Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Pathological personality explains individual differences in global emotion dysregulation within the pathway between child maltreatment and severe depressive symptoms.","authors":"Jianlin Liu, Rachel Hsiao Shen Tan, Sherilyn Shi Hui Chang, Wen Lin Teh, Shazana Shahwan, Yu Wei Lee, Nisha Chandwani, Christopher Yi Wen Chan, Phern Chern Tor, Mythily Subramaniam","doi":"10.1037/tra0001581","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Global emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between child maltreatment and severe depressive symptoms; however, there is a lack of research on maladaptive personality traits and their contribution to individual differences in global emotion dysregulation within this conceptual model. The present study tested a preliminary serial mediation model where maladaptive personality traits and global emotion dysregulation mediate the relationship between child maltreatment and severe depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 200 patients with mood disorders (<i>M</i>_age = 36.5 years; 54% females) were assessed for maladaptive personality traits (Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [5th ed.] Brief Form), global emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short), childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ordinary least squares regression and partial least squares-structural equation modeling revealed a consistent and significant indirect effect of child maltreatment on severe depressive symptoms through negative affectivity, detachment, psychoticism, and global emotion dysregulation. Among child maltreatment types, only emotional abuse had a significant indirect effect on severe depressive symptoms through maladaptive personality traits and global emotion dysregulation, <i>b</i> = 0.50, <i>SE</i> = 0.09, 95% confidence intervals [0.326, 0.694] after controlling for age, gender, and remaining types of child maltreatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings support the view that maladaptive personality traits shed important insights on individual differences in global emotion dysregulation, and this information could aid clinical formulation and treatment of childhood adversity-related psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"S233-S241"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10571294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in intimate partner violence: Risk factors and associations with suicide.","authors":"Natasha Joksimovic, Frédérique Vallières, Philip Hyland","doi":"10.1037/tra0001457","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to provide updated estimates of the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the general adult population of Ireland and to better understand gender-specific profiles of IPV, their risk factors, and their relationship with suicidality.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data (<i>N</i> = 1,098) from Wave 4 of the Irish arm of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) study were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>32.1% of the sample experienced lifetime IPV, with IPV more common among females. Latent class analysis results showed that females had a more complex profile of IPV (four classes) than males (three classes). Risk factors for females included younger age, having children, lower income level, lower social support, and lower social contact, while risk factors for males were living in an urban environment, having children, and lower social support. All IPV exposure was found to be associated with a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing multiple suicide-related phenomena for males and females.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IPV is a major public social health issue affecting approximately one-in-three females and one-in-four males in Ireland and is strongly associated with suicide-related phenomena. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"470-477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9357160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Chachula and Ahmad (2022).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/tra0001558","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports an error in \"Professional quality of life, stress, and trauma in nursing students: Before and during the novel coronavirus pandemic\" by Kathryn M. Chachula and Nora Ahmad (<i>Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy</i>, 2022[Nov], Vol 14[8], 1333-1337). In the article, the values 7.6% and 1.2% were changed to 19.1% and 2.9%, respectively, in the following text in the second paragraph of the \"Comparisons Pre-Pandemic and amid the Pandemic\" section of the Results: \"exploration of the frequencies revealed that fewer students reported high levels of CS during the pandemic (19.1%) than prior (24.7%) and 2.9% of students reported high levels of STS compared to 0% the year prior.\" In addition, the percentages listed in the \"During Pandemic\" section of Table 4 were incorrectly reported and have been amended. Nevertheless, the interpretation of the overall results remains unchanged. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-27230-001).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to assess the levels of stress, burnout, primary and secondary trauma, and self-efficacy before and during the novel coronavirus pandemic in a sample of baccalaureate nursing and psychiatric nursing students, a population which has seldom been studied regarding these factors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study used a nonexperimental, cross-sectional methodology at 2 time-points. Nursing and psychiatric nursing students enrolled at 1 western Canadian university were invited to participate in an online, anonymous survey in 2020 prior to the pandemic and in 2021 during Canada's third-wave. Survey measures included the Professional Quality of Life Scale (includes Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress), the Perceived Stress Scale, the Life Events Checklist to assess the amount of prior traumatic experiences, and the Core Self-Evaluations Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically higher significant differences in prior traumatic experiences measured by the Life Events Checklist were found in the midpandemic cohort in comparison to the prepandemic 2020 student cohort (<i>t</i>(159) = -2.32, <i>p</i> < .05, 95% CI [-2.23, -.18]). Strong correlated relationships were found in many of the study variables (ranging from <i>r</i> = .301 to -.745, <i>p</i> ≤ .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This preliminary study is the first to reveal that students in the nursing field experienced more traumatic events during the pandemic than before. The findings imply that access to greater support for experiences of trauma may be needed to support undergraduate students entering the health care arena amid the novel coronavirus pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10495678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and initial validation of the Mount Sinai Resilience Scale.","authors":"Jonathan M DePierro, Deborah B Marin, Vanshdeep Sharma, Craig L Katz, Robert H Pietrzak, Adriana Feder, James W Murrough, Sydney Starkweather, Brian P Marx, Steven M Southwick, Dennis S Charney","doi":"10.1037/tra0001590","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The construct of psychological resilience has received increasing attention in the mental health field. This article describes the development and initial validation of a novel self-report resilience scale, which addresses gaps in the resilience measurement literature by assessing thoughts and behaviors that help promote resilience rather than traits, and simultaneously evaluating multiple factors previously associated with resilience.