Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Inflexible responses to uncertainty: The mediating role of psychological inflexibility in the link between intolerance of uncertainty, traumatic stress, and somatic symptoms.","authors":"Chung Xiann Lim, Emily A Mueller, L Brooke Short, Rong Xia, Piraorn Suvanbenjakule, William H O'Brien","doi":"10.1037/tra0001860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and psychological inflexibility (PI) were shown to be risk factors of traumatic stress (TS) and somatic symptoms (SS) during COVID-19. The present study tested a structural equation model where PI mediated the relationships between IU, TS, and SS based on their theoretical and experimental overlaps. The contribution of all six PI facets including experiential avoidance (EA) and cognitive fusion (CF) were investigated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample was made up of 656 participants who reported elevated scores for TS and SS. Mediation analysis was conducted via structural equation modeling to test the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis followed the mediation analysis. Follow-up hierarchical regressions were conducted to examine the individual contribution of each PI facet.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall model demonstrated a good fit (comparative fit index = .98; root-mean-square error of approximation = .07; total effects on TS and SS: β = .78, β = .60). IU was positively associated with TS and SS, and the relations were mediated by PI, with PI accounting for most of the effect. Hierarchical analyses revealed the less studied PI facets explained additional variance over and beyond EA and CF. EA and CF were no longer significant predictors of TS and SS after all PI facets were entered while controlling for IU and demographic variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings were consistent with previous researchers positing PI as an overarching construct encompassing IU and other related psychological vulnerabilities. PI facets beyond EA and CF warrant more investigations. Clinically, PI and PI facets could be important intervention targets for high IU individuals in times of uncertainty. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional self-disclosure and internalizing problems among adolescents after an earthquake: Sex differences in codevelopment and temporal associations.","authors":"Yifan Li, Yingying Ye, Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.1037/tra0001892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated sex differences in the codevelopment trajectories and temporal associations of emotional self-disclosure and internalizing problems in Chinese adolescents.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three hundred ninety-two adolescents (age: <i>M</i> = 15.02, SD = 1.61) completed self-report questionnaires 12 months (T1), 21 months (Time 2 [T2]), and 27 months (T3) after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred on August 8, 2017. We conducted parallel process latent growth modeling and constructed cross-lagged panel models with sex as a grouping variable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that emotional self-disclosure increased overtime for girls and internalizing problems were stable for both boys and girls. For boys, emotional self-disclosure at T1 and T2 was negatively associated with internalizing problems at T2 and T3; internalizing problems at T2 were negatively associated with emotional self-disclosure at T3. For girls, internalizing problems at T1 and T2 were negatively associated with emotional self-disclosure at T2 and T3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicated that emotional self-disclosure showed a clear healing effect only for boys, whereas for girls, higher internalizing problems related to suppressed emotional self-disclosure. These findings suggested that interventions could focus on promoting emotional self-disclosure for boys and focus on the relief of internalizing symptoms for girls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the psychometric properties of trauma history measures: Assessment of reliability and validity.","authors":"Julia Johnston, Jennifer Moore, Donncha Hanna, David Curran, Julie-Ann Jordan, Ciaran Shannon, Kevin F W Dyer","doi":"10.1037/tra0001854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Psychological trauma is a pervasive, influential antecedent in a variety of mental health presentations; however, the comparative reliability and validity of long-standing self-report trauma history batteries remain unclear despite recent developments in trauma assessment. The present study employed both clinical and nonclinical samples to conduct a range of psychometric analyses on three of the most commonly used \"legacy\" measures of psychological trauma history: Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), Trauma History Questionnaire, and Traumatic Events Questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Criterion and convergent validity were assessed along with test-retest reliability and social desirability effects. Participants were a treatment-seeking sample of mental health patients (<i>N</i> = 79; age = 46.5; 26.0% female) and a student sample (<i>N</i> = 136; age = 21.0; 82.7% female).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Traumatic event scores on the measures correlated significantly with each other, indicating acceptable levels of convergent validity (<i>r</i> = .71-.82). Acceptable test-retest reliability was obtained in the student sample (intraclass correlation coefficients = .69-.78), despite several subscales exhibiting some temporal instability. Criterion validity produced a more complex picture. The TLEQ and Traumatic Events Questionnaire correlated significantly with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in both samples, whereas the Trauma History Questionnaire did not correlate with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the student sample. All three batteries exhibited significant negative relationships with social desirability, indicating potential reporting bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the TLEQ emerged as the most robust legacy measure of trauma history. Future studies should assess its psychometrics in comparison with the new generation of measures (i.e., Life Events Checklist, International Trauma Exposure Measure) to further the development of assessment tools in this area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of multidimensional forms of online racism on posttraumatic stress symptoms: Do racial identity beliefs buffer this relationship?","authors":"Henry A Willis, Ashley D Maxie-Moreman, Tuyet-Mai Ha Hoang, Lillian Polanco-Roman, Brendesha M Tynes","doi":"10.1037/tra0001875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to identify distinct profiles of online racial discrimination (ORD) and exposure to race-related traumatic events online (TEO) among Black and Latine youth, explore