Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Family caregivers of service members in United States Department of Defense health care report impairment in longitudinal health outcomes.","authors":"Tracey A Brickell, Louis M French, Megan M Wright, Jamie K Sullivan, Brian J Ivins, Nicole V Varbedian, Anice M Byrd, Rael T Lange","doi":"10.1037/tra0001712","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine elevated symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures over 2 years in caregivers of service members with traumatic brain injury (TBI). To compare outcomes to caregivers of veterans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Caregivers (<i>N</i> = 315) were classified into two groups: (a) service member caregiver group (<i>n</i> = 55) and (b) veteran caregiver group (<i>n</i> = 260). Caregivers completed 17 HRQOL measures at a baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation 24 months later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the service member caregiver group, the highest frequency of clinically elevated <i>T</i>-scores (≥ 60 T) at baseline and follow-up were found on physical and psychological HRQOL measures (16.4%-30.9%). A higher proportion of the veteran caregiver group had clinically elevated scores on nine measures at baseline and seven measures at follow-up. Examining the number of clinically elevated scores simultaneously across all 17 measures, the service member caregiver group had multiple elevated scores (e.g., 4 or more: baseline = 25.5%, follow-up = 27.3%). A higher proportion of the veteran caregiver group had multiple clinically elevated scores for 13 comparisons at baseline (<i>h</i> = .35-.82), but reduced to eight comparisons at follow-up (<i>h</i> = .36-.63). In the service member caregiver group, the proportion of caregivers with clinically elevated scores at baseline and follow-up was equally dispersed across persistent and newly developed symptoms, but higher for persistent symptoms compared to developed symptoms in the veteran caregiver group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Many caregivers of service members reported clinically elevated scores across HRQOL domains and the prevalence increased over 2 years. More services for caregivers in the Department of Defense may be helpful in reducing the trajectory of newly developed symptoms long term. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"406-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141446902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural processes of emotional conflict detection and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in traumatic injury survivors.","authors":"Kaley E Davis, Carissa W Tomas, E Kate Webb, Ashley A Huggins, Terri A deRoon-Cassini, Christine L Larson, Jacklynn M Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1037/tra0001586","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Given the prevalence and significant burden of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), identifying early predictors of symptom development following trauma is critical. PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprised of distinct symptom clusters-reexperiencing, avoidance, negative mood, and hyperarousal-that contribute to the broad range of possible symptom profiles. Affective and attentional regulation processes, such as emotional conflict detection, are impaired in individuals with PTSD; however, the neural mechanisms underlying these alterations and their predictive utility for the development of PTSD symptoms remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Traumatic injury survivors (<i>N</i> = 49) without traumatic brain injury were recruited from the emergency department of an urban, Level-1 trauma center. Within 1 month of trauma exposure, participants completed a well-characterized emotional conflict task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Participants returned 6-month later for a clinical assessment of PTSD symptoms. Using a region-of-interest mask derived from whole-brain voxelwise analyses during emotional conflict detection (vs. no emotional conflict detection) we examined whether differential neural activity predicted 6-month PTSD symptom cluster severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater activation of the right middle frontal gyrus during emotional conflict detection prospectively predicted lower PTSD avoidance symptom severity 6 months later (above and beyond the effects of self-reported baseline PTSD and depressive symptoms, previous traumatic life events, racial discrimination, age, sex, and injury severity).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neural processes of emotion conflict detection measured in the early aftermath of a potentially traumatic event are useful as predictors for the development of PTSD symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"323-330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41238202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do appraisals of military service indicate current distress in aging Vietnam War combat veterans?","authors":"Anica Pless Kaiser, Christopher B Brady, Avron Spiro","doi":"10.1037/tra0001738","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Appraisals of military service, both desirable and undesirable, assessed via Elder and Clipp's (1989) scale, are associated with psychological distress in veterans. Aging combat veterans (CV) are at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological disorders yet may underreport symptoms and not seek treatment that could be beneficial. It is unknown whether desirable and undesirable appraisals of military service are associated with mental health outcomes above and beyond typical risk and protective factors, such as age, education, and combat exposure. Therefore, we examined associations between appraisals of military service and assessments of psychological distress in Vietnam War CV, currently the largest cohort of aging veterans.