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Following consensus meetings focused on scale development, we conducted an online study (<i>n</i> = 1,864) of U.S. adults to develop and validate an initial version of the Mount Sinai Resilience Scale (MSRS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An exploratory factor analysis in a random 50% of the sample suggested a seven-factor solution; this solution was then generally supported by a follow-up confirmatory factor analysis in the remaining 50% of the sample. After removing poor-fitting items, a revised 24-item scale correlated in the expected directions with established measures of perceived resilience and resilience-related constructs (e.g., social support and optimism).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collectively, the results of this study provide initial support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the MSRS and describe its factor structure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"407-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10842183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41146838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Violence in intimate relationships: Symptomatology and motivation for change.","authors":"Marisalva Fávero, Nádine Cruz, Diana Moreira, Amaia Del Campo, Valéria Sousa-Gomes","doi":"10.1037/tra0001471","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the experiences of victims of violence in intimate relationships (VIRs) who remain in, return to, or abandon the abusive relationship, as well as examine the type of violence suffered, the existing symptoms, and the motivation to change as explained by the Transtheoretical Model of Change.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The participants were 38 victims, three males and 35 females, who completed an online questionnaire comprising a section on sociodemographic data, and three instruments, the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), Marital Violence Inventory (MVI), and the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data analysis has shown that psychological violence was the type of violence most frequently experienced followed by physical and verbal violence, the house of the victims was the local where the violence mostly took place, the help-seeking behaviors were mostly directed to the family and attempts to leave from the abusive relationship is related to the experience of family violence in childhood. Participants were all in the action stage of the change, but aggressor's expectation/promise to change, the existence of children and maintaining the family or marriage, as well as economic difficulties are the main factors that contribute to both remaining in, or returning to, the abusive relationship.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We will reflect on the social, clinical, and legal implications for the future of research with victims of VIR. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"462-469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9298972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disclosure of traumatic details and obsessive-compulsive contamination symptoms in sexual assault survivors.","authors":"Caitlin M Pinciotti, Rose Luehrs, Gregor Horvath, Lindsay M Orchowski, Christal L Badour","doi":"10.1037/tra0001485","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Contamination concerns are common following sexual victimization and are associated with increased attentional bias and difficulty disengaging from contamination cues. While most survivors of sexual trauma disclose their experience to others, it is unclear whether disclosure increases feelings of contamination or whether, consistent with the fever model of disclosure, existing contamination-related distress increases the amount of content shared during disclosure, indicative of attentional bias toward contamination-inducing aspects of the trauma memory.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Accordingly, the current study examined the directionality and relationships between contamination symptoms and content shared during sexual assault disclosure in 106 sexual assault survivors (76.4% women). Forced decision regression with subsequent independence test (RESIT) was used to identify directionality of relationships, and multivariate and linear regressions examined these proposed effects in the presence of assault and demographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More severe contamination symptoms predicted greater sharing of details during sexual assault disclosure yet had no impact on sharing of emotions, cognitions, and beliefs during disclosures. Although RESIT suggested that contrary to other content domains, disclosure of social experiences may directionally predict contamination symptoms, this relationship did not retain statistical significance in a linear regression model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings support the fever model of disclosure and attentional bias theories regarding contamination-related stimuli, and suggest that survivors experiencing postassault contamination symptoms may be more likely fixate on the contamination-invoking details of the trauma memory when disclosing. Such fixation has the potential to interfere with typical treatment-related processes (e.g., habituation) and should be thoughtfully addressed to maximize treatment gains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"522-531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9534500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indirect effect of negative evaluations of therapy on the association between racial stress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in pregnant Black persons.","authors":"Meghna Ravi, Emma C Lathan, Shimarith Wallace, Cecilia A Hinojosa, Dominique Jones, Jamie Villalobos, Sriya Karra, Abigail Powers, Vasiliki Michopoulos","doi":"10.1037/tra0001593","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Black pregnant individuals are at disproportionate risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to other groups. A wealth of literature suggests racial stress contributes to this inequity, but cultural and structural mechanisms, such as perceived barriers to mental health treatment, underlying the relationship between racial stress and PTSD symptoms remain understudied. Negative evaluations of psychotherapy and stigma represent potential mechanisms, though no previous studies have examined these associations. To address this gap, we tested an indirect effect of racial stress on PTSD symptoms through perceived barriers to mental health treatment in pregnant Black individuals.