Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"PTSD symptoms and indices of suicide attempt seriousness among military service members psychiatrically hospitalized for a suicide attempt.","authors":"David J Balistreri, Torey Averick, Ricardo I Villarreal, Peter M Gutierrez, Thomas E Joiner, Ian F Eisenhauer, Ian H Stanley","doi":"10.1037/tra0001890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Prior studies have demonstrated a robust link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicide attempts among military personnel; however, to our knowledge, no study has examined PTSD in relation to indices of suicide attempt seriousness. Accounting for the multifaceted nature of suicide attempts is especially important for service members who often face unique stressors and are at increased risk for severe outcomes, including death.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using secondary analyses of data collected for a large assessment study, we examined the connection between PTSD symptoms and seriousness of suicide attempts in psychiatrically hospitalized service members referred to inpatient care following a suicide attempt (<i>N</i> = 121). We used a modified version of the PTSD Checklist-Military Version and the Suicide Intent Scale to assess PTSD symptoms and suicide attempt seriousness, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings demonstrated that higher PTSD symptom total and cluster scores were associated with an increased seriousness of suicide attempts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate the need for intervention programs targeting PTSD symptoms among service members, including interventions delivered in inpatient psychiatric settings, to reduce the risk of fatal self-harm. Implications for mental health professionals and military support systems to mitigate suicide risk through targeted interventions focused on PTSD symptoms are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is trauma isolating, or does isolation traumatize? Loneliness and posttraumatic stress mutually reinforce one another in the aftermath of environmental disaster.","authors":"Tegan Cruwys, Emily Macleod, Sonia Curll, Iain Walker, Tim Kurz, Kate Western, Alison L Calear, Timothy Heffernan, Olivia Evans, Samantha K Stanley, Lisa-Marie Greenwood","doi":"10.1037/tra0001895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While loneliness has been robustly linked to many health outcomes, limited research has considered its relationship with posttraumatic stress. The evidence that does exist points to a complex and bidirectional relationship between loneliness and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of trauma.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a longitudinal study of 209 Australian adults who had experienced bushfire disaster, with three timepoints of data across 3 years. A path analytic model was used to assess the unfolding relationship between loneliness and PTSD symptoms over time, with covariates of age, gender, education, and household income.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that loneliness was a key risk factor for worsening PTSD symptoms, which, in turn, predicted increasing loneliness. Specifically, those whose trauma exposure was more severe or who had background mental health risk reported worse loneliness and posttraumatic stress 12-18 months after the disaster (T1). Loneliness at T1 predicted greater PTSD symptoms at T2 (∼3 years postdisaster). Furthermore, T2 PTSD symptoms predicted greater loneliness at T3 (∼4 years postdisaster). The model explained 39% of the variance in T2 PTSD symptoms and 41% of the variance in T3 loneliness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results speak to the importance of early response efforts that encourage collective recovery and community engagement in disaster management. This may support the long-term goal of preventing the onset of harmful cycles of loneliness and PTSD in the wake of traumatic experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of self-reported cannabis use on veterans' intensive PTSD treatment outcomes.","authors":"Ryan A Schubert, Cailan C Splaine, Mauricio M Montes, Sarah A Pridgen, Debra L Kaysen, Philip Held","doi":"10.1037/tra0001842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The impact of cannabis use on evidence-based posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment outcomes remains inconclusive. Further, few studies to date have examined these relationships in intensive PTSD treatment settings, with existing literature being similarly inconclusive. The present study assessed the role of cannabis use frequency prior to and concurrent with treatment on self-reported PTSD and depressive symptoms in two samples of veterans undergoing distinct (3-week and 2-week) Cognitive Processing Therapy-based intensive treatment programs (ITPs; <i>N</i>_3-week = 488; <i>N</i>_2-week = 253).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cannabis use frequency over the past 2 weeks was self-reported by veterans. PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed before, during, and following the ITP using the PTSD Checklist for the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition</i> and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effect of cannabis use frequency prior to and concurrent with treatment on PTSD and depressive symptom change over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals in the 3- and 2-week ITPs reported low rates of cannabis use prior to and concurrent with treatment. Across models, frequency of cannabis use was not significantly related to PTSD symptoms over time. Findings surrounding the impact of cannabis use on depressive symptom severity were only found in the 2-week ITP and not replicated in the 3-week ITP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infrequent and/or recreational cannabis use frequency prior to or concurrent with treatment did not meaningfully impact intensive PTSD treatment outcomes. Findings associated with concurrent use need to be interpreted with caution due to the small subsample. Future research should explore whether more frequent cannabis use and the dosage differentially impact PTSD treatment outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for PTSD in first responders: Turkish adaptation and psychometric validation of the primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5.","authors":"Ahmet Erhan Bakirci, Vedat Sar, Ali Cetin, Lucas D Baker, Andrew J Smith","doi":"10.1037/tra0001887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Like other first responders, many firefighters show signs of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that often go undiagnosed. Developing accessible, brief, and efficient screening tools may improve identification and service utilization. The most recent adaptation of the Primary Care PTSD Checklist for the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>-Fifth Edition (PCL-5; PC-PTSD-5 [0-20]) demonstrates promising screening performance among firefighters. Our study translated the PC-PTSD-5 [0-20] into Turkish and conducted validity and reliability analyses.