if these profiles would be related to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and examine how racial identity (RI) beliefs may mitigate the impact of these experiences on PTSS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Utilizing data from 769 Black and Latine youth aged 11 to 19, collected via a longitudinal online survey, measures included ORD, TEO, RI (racial centrality, private regard, and public regard), and PTSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles of ORD and TEO exposure: (1) low overall exposures (46%), (2) low direct-high indirect exposures (34%), (3) moderate direct-high indirect exposures (15%), and (4) high overall exposures (15%). Youth in profiles characterized by more frequent exposures to various forms of online racism reported greater PTSS, while those in profiles with fewer exposures reported fewer symptoms. Private regard beliefs moderated the association between online racism profiles and PTSS, particularly for youth with fewer exposures to online racism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings are among the first to illustrate the varied experiences of online racism among Black and Latine youth and the first to support that RI beliefs, particularly private regard beliefs, may serve as a protective factor against the adverse effects of online racism on PTSS, particularly for those with lower exposure levels. This has the potential to influence practice and policy interventions aimed at treating and addressing PTSS among Black and Latine youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized controlled trial assists individuals with complex trauma and dissociation in Finding Solid Ground.","authors":"Bethany L Brand, Hygge J Schielke, Karen Putnam, Nicholas A Pierorazio, M Shae Nester, Jerrica Robertson, Amie C Myrick, Richard J Loewenstein, Frank W Putnam, Kathy Steele, Suzette Boon, Ruth A Lanius","doi":"10.1037/tra0001871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evidence-based treatments are urgently needed for individuals with trauma-related dissociation (TRD), including severe dissociative disorders, the dissociative posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subtype, and complex PTSD (<i>International Classification of Diseases-10</i>). TRD is strongly associated with severe trauma, a more refractory treatment course, and high suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury. We evaluated changes in symptoms and adaptive capacities in individuals with high TRD through participation in an adjunctive online program based on the <i>Finding Solid Ground</i> (FSG) psychoeducational program.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We provide an interim report on an ongoing, randomized controlled trial of FSG on an international sample of 291 outpatients with dissociative identity disorder, dissociative PTSD, other specified dissociative disorders, complex PTSD, or dissociative disorder, unspecified <i>(International Classification of Diseases-10</i>). Outpatient therapists continued to provide psychotherapy. Participants were randomly assigned to either receive immediate access to FSG or be on a 6-month waitlist before accessing FSG. We did not exclude for suicidality, nonsuicidal self-injury, recent or concurrent hospitalization, or substance abuse.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although initially comparable on outcome measures, at 6 months into the study, the Immediate FSG group showed significant improvement in emotion regulation, PTSD symptoms, self-compassion, and adaptive capacities in comparison to the Waitlist group. At 12 months, the Immediate group showed large effect size changes in these areas compared to study entry (|g|s = 0.95-1.32). The Waitlist group showed comparable improvements after accessing the FSG program for 6 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that adding FSG to psychotherapy of individuals with TRD results in improvements in emotion regulation, PTSD symptoms, self-compassion, and adaptive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood adversity and coping among Indigenous university students in Canada: Considerations when examining adverse childhood experiences.","authors":"Alexander W Luther, Kelly Skinner, Kelly Anthony, John G Mielke","doi":"10.1037/tra0001885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with health-risk behaviors and chronic disease development. Although valuable, conventional ACE surveys may fail to adequately capture the range of adversities that some communities experience. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether First Nations and Metis postsecondary students and staff in Ontario identified domains of ACE not captured by conventional ACE surveys. In addition, this study aimed to identify potential coping strategies or factors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Qualitative interview and focus group methodologies were used; notably, we integrated aspects of the nominal group technique with elements of First Nations Sharing Circles. The data were thematically analyzed and organized by their impact as perceived by participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen First Nations and Metis participants (ages 21-38) shared five additional domains of ACE: historical trauma, lack of infrastructure and public services, household and community dysfunction, gender-based adversities, and racial discrimination. Four domains of coping strategies and factors were identified: healing from trauma, improving cultural connections, strengthening social networks, and developing skills and knowledge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings highlight the need to appreciate the sociological and historical experiences of communities, not just individuals, when surveying ACE among Indigenous youth. Specifically, when surveying ACE in Indigenous populations, measures should be expanded to include historical trauma, lack of infrastructure and public services, gender-based adversities, and racial discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anger mediates the relationship between changes in alcohol use and violence: A longitudinal examination among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans.","authors":"Krista Miloslavich, Pallavi Aurora, Jean C Beckham, Eric B Elbogen, Kirsten H Dillon","doi":"10.1037/tra0001894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Interpersonal violence is a common barrier to reintegration into civilian life in post-9/11 veterans. Alcohol use and anger, also common among veterans, are both risk factors for violence. The present study used longitudinal data to examine relationships between these factors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Post-9/11-era veterans (<i>N</i> = 302) were assessed via clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months on alcohol use, anger, violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Multilevel structural modeling was used to compare two different mediation models across the three waves of data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The indirect effect of changes in alcohol use on violence via changes in anger was significant (<i>p</i> = .046). When covarying for PTSD symptom severity, the effects of Path A and Path B were consistent; however, the indirect effect between alcohol use and violence was no longer significant (<i>p</i> = .076). The indirect effect of changes in anger on violence via changes in alcohol use was not significant (<i>p</i> = .074).