Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Brief Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale (B-PMBS): Proposing a brief measure of posttraumatic cognitions about self and others.","authors":"Jaeyoung Kim, Isak Kim, Harim Lee","doi":"10.1037/tra0002039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0002039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale (PMBS) assesses negative beliefs about self, others, and the world posttrauma. Despite a strong theoretical basis, its three-subscale structure lacked empirical support for its structural validity. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PMBS and assess its applicability across diverse populations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>With 443 trauma-exposed participants, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which revealed an inadequate factor structure. Subsequently, we explored an alternative structure and its applicability across demographics using multigroup CFAs to test measurement invariance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial CFA revealed that the three-subscale structure of the PMBS, based on theoretical conceptualization, had an inadequate fit. Through exploratory factor analyses, an alternative eight-item, two-factor model was derived using Subsample 1 (<i>n</i> = 222). The validity of this model was further confirmed through CFA on a separate Subsample 2 (<i>n</i> = 221). The scale was renamed as the Brief version of the Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale (B-PMBS). The B-PMBS demonstrated sound convergent and divergent validity with variables such as the number of traumatic events, their perceived impact, event centrality, resilience, and core self-evaluation. It also showed factorial invariance across various demographic groups, including gender, race, and disability status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings challenge the structural validity of the original PMBS and support the psychometric validity of the B-PMBS across diverse populations. Its reliability and brevity make the B-PMBS a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers seeking to identify and address posttraumatic cognitions in various settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The attack is not over yet: The impact of direct exposure to the October 7, 2023, attack on trajectories of PTSD and depression among the Israeli population.","authors":"Yossi Levi-Belz, Doron Amsalem, Yoav Groweiss, Carmel Blank, Yuval Neria","doi":"10.1037/tra0001933","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The magnitude of the October 7, 2023, attack in southern Israel was without precedent. In this national cohort study, we aimed to prospectively assess the trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in order to ascertain the psychological ramifications of direct exposure to the attack.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A representative sample of 634 Israeli adults (320 female, 50.5%), aged 18-85 (<i>M</i>_age = 40.89, <i>SD</i> = 14.06) completed the study at three time points: T1, on August 20-30, 2023; T2, on November 9-19, 2023; and T3, on February 10-20, 2023. Of the sample, 62 citizens (9.8%) were directly exposed to the attack.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At T3, participants who were directly exposed presented with higher levels of probable diagnoses of PTSD (40.3%; <i>n</i> = 25) and depression (45.2%; <i>n</i> = 28) compared with participants that were not directly exposed (PTSD: 26.2%; <i>n</i> = 151); depression: 29% (<i>n</i> = 162). Notably, whereas PTSD and depressive symptoms declined significantly from T2 to T3 among participants with no direct exposure, no such declines were found among people with direct exposure to the attack.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study accentuates the long-term impact of the October 7, 2023, attack on the mental health of the Israeli population, particularly among citizens who were directly exposed to the attack. The findings highlight the need to provide rapid, nationwide assessments and triage for interventions for those who were at the first line of confronting the terrorists on one of the grimmest days in Israel's history. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1505-1513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting happiness in the aftermath of national trauma through fear of terrorism: The serial mediation of negative and positive self-labeling and stress.","authors":"Inna Levy, Keren Cohen-Louck, Vered Ne'eman-Haviv","doi":"10.1037/tra0001925","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the mediating impact of negative and positive self-labeling and stress on the relationship between fear of terrorism and happiness in the aftermath of national trauma.