diagnostic accuracy for MCI was also high (AUC = 0.976, 95% CI: 0.947–0.997), with an optimal cutoff of ≥ 2 yielding 96.7% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Persian 6-CIT is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument for screening both MCI and dementia among Iranian older adults in specialized outpatient settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9081,"journal":{"name":"Brain and Behavior","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}