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Alcohol use, anger, and violence are variables closely influencing one another. The association between changes in anger and subsequent violence was not mediated by changes in alcohol use. The association between changes in alcohol use and subsequent violence was mediated by changes in anger; however, this mediating effect disappeared when controlling for PTSD severity. These findings shed light on the importance of anger and PTSD as contributors to the relationship between alcohol use and violence. They suggest that assessing and treating anger may reduce violence among veterans with problematic alcohol use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stepped care for posttraumatic stress disorder: An open trial feasibility study.","authors":"Reginald D V Nixon, Larissa N Roberts","doi":"10.1037/tra0001828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is a need to evaluate stepped care approaches for individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This pilot study tested the efficacy of combining a low-intensity program (This Way Up [TWU]) with the option to step up to an established higher intensity therapy (Cognitive Processing Therapy [CPT]).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was an open trial with participants with predominantly interpersonal trauma (<i>N</i> = 38). PTSD diagnosis and self-reported PTSD, depression symptoms, and quality of life were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up for all participants (with TWU-only participants also assessed at 6 months).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the intent-to-treat sample, 24 participants only required TWU (21 completers), with 14 participants stepped up to CPT (TWU + CPT; nine completers). Significant improvements in PTSD, depression, and quality of life were observed for TWU and TWU + CPT participants, with gains maintained at follow-up. Effect sizes for PTSD outcomes (clinician- and participant-rated) ranged from medium to large, with larger reductions generally in the TWU group (e.g., PTSD gs: 1.96-3.54, vs. gs: 0.48-1.14 for TWU + CPT). Of the participants available at 3-month follow-up, 73% (<i>n</i> = 19/26) met good-end-state functioning for PTSD (TWU: 70.6%; TWU + CPT: 77.8%). Those who stepped up reported significantly greater symptoms at pretreatment than TWU-only participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This stepped care approach appeared credible and feasible and demonstrated meaningful impact on mental health for participants who had predominately experienced interpersonal trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Voice of concern\" for rural veterans with PTSD: Care managers' role engaging rural veterans in evidence-based therapies via telemedicine.","authors":"Valentina V Petrova, Carol Simons, Suparna Rajan, Heather Schacht Reisinger, John Paul Nolan, Jessica Chen, George Sayre, John C Fortney","doi":"10.1037/tra0001845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In a Department of Veterans Affairs collaborative care implementation trial, care managers (CMs) focused on engaging rural Veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-focused psychotherapies, specifically cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy, delivered over telehealth. As part of a summative evaluation, we interviewed Veterans about their experience, especially their interactions with their CM. Because relatively few Veterans initiated a trauma-focused psychotherapy, we specifically asked them about their conversations with CMs to better understand what worked and what did not work with regard to treatment engagement.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted phone interviews with a purposive sample of 43 unique Veterans between 2017 and 2019. We purposively sampled Veterans who reported changes in satisfaction with Veterans Affairs posttraumatic stress disorder services and had experiences with different care modalities and patients who declined to initiate a trauma-focused psychotherapy. Data were analyzed using deductive-inductive content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, Veterans perceived CMs as helpful in three ways: (a) for care coordination-especially with therapists; (b) as a \"voice of concern\"-for Veterans' health and daily life; and (c) as a \"side counselor\"-helping prepare Veterans for appointments and following up after their trauma-focused psychotherapy sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Veterans appreciated many qualities about their CM unrelated to trauma-focused psychotherapy. For those engaging in trauma-focused psychotherapy, CMs played the role of \"side counselor\" helping them stay engaged in care. Understanding patient perspectives about CMs' roles can help other types of providers understand how to best engage patients in trauma-focused psychotherapies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should the perpetration of or the failure to intervene with or report military sexual trauma be assessed?","authors":"Peter D Yeomans, Louis A Rivera","doi":"10.1037/tra0001859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Military sexual trauma (MST) has gained national attention since the Navy Tailhook scandal, in which 90 service members reported being sexually assaulted and/or harassed by military personnel (Monteith et al., 2015). Screenings administered in the early 2000s revealed that approximately one in five women and one in 100 men seen in Veteran Affairs medical hospitals screen positive for MST (Schweitzer, 2013). The current literature has advanced our understanding of the prevalence of MST and the impact sexual trauma has on the overall health and well-being of MST survivors. Additionally, the literature on moral injury has expanded inquiry into how perpetration of and failure to prevent violence is associated with psychiatric distress and decreased functioning. However, there is a dearth of research on service members who perpetrate MST and those who fail to intervene or report sexual trauma, and the psychiatric effects of these actions or inactions on these individuals. This commentary explores the possible benefits and risks of expanding the assessment of MST to include perpetration and failing to intervene or report MST. We discuss this within the larger context of MST assessment, future research, and prevention and intervention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}