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An online survey included 844 Israeli citizens who answered questions about their demographic characteristics, happiness (trait and state), fear of terrorism, stress, and negative self-labeling (NSL; victim, indirect victim, a harmed person, a spared person) and positive self-labeling (PSL; survivor, fighter, winner, overcomer) in the context of the October 7th attack on Israel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that NSL was associated with PSL. Moreover, high fear of terrorism was associated with low state happiness, high NSL and stress, and low PSL. Furthermore, NSL and stress were negatively associated with state happiness, whereas PSL was positively associated with state happiness. Finally, NSL, PSL, and stress mediated the relationship between fear of terrorism and state happiness. Fear of terrorism, self-labeling, and stress did not contribute to trait happiness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study contributes to the understanding of the distinction between trait happiness and state happiness, highlighting the link between fear of terrorism and lower levels of state happiness and its relevance to mental well-being. It also emphasizes the crucial role of self-labeling in promoting emotional well-being and happiness. Our model contributes to theoretical frameworks of posttraumatic adaptation and resilience by emphasizing the importance of acknowledging victimhood before embracing survivorship and offers insights for interventions aiming to promote posttraumatic recovery and enhance happiness after exposure to terrorism-related fear and national trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1564-1572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nation at (ongoing) war: The effect of societal and forward-focused coping on symptoms of continuous traumatic stress.","authors":"Anna Harwood-Gross, Nadav Stern, Bar Lambez, Roy Aloni","doi":"10.1037/tra0001934","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The exposure to ongoing war can be termed as continuous traumatic stress (CTS), the exposure to repeated and ongoing stressful events in daily life, which lead to a broad spectrum of emotional and behavioral reactions (continuous traumatic stress response [CTSR]). This study analyzed the impact of individual coping and societal variables on CTSR.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>During weeks 4 to 6 of the Iron Swords war, 519 participants from across Israel completed online questionnaires, including sociodemographic information, level of exposure, CTSR, coping (forward focused, trauma focused, and coping flexibility), system justification, and social support.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good to excellent model fit indices for the CTSR measure. Exposure was not found to predict CTSR though those with high levels of media exposure (over 6 hr a day) were found to have greater CTSR compared with low levels of media exposure. Forward-focused coping (as opposed to trauma-focused or flexible coping) was found to significantly predict CTSR levels, as was system justification. An interaction was found between forward-focused coping and system justification such that high forward-focused coping combined with high system justification was found to predict the lowest CTSR levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the protective role of individual coping, specifically forward-focused coping, and the ability to see national structures as just and fair, in times of ongoing and continuous stress. A deeper understanding of the importance of personal factors apart from environmental effects can inform the development of targeted assistance programs for a large population during times of war and prolonged conflicts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1514-1524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compassion fatigue among Israeli therapists after the October 7 attack: Challenges in treating bereaved and hostage families.","authors":"Liat Shklarski, Yael Latzer","doi":"10.1037/tra0001923","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study examined the prevalence of compassion fatigue and satisfaction among therapists providing mental health services in Israel following the October 7 Hamas attack and related events. It aimed to identify key factors, such as the populations treated, that predict levels of compassion fatigue and satisfaction, revealing the challenges therapists face in these high-demand settings.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An online survey was conducted with 223 Israeli therapists treating survivors and their families. Professional and personal demographics were collected. Additionally, the Professional Quality of Life scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 were employed to assess compassion satisfaction, fatigue, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>44.7% of therapists had moderate levels of burnout, 83.6% had average levels of secondary traumatic stress, and 64.8% had moderate to high levels of compassion satisfaction. Regression analyses indicated significant variations in compassion fatigue, based on the populations treated. Therapists working with bereaved families and families of hostages reported higher anxiety and secondary traumatic stress, whereas those working with reserve soldiers and their families reported lower anxiety and greater compassion satisfaction. Public sector therapists exhibited higher levels of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression compared to those in the private sector.