Psychological review最新文献

{"title":"The social relations-approach theory of social hierarchy: Understanding the distinct psychological experiences of status and power.","authors":"Nicholas A Hays,Alice J Lee,Steven L Blader,Adam D Galinsky","doi":"10.1037/rev0000618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000618","url":null,"abstract":"Despite extensive research on the psychology of power, relatively little theorizing has addressed the psychological experience of the other prevalent base of social hierarchy: status. Furthermore, the field lacks a unified theoretical framework that accounts for the psychological experience of both status and power. To address these gaps, we introduce the social relations-approach theory of social hierarchy. Our theory identifies social relations and approach orientation as the two fundamental dimensions that shape how individuals psychologically experience social hierarchy. We propose that status and power have divergent effects along the social relations dimension but similar effects along the approach dimension. Along the social relations dimension, status heightens a sense of symmetric interdependence across status levels. In contrast, power enhances asymmetric interdependence, with high power experiencing a sense of independence and low power experiencing a sense of dependence. Along the approach dimension, we propose that high power and high status each increase approach orientation but do so through different mechanisms shaped by the social relations dimension. We then offer novel propositions about how status and power differentially guide intrapsychic processes (group identification and attention to and action in pursuit of collective vs. personal goals) and interpersonal processes (trust and rank maintenance concerns). We also theorize how status and power operate in tandem (e.g., when one is high and one is low) and are moderated by properties of the hierarchy, the individual, the group, and national culture. Overall, our theory provides a parsimonious and generative understanding of the psychological experience of social hierarchy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolutionary transition from intentional to overt communication: The role of script recognition.","authors":"Christine Sievers,Cameron Alexander,Derry Taylor,Gökhan Gönül,Fabrice Clément,Klaus Zuberbühler,Hans-Johann Glock","doi":"10.1037/rev0000622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000622","url":null,"abstract":"Human communication is generally overt: We address each other with verbal cues, use eye contact, and point for each other, all to be understood and avoid misunderstandings. What are the cognitive underpinnings and evolutionary roots of overt communication? For decades, the Gricean interpretation of overt communication was taken for granted, despite two widely recognized problems: a developmental paradox in language acquisition and a methodological barrier to identifying the presence of its signature features in nonhuman animals. We introduce a further challenge: the \"signaler assumption problem.\" This concerns the mechanism of how signalers are supposed to establish \"common ground.\" We avoid these problems by replacing the Gricean approach with an evolutionarily grounded version of script theory, originally developed to model procedural knowledge. Our updated version of script theory posits that individuals recognize recurring situations as belonging to basic event schemata that form larger sets of patterned social interactions. In social interactions, individuals follow a finite number of scripts and understand others as following the same scripts. If the scripts of different individuals align during a social interaction, common ground is established. It is this common ground rather than mutual higher order mentalizing that renders a predominantly overt communication system possible. We review the theoretical and empirical literature and argue that the perception of social events as hierarchically structured scripts fostered the evolution of overt communication. Script theory offers an empirically more plausible and more parsimonious evolutionary explanation of the emergence of human linguistic communication than Gricean assumptions of complex mentalizing abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"325 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive variability in humans, pigeons, and rats.","authors":"Janne Reynders,Tom Verguts,Senne Braem","doi":"10.1037/rev0000620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000620","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptively variable behavior can be advantageous in various fields such as sports (unpredictability), art (creativity), science (innovation), and problem solving (thinking outside the box). Although previous studies identified experimental conditions under which humans and nonhuman animals show increased variable decision making, we have only a limited understanding of its underlying cognitive mechanisms. Using a reinforcement learning model, we simulate three different theorized strategies in an adversarial reward learning environment that requires very high variability. These mechanisms are (a) relying on a stochastic generator, (b) increasing one's learning rate, or (c) upvaluing unchosen actions. A systematic parameter search and a policy gradient metalearning algorithm both show that agents can adaptively increase variability with each of those strategies. Next, we fitted our model on existing data sets with humans, pigeons, and rats as subjects in adversarial environments. While all three species can engage in highly variable behavior, we find that only humans upvalue unchosen actions as a strategy to achieve variability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Adaptive Variability in Humans, Pigeons, and Rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000620.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000620.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spiking the mind: Rethinking the role of cortical feedback in visual mental imagery.","authors":"Roger Koenig-Robert, Thomas Pace, Joel Pearson","doi":"10.1037/rev0000621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000621","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research has revealed similarities between visual mental imagery and visual perception. Visual imagery is supported by cortical feedback involving multiple visual areas, including the primary visual cortex, and functionally interacts with perception. This has led to the assumption that imagery is \"perception in reverse,\" with feedback connections driving action potentials in early visual areas. However, evidence on feedback mechanisms is mixed, often exerting modulation (often as negative gain control) in sensory areas. Here, we examine and interpret the current understanding of feedback mechanisms related to visual imagery, integrating this with its functional effects and neural correlates. Finally, we put forward a new hypothesis, along with testable predictions, proposing that imagery reshapes spontaneous neural activity rather than producing spiking in early visual areas. This new framework explains many of the properties of visual imagery while providing a better general understanding of feedback and brain function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future-oriented mental time travel and self-reinforcement.","authors":"Ekrem Dere","doi":"10.1037/rev0000624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000624","url":null,"abstract":"Future-oriented mental time travel is a highly adaptive cognitive behavior that makes everyday life much more predictable, rewarding, and successful. It can protect people from potential harm and facilitate coping with social and professional challenges. However, it is not yet fully understood in which respect people who act proactively or with foresight differ from those who tend not to plan ahead and obviously prefer rather spontaneous solutions. In an attempt