Nature Human Behaviour最新文献

{"title":"Association and causal mediation between marital status and depression in seven countries","authors":"Xiaobing Zhai, Henry H. Y. Tong, Chi Kin Lam, Abao Xing, Yuyang Sha, Gang Luo, Weiyu Meng, Junfeng Li, Miao Zhou, Yangxi Huang, Ling Shing Wong, Cuicui Wang, Kefeng Li","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02033-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02033-0","url":null,"abstract":"Depression represents a significant global public health challenge, and marital status has been recognized as a potential risk factor. However, previous investigations of this association have primarily focused on Western samples with substantial heterogeneity. Our study aimed to examine the association between marital status and depressive symptoms across countries with diverse cultural backgrounds using a large-scale, two-stage, cross-country analysis. We used nationally representative, de-identified individual-level data from seven countries, including the USA, the UK, Mexico, Ireland, Korea, China and Indonesia (106,556 cross-sectional and 20,865 longitudinal participants), representing approximately 541 million adults. The follow-up duration ranged from 4 to 18 years. Our analysis revealed that unmarried individuals had a higher risk of depressive symptoms than their married counterparts across all countries (pooled odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61–2.14). However, the magnitude of this risk was influenced by country, sex and education level, with greater risk in Western versus Eastern countries (β = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16–0.56; P < 0.001), among males versus females (β = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.003–0.47; P = 0.047) and among those with higher versus lower educational attainment (β2 = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11–0.56; P = 0.003). Furthermore, alcohol drinking causally mediated increased later depressive symptom risk among widowed, divorced/separated and single Chinese, Korean and Mexican participants (all P < 0.001). Similarly, smoking was as identified as a causal mediator among single individuals in China and Mexico, and the results remained unchanged in the bootstrap resampling validation and the sensitivity analyses. Our cross-country analysis suggests that unmarried individuals may be at greater risk of depression, and any efforts to mitigate this risk should consider the roles of cultural context, sex, educational attainment and substance use. Analysing data from seven countries, this study found that unmarried individuals had a higher depression risk than married individuals. This risk was higher in Western countries, among males and among those with higher educational attainment.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 12","pages":"2392-2405"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inoculation and accuracy prompting increase accuracy discernment in combination but not alone","authors":"Gordon Pennycook, Adam J. Berinsky, Puneet Bhargava, Hause Lin, Rocky Cole, Beth Goldberg, Stephan Lewandowsky, David G. Rand","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02023-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02023-2","url":null,"abstract":"Misinformation is a major focus of intervention efforts. Psychological inoculation—an intervention intended to help people identify manipulation techniques—is being adopted at scale around the globe. Yet the efficacy of this approach for increasing belief accuracy remains unclear, as prior work uses synthetic materials that do not contain claims of truth. To address this issue, we conducted five studies with 7,286 online participants using a set of news headlines based on real-world true/false content in which we systematically varied the presence or absence of emotional manipulation. Although an emotional manipulation inoculation did help participants identify emotional manipulation, there was no improvement in participants’ ability to tell truth from falsehood. However, when the inoculation was paired with an intervention that draws people’s attention to accuracy, the combined intervention did successfully improve truth discernment (by increasing belief in true content). These results provide evidence for synergy between popular misinformation interventions. Pennycook et al. find that psychological inoculation, an intervention that is intended to help people detect misinformation and is being adopted at scale globally, may not be effective unless it is combined with an accuracy reminder. This demonstrates synergy between interventions.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 12","pages":"2330-2341"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Perceptual and conceptual novelty independently guide infant looking behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Linette Kunin, Sabrina H. Piccolo, Rebecca Saxe, Shari Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02068-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02068-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 12","pages":"2437-2437"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02068-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational poverty persistence","authors":"Jessica Pac","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02063-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02063-8","url":null,"abstract":"Intergenerational mobility — an adult’s ability to exit poverty and earn more than their parents — is falling in the USA. Parolin et al. compare intergenerational poverty persistence (a measure of immobility) in the USA to four peer countries and conclude that disproportionately high poverty persistence in the USA is due to a weak safety net.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"9 2","pages":"243-244"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational persistence of poverty in five high-income countries","authors":"Zachary Parolin, Rafael Pintro-Schmitt, Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Peter Fallesen","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02029-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02029-w","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood poverty increases the likelihood of adult poverty. However, past research offers conflicting accounts of cross-national variation in the strength of—and mechanisms underpinning—the intergenerational persistence of poverty. Here the authors investigate differences in intergenerational poverty in the United States, Australia, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom using administrative- and survey-based panel datasets. Intergenerational poverty is decomposed into family background effects, mediation effects, tax and transfer insurance effects and a residual poverty penalty. The intergenerational persistence of poverty is 0.43 in the United States (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40–0.46; P < 0.001), compared with 0.16 in the United Kingdom (95% CI = 0.07–0.25; P < 0.001) and 0.08 in Denmark (95% CI = 0.08–0.08; P < 0.001). The US disadvantage is not channelled through family background, mediators, neighbourhood effects or racial or ethnic discrimination. Instead, the United States has comparatively weak tax and transfer insurance effects and a more severe residual poverty penalty. If the United States were to adopt the tax and transfer insurance effects of its peer countries, its intergenerational poverty persistence could decrease by more than one-third. Children born in poverty are more likely to experience poverty as adults, but this likelihood is greater in the United States than in Australia, Denmark, Germany or the United Kingdom. The authors examine what mediates the differences in intergenerational poverty between countries.