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study points to the critical importance of addressing the emotional and psychological toll taken on therapists working in conflict zones, particularly those who, like their clients, are continuously exposed to trauma. The findings indicate a significant association between populations treated, personal and professional characteristics, and various outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":"17 7","pages":"1584-1591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensory modulation difficulties and PTSD: A prospective study during and after rocket attacks.","authors":"May Huberman, Lee Gafter, Tami Bar-Shalita, Yael Lahav","doi":"10.1037/tra0001867","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Civilians in war may suffer from distress not only during the peritraumatic phase, manifested in early trauma-related symptoms, but also after the trauma ends, as reflected in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence has suggested that early trauma-related symptoms underlie the development of PTSD. Additionally, research has revealed relations between sensory responsiveness and both early trauma-related symptoms and PTSD, thus implying that individuals with sensory modulation difficulties may exhibit elevated symptomatology at the peritraumatic phase and may be at risk for PTSD. Nevertheless, the cross-sectional design of former studies allowed neither identifying the directionality of the relationship between sensory modulation and PTSD nor exploring the role of early trauma-related symptoms within this relationship.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current prospective study, which was aimed at bridging these knowledge gaps, was conducted among a convenience sample of Israeli adults (<i>n</i> = 209) during rocket attacks (T1) and 40-71 days after ceasefire (T2). Background variables, sensory modulation difficulties, early trauma-related symptoms, and PTSD symptoms were assessed online via self-report measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results revealed that high sensory responsiveness was related to early trauma-related symptoms and predicted PTSD symptoms of hyperarousal, intrusion, and negative alterations in mood and cognitions. Moreover, early trauma-related symptomatology mediated the relations between high sensory responsiveness and PTSD symptoms of intrusion and negative alterations in mood and cognitions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current findings suggest that high sensory responsiveness is a risk factor for PTSD and that early trauma-related symptomatology may serve as a mechanism underlying the relationship between high sensory responsiveness and PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1534-1543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When fears come true: The well-being of Holocaust survivors' grandchildren after the October 7, 2023, terror attack.","authors":"Alon Goldberg","doi":"10.1037/tra0001975","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Since the late 1960s, there has been substantial research on Holocaust survivors' descendants (children and grandchildren) regarding intergenerational transmission of the survivors' trauma. This research has had complex results that show the need for further examination under stressful conditions. The current research seeks to determine whether the terror attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, had a disproportionate effect on the well-being of grandchildren of Holocaust survivors (GHS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 299 Jewish-Israeli adults, 44.6% of whom were GHS and 54.4% of whom had no Holocaust family background (non-GHS). Participants completed self-report questionnaires in two phases. First, they completed the Mental Health Continuum Short Form. Then they were asked to listen to a certain Israeli song that had become a prayer and hope for the hostages coming back home and to fill out the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The GHS participants reported lower psychological and social well-being and lower positive affect during exposure to the song than non-GHS participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current findings suggest that the Holocaust trauma experienced by survivors might transfer to their grandchildren, especially when the grandchildren are challenged by life-threatening situations that are reminiscent of their grandparents' Holocaust trauma and that might activate that trauma. Hence, appropriate health policy decisions need to be made regarding better psychological support for grandchildren of Holocaust survivors during perceived and actual collective life-threatening events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1453-1458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144476546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome signature of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience in youth.","authors":"Karen Yirmiya, Sondra Turjeman, Oshrit Shtossel, Orna Zagoory-Sharon, Lelyan Moadi, Elad Rubin, Efrat Sharon, Yoram Louzoun, Omry Koren, Ruth Feldman","doi":"10.1037/tra0001727","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Identifying biomarkers that can distinguish trauma-exposed youth at risk for developing posttraumatic pathology from resilient individuals is essential for targeted interventions. As trauma can alter the microbiome with lasting effects on the host, our longitudinal, multimeasure, cross-species study aimed to identify the microbial signature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We followed children exposed to war-related trauma and matched controls from early childhood (<i>M</i>_age = 2.76 years, <i>N</i> = 232) to adolescence (<i>M</i>_age = 16.13 years, <i>N</i> = 84), repeatedly assessing posttraumatic symptomatology and maternal caregiving. In late adolescence, we collected fecal samples from mothers and youth and assessed microbiome composition, diversity, and mother-child microbial synchrony. We then transplanted adolescents' fecal samples into germ-free mice to determine if behavioral changes are observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Youth with PTSD exhibited a distinct gut microbiome profile and lower diversity compared to resilient individuals, and microbiome