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The PC-PTSD-5 [0-20] was translated and culturally adapted into Turkish through forward translation, backward translation, and expert-led refinement. We conducted a pilot test with 30 firefighters, followed by carrying out the full study among (<i>N</i> = 215) firefighters from fire stations across all the districts of Istanbul. Participants in the full study completed the Turkish PC-PTSD-5 [0-20] and PCL-5, and we analyzed them for reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Turkish PC-PTSD-5 [0-20] demonstrated favorable psychometric properties: acceptable internal consistency (α = .61); high test-retest reliability (<i>r</i> = 0.88, <i>p</i> < .001); and strong convergent validity with PCL-5 (<i>r</i> = 0.81, <i>p</i> < .001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.947 with an optimal cutoff score of 9 that balanced high accuracy (90.23%), sensitivity (82.86%), and specificity (91.67%), while PTSD prevalence was estimated at 16.3% in the sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Turkish PC-PTSD-5 [0-20] demonstrates strong psychometric properties, with high accuracy at a cutoff score of 9, and excellent diagnostic utility for screening PTSD among firefighters. Future research should explore its applicability to other first responder groups and predictive validity in longitudinal studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The associations between PTSD symptom clusters, insomnia, and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents with low and high levels of internet addiction: A cross-lagged network analysis.","authors":"Yiming Long, Bingxin Guo, Yixiao Xu, Zhihong Ren, Michelle G Newman, Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1037/tra0001903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The prevalence of COVID-19-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and insomnia remains high in Chinese adolescents. Existing research suggests strong links between them and the influence of internet addiction (IA) on their development. This study therefore examined a longitudinal network of these psychological symptoms and explored the influence of IA on them.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Analyses included 811 adolescents (<i>M</i>_age = 14.65, <i>SD</i> = 1.77, 44.2% female), and measures were taken at two time points 2 months apart. A cross-lagged panel network model was used to construct a common network of PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and insomnia to estimate the longitudinal relationship between symptoms. Furthermore, networks of subgroups with different IA levels were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Suicidal ideation at T1 had the strongest predictive effect on other symptoms at T2. Insomnia had the strongest bridging effect, sustaining the coactivation of depression and PTSD symptoms. The similarity between symptom networks across different IA groups was low. However, hyperarousal was strongly predicted by other symptoms in both high and low-level IA groups, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings emphasize the important roles of suicidal ideation and insomnia in the network of PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and insomnia in adolescents. This may make these symptoms a priority to be considered in interventions. Among adolescents with different levels of IA, the most central symptom varies, suggesting that intervention priorities should vary in groups with different levels of IA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social network sites usage, cyberbullying perpetration, and adolescent depression: A cross-lagged panel analysis.","authors":"Yaling Pang, Jingyun Wang, Wanjun Li, Siyu Mao, Chao Song","doi":"10.1037/tra0001900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Existing research on the relationships between social network sites (SNS) usage, cyberbullying perpetration, and adolescent depression has predominantly employed cross-sectional methodologies. Limited studies have delved into the bidirectional dynamics among these variables. This study aimed to fill this gap by employing a longitudinal approach to examine the reciprocal associations between SNS usage, cyberbullying perpetration, and adolescent depression.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 424 Chinese adolescents (55.9% boys; <i>M</i>_age = 17.07, <i>SD</i> = 0.64 at baseline) was followed over a period of 6 months, utilizing a cross-lagged panel model to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cyberbullying perpetration was found to positively predict SNS usage and depression 6 months later, while depression positively predicted cyberbullying perpetration 6 months later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated the bidirectional associations between cyberbullying perpetration and depression, and the unidirectional associations between cyberbullying perpetration and SNS usage. This study extends cross-sectional observations by confirming the unique longitudinal associations between SNS usage, cyberbullying perpetration, and adolescent depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race-related stress, dissociation symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in a community sample of Black Americans.","authors":"Rachel E Frietchen, Shruti S Kinkel-Ram, Aziz Elbasheir, Timothy J McDermott, Negar Fani, Abigail Powers, Emma C Lathan","doi":"10.1037/tra0001880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Suicide rates for Black Americans continue to increase, pointing to the need for additional research on potential risk factors for suicidal ideation and attempts in this population. While race-related stress and dissociation symptoms are consistently associated with suicidal ideation and attempts, the indirect effect of race-related stress on current suicidal ideation and lifetime attempts through dissociation symptoms has not yet been examined in a community sample of trauma-exposed Black Americans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (<i>N</i> = 1,121; 92.1% female, <i>M</i>_age = 38.93, <i>SD</i>_age = 13.25) recruited from a public health care system and community advertisements completed cross-sectional self-report questionnaires that assessed past-month race-related stress, past-month dissociation symptoms, past-month suicidal ideation, and lifetime history of a suicide attempt.