Nature Human Behaviour最新文献

{"title":"How to do research in classroom settings","authors":"Sébastien Goudeau, Matthew J. Easterbrook, Marie-Pierre Fayant","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02027-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02027-y","url":null,"abstract":"Research conducted in classrooms has theoretical, methodological and practical implications, but also entails addressing challenges related to internal and external validity, replicability and ethics. Here we illuminate the issues involved in each step of the research process and offer practical recommendations to address them.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human culture is uniquely open-ended rather than uniquely cumulative","authors":"Thomas J. H. Morgan, Marcus W. Feldman","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02035-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02035-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Theories of how humans came to be so ecologically dominant increasingly centre on the adaptive abilities of human culture and its capacity for cumulative change and high-fidelity transmission. Here we revisit this hypothesis by comparing human culture with animal cultures and cases of epigenetic inheritance and parental effects. We first conclude that cumulative change and high transmission fidelity are not unique to human culture as previously thought, and so they are unlikely to explain its adaptive qualities. We then evaluate the evidence for seven alternative explanations: the inheritance of acquired characters, the pathways of inheritance, the non-random generation of variation, the scope of heritable variation, effects on organismal fitness, effects on genetic fitness and effects on evolutionary dynamics. From these, we identify the open-ended scope of human cultural variation as a key, but generally neglected, phenomenon. We end by articulating a hypothesis for the cognitive basis of this open-endedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale exome sequencing identified 18 novel genes for neuroticism in 394,005 UK-based individuals","authors":"Xin-Rui Wu, Ze-Yu Li, Liu Yang, Ying Liu, Chen-Jie Fei, Yue-Ting Deng, Wei-Shi Liu, Bang-Sheng Wu, Qiang Dong, Jian-Feng Feng, Wei Cheng, Jin-Tai Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02045-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02045-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing genetic studies of neuroticism have been largely limited to common variants. Here we performed a large-scale exome analysis of white British individuals from UK Biobank, revealing the role of coding variants in neuroticism. For rare variants, collapsing analysis uncovered 14 neuroticism-associated genes. Among these, 12 (<i>PTPRE</i>, <i>BCL10</i>, <i>TRIM32</i>, <i>ANKRD12</i>, <i>ADGRB2</i>, <i>MON2</i>, <i>HIF1A</i>, <i>ITGB2</i>, <i>STK39</i>, <i>CAPNS2</i>, <i>OGFOD1</i> and <i>KDM4B</i>) were novel, and the remaining (<i>MADD</i> and <i>TRPC4AP</i>) showed convergent evidence with common variants. Heritability of rare coding variants was estimated to be up to 7.3% for neuroticism. For common variants, we identified 78 significant associations, implicating 6 unreported genes. We subsequently replicated these variants using meta-analysis across other four ancestries from UK Biobank and summary data from 23andMe sample. Furthermore, these variants had widespread impacts on neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive abilities and brain structure. Our findings deepen the understanding of neuroticism’s genetic architecture and provide potential targets for future mechanistic research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory","authors":"Ying Fan, Muzhi Wang, Fang Fang, Nai Ding, Huan Luo","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02047-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02047-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Working memory (WM) is constructive in nature. Instead of passively retaining information, WM reorganizes complex sequences into hierarchically embedded chunks to overcome capacity limits and facilitate flexible behaviour. Here, to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying hierarchical reorganization in WM, we performed two electroencephalography and one magnetoencephalography experiments, wherein humans retain in WM a temporal sequence of items, that is, syllables, which are organized into chunks, that is, multisyllabic words. We demonstrate that the one-dimensional sequence is represented by two-dimensional neural representational geometry in WM arising from left prefrontal and temporoparietal regions, with separate dimensions encoding item position within a chunk and chunk position in the sequence. Critically, this two-dimensional geometry is observed consistently in different experimental settings, even during tasks not encouraging hierarchical reorganization in WM and correlates with WM behaviour. Overall, these findings strongly support that complex sequences are reorganized into factorized multidimensional neural representational geometry in WM, which also speaks to general structure-based organizational principles given WM’s involvement in many cognitive functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial biases in polygraphs and their legal implications","authors":"Freya Whittaker, Angelica DeFalco, Steven M. Sanders, Emily R. Perkins, Keanan J. Joyner, Daniel E. Bradford","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02025-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02025-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Widely used in research since the 1800s, SCR (also known as the galvanic skin response or electrodermal activity) measures changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin due to sweat gland activity. SCR has historically been considered a ‘gold standard’ for the objective biological measurement of fear and anxiety. However, myriad emotional, cognitive and physical factors can influence sweating and thereby SCR magnitude, which demonstrates it indexes general arousal. Individuals may exhibit increased SCR when stressed (for example, being deceptive or simply attempting to understand a difficult question) or for reasons unrelated to stress (for example, positive emotions such as happiness or non-emotional processes such as focusing attention⁴). As such, SCR has inherently poor specificity and discriminant validity as a measure of anxiety⁵.</p><p>Since the 1920s, SCR has been a major component of polygraph testing, which has entrenched it in the criminal legal system⁴. Currently, polygraph examinations remain controversial owing to concerns about reliability and validity. Although judges have substantial discretion over whether polygraph results can be presented to the jury⁶, about half of US states still allow polygraph evidence with stipulated agreement by both the defence and prosecution before administering the test. Furthermore, polygraph examinations are also widely accepted as evidence in criminal cases across Europe, in civil cases in China and for all cases in Colombia⁶. Polygraphs are also used at earlier stages of law enforcement to verify witness statements and to justify further interrogation of suspects⁶, and at later stages to track progress under court supervision (for example, monitoring of individuals convicted of a sexual offence).