diversity mediated the continuity of posttraumatic symptomatology throughout development. Low microbiome diversity correlated with more posttraumatic symptoms in early childhood, more emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence, and poor maternal caregiving. Youth with PTSD demonstrated less mother-child microbial synchrony, suggesting that low microbial concordance between mother and child may indicate susceptibility to posttraumatic illness. Germ-free mice transplanted with microbiomes from individuals with PTSD displayed increased anxious behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings provide evidence that the trauma-associated microbiome profile is at least partially responsible for the anxiety component of the PTSD phenotype and highlight microbial underpinnings of resilience. Further, our results suggest that the microbiome may serve as additional biological memory of early life stress and underscore the potential for microbiome-related diagnosis and treatment following trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1490-1504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of maladaptive personality traits to PTSD and depression symptoms among Israeli female veterans.","authors":"Gadi Zerach, Ehud Shem Tov, Sharon Shati","doi":"10.1037/tra0001779","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exposure to potentially traumatic events during military service is associated with mental health problems such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms. However, knowledge regarding the implications of maladaptive personality traits in psychopathology among female veterans is sparse. The present study aims to use the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, fifth edition-an alternative model of personality disorder, to examine associations between maladaptive personality traits, PTSD and depression symptoms, among female Israeli veterans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A volunteer sample of female Israeli combat veterans (<i>n</i> = 616) and noncombat veterans (<i>n</i> = 484) responded to self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Combat veterans reported higher levels of combat exposure and PTSD symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, than noncombat veterans. Combat veterans also reported lower levels of negative affectivity but higher levels of disinhibition than noncombat veterans. All five traits were positive predictors of PTSD and depression symptoms, with psychoticism constituting the strongest predictor. A moderated-mediation analysis indicated four traits (negative affectivity, detachment, disinhibition, and psychoticism) that had a moderating effect on the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD symptoms, and two of the traits (antagonism and disinhibition) that had a moderate effect on the relationship between combat exposure and depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maladaptive personality traits play an important role in psychological distress following female veterans' combat service. Future prospective research is necessary to determine the temporal associations between preenlistment maladaptive personality traits and postdeployment mental health of veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1525-1533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational transmission of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: The offspring's lived experience.","authors":"Moshe Bensimon, Eynav Afota Assaf","doi":"10.1037/tra0001825","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The literature points to a wide spectrum of potential symptoms in different life dimensions caused by intergenerational transmission of war trauma. However, qualitative research on intergenerational transmission of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from the perspective of adult offspring is scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine Israeli adults' lived experience of growing up with a father coping with combat-related PTSD, including relationship characteristics and consequences.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty Israeli adult offspring (19 females and 11 males) of combat-related PTSD fathers participated in the study. Data were collected via semistructured interviews and analyzed according to the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis yielded five themes: (a) <i>Intergenerational transmission of combat-related PTSD symptoms</i> relates to posttraumatic symptoms reported by participants in connection with their fathers' combat-related PTSD; (b) <i>emotional instability in father-offspring relationship</i> relates to participants' caution around their father and fear of his reactions; (c) <i>parent-child role reversal</i> describes excessive responsibility taken by offspring toward their father, leading to overdependence on the father's part; (d) <i>threat to family integrity</i> relates to participants' sense of financial insecurity and the disintegrative effect of their parents' marital problems on their own family; (e) <i>personal development</i> indicates posttraumatic growth experienced by the participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interventions should address the emotional instability in father-offspring relationship, the possibility of a parent-child role reversal, and family disintegration. Interventions should also encourage secondary posttraumatic growth among offspring. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1459-1468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}