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two simple mediation analyses were conducted in MPlus to investigate the indirect effect of race-related stress on past-month suicidal ideation severity and lifetime suicide attempt history through dissociation symptoms. Cumulative trauma load and age were entered into the model as covariates. Past-month race-related stress was indirectly related to past-month suicidal ideation severity (β = 0.05, standard error = 0.02, 95% confidence interval [0.02, 0.09], <i>p</i> = .02) and lifetime suicide attempt history (β = 0.05, standard error = 0.02, 95% confidence interval [0.02, 0.09], <i>p</i> = .01) through past-month dissociation symptoms, while controlling for cumulative trauma load and age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest race-related stress and dissociation symptoms are critical to consider when determining risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Black Americans in underserved communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender as moderator of the relations between interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma exposure and mental health problems in conflict-affected children and adolescents.","authors":"Florian Scharpf, Lars Dumke, Claudia Catani, Anselm Crombach, Hawkar Ibrahim, Frank Neuner, Vathsalan Rajan, Laura Saupe, Tobias Hecker","doi":"10.1037/tra0001886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the moderating role of gender in the associations between cumulative exposure to interpersonal trauma (IPT) and noninterpersonal trauma (NIPT) and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents in conflict-affected areas.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Based on a sample of 980 children (rangeage = 6-12, <i>M</i>_age = 9.60, 471 girls) and 472 adolescents (range_age = 13-18, <i>M</i>_age = 15.26, 218 girls) living in or near conflict-affected regions (Burundi, Northern Uganda, Iraq, Syria, and Sri Lanka), multigroup path analyses were conducted to examine whether cumulative exposure to IPT and NIPT was differentially associated with mental health problems (posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, internalizing and externalizing problems) in girls and boys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among adolescents, higher cumulative exposure to IPT was significantly more strongly associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in girls than in boys, and higher cumulative exposure to NIPT was significantly associated with externalizing problems in girls only. Among children, all independent associations between types of trauma exposure and mental health problems were significant and did not differ between girls and boys.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that female vulnerability to traumatic stress after IPT exposure occurs in adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of social support on world assumptions and PTSD symptoms in a sample of public safety communicators.","authors":"Allie K Jessen, Michelle M Lilly","doi":"10.1037/tra0001891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although they are the first involved in emergency response, 9-1-1 public safety communicators (PSCs) are largely excluded from studies on the effects of repeated exposure to duty-related traumatic events. Studies have shown that 9-1-1 PSCs experience negative health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study aimed to understand the relationship between social support, world assumptions (e.g., beliefs regarding benevolence of the world, benevolence of people, and self-worth), and PTSS in 221 9-1-1 PSCs across the United States in a 1-year longitudinal study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Social support was positively associated with world assumptions but negatively associated with PTSS, and PTSS were negatively related to world assumptions. Mediation models revealed that world assumptions at 6 months had indirect effects on the association between baseline social support and PTSS 1 year later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study supports current conceptualizations of posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma treatments focused on identifying and challenging maladaptive beliefs. It may be beneficial to explore how public safety personnel's world assumptions impact their likelihood of reaching out for support. Because social support is largely associated with PTSS through people's assumptions about the world, other people, and themselves, interventions targeting world assumptions might be particularly advantageous for this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trigger warning ≠ trigger warning: A comparison of differentially worded trigger warnings on negative versus positive outcomes.","authors":"Hannah Willems, Julia A Glombiewski, Richard J McNally, Philipp Herzog","doi":"10.1037/tra0001839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Trigger warnings (TWs) are designed to warn vulnerable people about potentially stressful content they may encounter. Most experiments testing the efficacy of TWs have failed to confirm beneficial effects. However, warnings may be formulated in diverse ways, and the aim of this experiment was to investigate differential effects of varied formulations of warnings on negative (e.g., expected threat) and positive outcomes (e.g., felt sense of respect and autonomy).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This cross-national online study included a total of <i>N</i> = 409 people (<i>N</i> = 288 German-speaking, <i>N</i> = 121 English-speaking). All participants rated differentially detailed warnings in randomized order in terms of expected threat, anticipatory fear, feeling of emotional preparedness, and intention to avoid content. Felt sense of autonomy and respect related to TWs was assessed to determine potential positive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated significant differences among the warnings in all outcomes across both samples. Compared to general, nonspecific content warnings, detailed warnings about the content and potential emotional consequences prompted greater expected threat, anticipatory fear, and avoidance intentions. Although participants felt more respected by these warnings compared to general ones, they did not experience heightened feelings of emotional preparedness as intended by those detailed warnings. TWs did, however, result in participants reporting feeling a sense of respect for their autonomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings highlight that various formulations of TWs have differential effects on negative and positive outcomes. According to our findings, the design of a TW, if used at all, should be adapted to the context and the objective pursued (e.g., strengthening the experience of autonomy vs. reducing the experience of threat). Possible effects (e.g., avoidance) should also be carefully considered with regard to the group of people addressed (e.g., people with posttraumatic stress disorder vs. healthy people). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}