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Mediation analyses were used to assess an indirect relationship between racial stress and PTSD symptoms through perceived barriers to mental health treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the bivariate level, racial stress was significantly associated with PTSD symptoms (<i>r</i> = .20, <i>p</i> = .03) and negative evaluations of therapy (<i>r</i> = .22, <i>p</i> = .02), but not with stigma (<i>r</i> = .140, <i>p</i> = .147). Negative evaluations of therapy were also associated with PTSD symptoms (<i>r</i> = .43, <i>p</i> < .001). There was an indirect effect of racial stress on PTSD symptoms through a negative evaluation of therapy, β = .08, <i>SE</i> = 0.04, CI [0.01, 0.18]. More specifically, racial stress was associated with a more negative evaluation of therapy, which was in turn associated with more PTSD symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results highlight the need for accessible and culturally competent mental health care for pregnant Black individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"382-389"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10842040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41210934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between International Trauma Questionnaire complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and moral injury in a sample of U.K. treatment-seeking veterans: A network approach.","authors":"Laura Josephine Hendrikx, Dominic Murphy","doi":"10.1037/tra0001426","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and moral injury are receiving increasing empirical attention. The network approach offers a novel method to understand the association between such mental health constructs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present study investigated: (a) the network structure of CPTSD symptom clusters according to the International Trauma Questionnaire to determine centrality (i.e., the most influential symptom cluster) and (b) the network structure of CPTSD symptom clusters and moral injury symptoms according to the Moral Injury Outcome Scale to determine bridge symptoms (i.e., the symptoms linking comorbid presentation of CPTSD and moral injury) within a clinical sample of veterans.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Emotional dysregulation, avoidance,</i> and <i>interpersonal difficulties</i> were found to be most central in the CPTSD network, and <i>interpersonal difficulties, negative self-concept</i>, and <i>emotional dysregulation</i> were found to be the strongest bridge symptoms in the CPTSD and moral injury network.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The two networks suggest a key role of disturbance in self-organization symptoms in the presentation of CPTSD and its association with moral injury among treatment-seeking veterans. Despite the limitations of the present study, it offers an insightful starting point as the first network analysis study of CPTSD in treatment-seeking veterans as well as its association with moral injury. Implications in terms of points of intervention and further research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"513-521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low reliability when determining criterion a for posttraumatic stress disorder from self-report descriptions of traumatic events: The need for transparent methods.","authors":"Mikael Rubin, Anna Alban Foulser, Emma Siegel, Jasper A J Smits, Mark B Powers, Abigail Angkaw, Michael J Telch","doi":"10.1037/tra0001477","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exposure to a traumatic event is a primary criterion (Criterion A) for meeting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Using self-report to establish diagnostic criteria in research has become more common, especially with internet-based research. However, some individuals may construe events as traumatic when they do not meet Criterion A. There has yet to be a test of interrater reliability (IRR) from self-report of traumatic events.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three graduate students in clinical psychology and three licensed psychologists rated Criterion A using the life events checklist (LEC), as well as the three modified LEC versions (specification of up to three index traumas; extension of part 2 of the LEC) aimed to increase IRR. One hundred participants completed each of the four versions of the LEC (<i>N</i> = 400). Bootstrapped permutation tests were used to estimate differences in IRR and to generate 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, findings indicated fair-moderate IRR (Fleiss's kappa) κ = 0.428, 95% CI [0.379, 0.477]. The other versions of the LEC (including additional clarifying questions in part 2 of the LEC and/or opportunities to describe up to three traumas) did not meaningfully increase IRR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings indicate that relying on self-report from the LEC alone and/or single-rater assessment of open-text trauma descriptions is not recommended for determining whether a traumatic event meets Criterion A. We conclude that it is critical when collecting self-reported PTSD symptoms to provide a clear description of how Criterion A was assessed, initial agreement between raters, and how disagreements were resolved. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"435-442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9416844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional Betrayal From Child Sexual Abuse Measure (EBSCAM): A psychometric analysis.","authors":"Molly R Wolf, Braden K Linn, Lisa D Butler","doi":"10.1037/tra0001514","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the psychometric properties of a new scale, the Emotional Betrayal from Child Sexual Abuse Measure (<i>EBCSAM</i>), which assesses feelings of betrayal in adult survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA). Emotional betrayal is examined with respect to the perpetrator as well as others in the survivor's immediate environment (i.e., family, friends, etc.) during the time of the abuse.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 342 CSA survivors were anonymously surveyed online in order to examine the psychometric properties of the <i>EBCSAM</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The original 16-item measure did not produce a good-fitting model, nor was it considered reliable or valid. Instead, a shortened six-item measure produced a successful model, was reliable (overall Cronbach's α = .85), and exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses suggested two valid latent subscales (Perpetrator Betrayal and Environmental Betrayal).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This measure could be useful to clinicians treating survivors of child sexual abuse, as well as researchers, to reveal and evaluate aspects of emotional betrayal that impacted survivors.CSA). Emotional betrayal is examined with respect to the perpetrator as well as others in the survivor's immediate environment (i.e., family, friends, etc.) during the time of the abuse.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 342 CSA survivors were anonymously surveyed online in order to examine the psychometric properties of the (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"416-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}