to explain such interindividual differences, the self-reinforcement hypothesis of future-oriented mental time travel, which is based on behaviorist learning theory, is presented. Possible neurophysiological substrates underlying this mechanism are discussed, and experimental proof of concept approaches are proposed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational causal induction from events in time.","authors":"Tianwei Gong, M Pacer, Thomas L Griffiths, Neil R Bramley","doi":"10.1037/rev0000570","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A longstanding focus in the causal learning literature has been on inferring causal relations from contingencies, where these abstract away from time by collating independent instances or by aggregating over regularly demarcated trials. In contrast, individual causal learners encounter events in their daily lives that occur in a continuous temporal flow with no such demarcation. Consequently, the process of learning causal relationships in naturalistic environments is comparatively less understood. In this article, we lay out a rational framework that foregrounds the role of time in causal learning. We work within the Bayesian rational analysis tradition, starting by considering how causal relations induce dependence between events in continuous time and how this can be modeled by stochastic processes from the Poisson-Gamma distribution family. We derive the qualitative signatures of causal influence and the general computations needed to infer structure from temporal patterns. We show that this rational account can parsimoniously explain the human preference for causal models that invoke shorter, more reliable, and more predictable causal influences. Furthermore, we show this provides a unifying explanation for human judgments across a wide variety of tasks in the reanalysis of seven experimental data sets. We anticipate the framework will help researchers better understand the many manifestations of continuous-time causal learning across human cognition and the tasks that probe it, from explicit causal structure induction settings to implicit associative or reinforcement learning settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"584-618"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting to loss: A computational model of grief.","authors":"Zack Dulberg, Rachit Dubey, Jonathan D Cohen","doi":"10.1037/rev0000567","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grief is a reaction to loss that is observed across human cultures and even in other species. While the particular expressions of grief vary significantly, universal aspects include experiences of emotional pain and frequent remembering of what was lost. Despite its prevalence, and its obvious nature, considering grief from a functional perspective is puzzling: <i>Why</i> do we grieve? Why is it <i>painful</i>? And why is it sometimes prolonged enough to be clinically impairing? Using the framework of reinforcement learning with memory replay, we offer answers to these questions and suggest, counterintuitively, that grief may function to maximize future reward. That is, grieving may help to unlearn old habits so that alternative sources of reward can be found. We additionally perform a set of simulations that identify and explore optimal grieving parameters and use our model to account for empirical phenomena such as individual differences in human grief trajectories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"737-752"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Bridging the gap between subjective probability and probability judgments: The quantum sequential sampler\" by Huang et al. (2025).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000608","url":null,"abstract":"Reports an error in \"Bridging the gap between subjective probability and probability judgments: The quantum sequential sampler\" by Jiaqi Huang, Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zo Ebelt and Emmanuel M. Pothos (Psychological Review, 2025[Jul], Vol 132[4], 916-955; see record 2025-25219-001). The authors noticed a typo in Equation 17. In the matrix shown, the entry in the fourth row should be \"(0 0 β+ … . .)\" instead of \"(0 β+ … . .)\". A zero is missing from the fourth row. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-25219-001.) One of the most important challenges in decision theory has been how to reconcile the normative expectations from Bayesian theory with the apparent fallacies that are common in probabilistic reasoning. Recently, Bayesian models have been driven by the insight that apparent fallacies are due to sampling errors or biases in estimating (Bayesian) probabilities. An alternative way to explain apparent fallacies is by invoking different probability rules, specifically the probability rules from quantum theory. Arguably, quantum cognitive models offer a more unified explanation for a large body of findings, problematic from a baseline classical perspective. This work addresses two major corresponding theoretical challenges: first, a framework is needed which incorporates both Bayesian and quantum influences, recognizing the fact that there is evidence for both in human behavior. Second, there is empirical evidence which goes beyond any current Bayesian and quantum model. We develop a model for probabilistic reasoning, seamlessly integrating both Bayesian and quantum models of reasoning and augmented by a sequential sampling process, which maps subjective probabilistic estimates to observable responses. Our model, called the Quantum Sequential Sampler, is compared to the currently leading Bayesian model, the Bayesian Sampler (J. Zhu et al., 2020) using a new experiment, producing one of the largest data sets in probabilistic reasoning to this day. The Quantum Sequential Sampler embodies several new components, which we argue offer a more theoretically accurate approach to probabilistic reasoning. Moreover, our empirical tests revealed a new, surprising systematic overestimation of probabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"66 1","pages":"769"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive computation as a new mechanism of dynamic human attention.","authors":"Mario Belledonne, Eivinas Butkus, Brian J Scholl, Ilker Yildirim","doi":"10.1037/rev0000572","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A key role for attention is to continually focus visual processing to satisfy our goals. How does this work in computational terms? Here we introduce <i>adaptive computation</i>-a new computational mechanism of human attention that bridges the momentary application of perceptual computations with their impact on decision outcomes. Adaptive computation is a dynamic algorithm that rations perceptual computations across objects on-the-fly, enabled by a novel and general formulation of task relevance. We evaluate adaptive computation in a case study of multiple object tracking (MOT)-a paradigmatic example of selection as a dynamic process, where observers track a set of target objects moving amid visually identical distractors. Adaptive computation explains the attentional dynamics of object selection with unprecedented depth. It not only recapitulates several classic features of MOT (e.g., trial-level tracking accuracy and localization error of targets), but also captures properties that have not previously been measured or modeled-including both the subsecond patterns of attentional deployment between objects, and the resulting sense of subjective effort. Critically, this approach captures such data within a framework that is in-principle domain-general, and, unlike past models, without using any MOT-specific heuristic components. Beyond this case study, we also look to the future, discussing how adaptive computation may apply more generally, providing a new type of mechanistic model for the dynamic operation of many forms of visual attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"534-559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}