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"9 2","pages":"254-267"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02029-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Michelle Vaccaro, Abdullah Almaatouq, Thomas Malone","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) to augment humans, researchers have studied human–AI systems involving different tasks, systems and populations. Despite such a large body of work, we lack a broad conceptual understanding of when combinations of humans and AI are better than either alone. Here we addressed this question by conducting a preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis of 106 experimental studies reporting 370 effect sizes. We searched an interdisciplinary set of databases (the Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, the Web of Science and the Association for Information Systems eLibrary) for studies published between 1 January 2020 and 30 June 2023. Each study was required to include an original human-participants experiment that evaluated the performance of humans alone, AI alone and human–AI combinations. First, we found that, on average, human–AI combinations performed significantly worse than the best of humans or AI alone (Hedges’ g = −0.23; 95% confidence interval, −0.39 to −0.07). Second, we found performance losses in tasks that involved making decisions and significantly greater gains in tasks that involved creating content. Finally, when humans outperformed AI alone, we found performance gains in the combination, but when AI outperformed humans alone, we found losses. Limitations of the evidence assessed here include possible publication bias and variations in the study designs analysed. Overall, these findings highlight the heterogeneity of the effects of human–AI collaboration and point to promising avenues for improving human–AI systems. Vaccaro et al. present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of human–AI combinations, finding that on average, human–AI combinations performed significantly worse than the best of humans or AI alone. They also found performance losses in decision-making tasks and significantly greater gains in content creation tasks.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 12","pages":"2293-2303"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02024-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The case for human–AI interaction as system 0 thinking","authors":"Massimo Chiriatti, Marianna Ganapini, Enrico Panai, Mario Ubiali, Giuseppe Riva","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-01995-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-01995-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 10","pages":"1829-1830"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142486673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new sociology of humans and machines","authors":"Milena Tsvetkova, Taha Yasseri, Niccolo Pescetelli, Tobias Werner","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02001-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02001-8","url":null,"abstract":"From fake social media accounts and generative artificial intelligence chatbots to trading algorithms and self-driving vehicles, robots, bots and algorithms are proliferating and permeating our communication channels, social interactions, economic transactions and transportation arteries. Networks of multiple interdependent and interacting humans and intelligent machines constitute complex social systems for which the collective outcomes cannot be deduced from either human or machine behaviour alone. Under this paradigm, we review recent research and identify general dynamics and patterns in situations of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion and collective decision-making, with context-rich examples from high-frequency trading markets, a social media platform, an open collaboration community and a discussion forum. To ensure more robust and resilient human–machine communities, we require a new sociology of humans and machines. Researchers should study these communities using complex system methods; engineers should explicitly design artificial intelligence for human–machine and machine–machine interactions; and regulators should govern the ecological diversity and social co-development of humans and machines. This Perspective calls for a new sociology of humans and machines to study groups and networks comprising multiple interacting humans and algorithms, bots or robots. A deeper understanding of human–machine social systems can contribute new and valued insights for AI research, design and policy.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 10","pages":"1864-1876"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks and protective measures for synthetic relationships","authors":"Christopher Starke, Alfio Ventura, Clara Bersch, Meeyoung Cha, Claes de Vreese, Philipp Doebler, Mengchen Dong, Nicole Krämer, Margarita Leib, Jochen Peter, Lea Schäfer, Ivan Soraperra, Jessica Szczuka, Erik Tuchtfeld, Rebecca Wald, Nils Köbis","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-02005-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-02005-4","url":null,"abstract":"As artificial intelligence tools become more sophisticated, humans build synthetic relationships with them. Synthetic relationships differ fundamentally from traditional human–machine interactions and present new risks, such as privacy breaches, psychological manipulation and the erosion of human autonomy. This necessitates proactive, human-centred policies.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 10","pages":"1834-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142486674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building machines that learn and think with people","authors":"Katherine M. Collins, Ilia Sucholutsky, Umang Bhatt, Kartik Chandra, Lionel Wong, Mina Lee, Cedegao E. Zhang, Tan Zhi-Xuan, Mark Ho, Vikash Mansinghka, Adrian Weller, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Thomas L. Griffiths","doi":"10.1038/s41562-024-01991-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41562-024-01991-9","url":null,"abstract":"What do we want from machine intelligence? We envision machines that are not just tools for thought but partners in thought: reasonable, insightful, knowledgeable, reliable and trustworthy systems that think with us. Current artificial intelligence systems satisfy some of these criteria, some of the time. In this Perspective, we show how the science of collaborative cognition can be put to work to engineer systems that really can be called ‘thought partners’, systems built to meet our expectations and complement our limitations. We lay out several modes of collaborative thought in which humans and artificial intelligence thought partners can engage, and we propose desiderata for human-compatible thought partnerships. Drawing on motifs from computational cognitive science, we motivate an alternative scaling path for the design of thought partners and ecosystems around their use through a Bayesian lens, whereby the partners we construct actively build and reason over models of the human and world. In this Perspective, the authors advance a view for the science of collaborative cognition to engineer systems that can be considered thought partners, systems built to meet our expectations and complement our limitations.","PeriodicalId":19074,"journal":{"name":"Nature Human Behaviour","volume":"8 10","pages":"1851-1863"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142486675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}