</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association and causal mediation between marital status and depression in seven countries","authors":"Xiaobing Zhai, Henry H. Y. Tong, Chi Kin Lam, Abao Xing, Yuyang Sha, Gang Luo, Weiyu Meng, Junfeng Li, Miao Zhou, Yangxi Huang, Ling Shing Wong, Cuicui Wang, Kefeng Li","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02033-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02033-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Depression represents a significant global public health challenge, and marital status has been recognized as a potential risk factor. However, previous investigations of this association have primarily focused on Western samples with substantial heterogeneity. Our study aimed to examine the association between marital status and depressive symptoms across countries with diverse cultural backgrounds using a large-scale, two-stage, cross-country analysis. We used nationally representative, de-identified individual-level data from seven countries, including the USA, the UK, Mexico, Ireland, Korea, China and Indonesia (106,556 cross-sectional and 20,865 longitudinal participants), representing approximately 541 million adults. The follow-up duration ranged from 4 to 18 years. Our analysis revealed that unmarried individuals had a higher risk of depressive symptoms than their married counterparts across all countries (pooled odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61–2.14). However, the magnitude of this risk was influenced by country, sex and education level, with greater risk in Western versus Eastern countries (<i>β</i> = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16–0.56; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), among males versus females (<i>β</i> = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.003–0.47; <i>P</i> = 0.047) and among those with higher versus lower educational attainment (<i>β</i>₂ = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11–0.56; <i>P</i> = 0.003). Furthermore, alcohol drinking causally mediated increased later depressive symptom risk among widowed, divorced/separated and single Chinese, Korean and Mexican participants (all <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Similarly, smoking was as identified as a causal mediator among single individuals in China and Mexico, and the results remained unchanged in the bootstrap resampling validation and the sensitivity analyses. Our cross-country analysis suggests that unmarried individuals may be at greater risk of depression, and any efforts to mitigate this risk should consider the roles of cultural context, sex, educational attainment and substance use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inoculation and accuracy prompting increase accuracy discernment in combination but not alone","authors":"Gordon Pennycook, Adam J. Berinsky, Puneet Bhargava, Hause Lin, Rocky Cole, Beth Goldberg, Stephan Lewandowsky, David G. Rand","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02023-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02023-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Misinformation is a major focus of intervention efforts. Psychological inoculation—an intervention intended to help people identify manipulation techniques—is being adopted at scale around the globe. Yet the efficacy of this approach for increasing belief accuracy remains unclear, as prior work uses synthetic materials that do not contain claims of truth. To address this issue, we conducted five studies with 7,286 online participants using a set of news headlines based on real-world true/false content in which we systematically varied the presence or absence of emotional manipulation. Although an emotional manipulation inoculation did help participants identify emotional manipulation, there was no improvement in participants’ ability to tell truth from falsehood. However, when the inoculation was paired with an intervention that draws people’s attention to accuracy, the combined intervention did successfully improve truth discernment (by increasing belief in true content). These results provide evidence for synergy between popular misinformation interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Perceptual and conceptual novelty independently guide infant looking behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Linette Kunin, Sabrina H. Piccolo, Rebecca Saxe, Shari Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02068-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02068-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Correction to: <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i> https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01965-x, published online 14 October 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational persistence of poverty in five high-income countries","authors":"Zachary Parolin, Rafael Pintro-Schmitt, Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Peter Fallesen","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02029-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02029-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Childhood poverty increases the likelihood of adult poverty. However, past research offers conflicting accounts of cross-national variation in the strength of—and mechanisms underpinning—the intergenerational persistence of poverty. Here the authors investigate differences in intergenerational poverty in the United States, Australia, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom using administrative- and survey-based panel datasets. Intergenerational poverty is decomposed into family background effects, mediation effects, tax and transfer insurance effects and a residual poverty penalty. The intergenerational persistence of poverty is 0.43 in the United States (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.46; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), compared with 0.16 in the United Kingdom (95% CI = 0.07–0.25; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and 0.08 in Denmark (95% CI = 0.08–0.08; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). The US disadvantage is not channelled through family background, mediators, neighbourhood effects or racial or ethnic discrimination. Instead, the United States has comparatively weak tax and transfer insurance effects and a more severe residual poverty penalty. If the United States were to adopt the tax and transfer insurance effects of its peer countries, its intergenerational poverty persistence could decrease by more than one-third.</p>","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational poverty persistence","authors":"Jessica Pac","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02063-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02063-8","url":null,"abstract":"Intergenerational mobility — an adult’s ability to exit poverty and earn more than their parents — is falling in the USA. Parolin et al. compare intergenerational poverty persistence (a measure of immobility) in the USA to four peer countries and conclude that disproportionately high poverty persistence in the USA is due to a weak safety net.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":29.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}