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Male Vietnam War CV aged 60 and older (<i>n</i> = 134) were selected from a larger study. Regression analyses examined the associations between appraisals of military service and measures of physical and psychological well-being and distress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both desirable and undesirable appraisals of military service exhibited associations with measures of psychological distress, with undesirable appraisals being more strongly associated with distress than desirable appraisals. In regression analyses, appraisals were related to mental health outcomes over and above covariates. In addition, appraisals were more strongly related to psychological versus physical well-being measures, with undesirable appraisals more strongly related to mental health and well-being measures than desirable appraisals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Assessing appraisals of military service may identify veterans experiencing psychological distress who may benefit from referral for psychological interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"438-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response styles to positive affect during a positive psychology intervention for veterans with PTSD and moral injury: Preliminary results from a moral elevation intervention pilot trial.","authors":"Adam P McGuire, Madeline Rodenbaugh, Binh An N Howard, Ateka A Contractor","doi":"10.1037/tra0001774","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or moral injury are at risk of maladaptive response styles to positive emotions, such as emotional numbing. A potential pathway to target problematic responses to positive affect is a positive psychology intervention that elicits moral elevation-feeling inspired after witnessing someone perform a virtuous act. This study aims to examine responses to positive affect in a pilot trial of a web-based moral elevation intervention titled, <i>MOVED: Moral Elevation Online Intervention for Veterans Experiencing Distress Related to PTSD and Moral Injury.</i> Method: Veterans who reported moral injury distress and probable PTSD were randomized into an intervention or control condition (<i>n</i> = 48). We examined repeated measures data during the trial and focused on three subscales of the Response to Positive Affect Questionnaire: rumination on positive mood and somatic experiences (emotion-focus), rumination on positive aspects of the self and pursuit of relevant goals (self-focus), and efforts to dampen positive moods (dampening). Three multilevel models were fitted with time and condition as predictors and subscale scores as outcomes. Qualitative data reported at intervention sessions was also reviewed and coded based on the three subscales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Veterans in the MOVED condition reported more positive rumination than the control condition for both emotion-focus (<i>b</i> = 2.70, <i>p</i> = .023) and self-focus styles (<i>b</i> = 2.90, <i>p</i> = .003). There was no group difference in the dampening style. Qualitative responses after elevation-eliciting exercises and session-based goals were most frequently coded as including emotion-focused positive rumination, followed by dampening, then self-focused rumination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results provide preliminary evidence that a moral elevation intervention might contribute to positive responses to positive affect in a sample predisposed to emotional numbing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"457-465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in differentiating genuine from feigned dissociative identity disorder.","authors":"Tilbe Ambrose, Kathleen J Giarratano, Matthew L McCue, Bethany L Brand, Constance J Dalenberg","doi":"10.1037/tra0001611","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to determine the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in accurately distinguishing genuine dissociative identity disorder (DID) patients from coached and uncoached DID simulators.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>DID patients (<i>n</i> = 34) who were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for <i>DSM-IV</i>-Dissociative Disorders were recruited from inpatient and outpatient settings. Coached (<i>n</i> = 25) and uncoached (<i>n</i> = 64) simulator groups were recruited from a Mid-Atlantic university. All participants completed the MMPI-2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MMPI-2 validity scales reliably distinguished simulators from DID patients with high sensitivity (0.95) and specificity (0.97). The scales showing greatest promise making the distinction were F minus K index, back infrequency scale, and superlative self-presentation. Simulators and genuine DID patients also differed in their pattern of symptoms. All results were calculated with White female DID patients and simulators only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genuine DID patients can be differentiated from simulators. Simulators appear to overweight symptoms of paranoia and alienation relative to mood and somatic symptoms. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to male and non-White populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"307-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92156310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social connectedness and well-being among Black women who experienced adolescent sexual trauma.","authors":"Uma Balaji, Irene Tung, Candice Norcott, Kate Keenan, Alison E Hipwell","doi":"10.1037/tra0001729","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Sexual violence disproportionately impacts Black girls and women in the United States. The literature documents the long-term mental health outcomes of childhood sexual trauma, but research on resilience-promoting factors for Black women survivors of such trauma is sparse. The present study tests hypotheses about the influence of Black girls' social connectedness (e.g., with mothers, peers, and racial/ethnic community) on the association between adolescent sexual trauma and early adulthood well-being.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included 850 Black girls from the Pittsburgh Girls Study. Girls reported prospectively and retrospectively on experiences of sexual trauma between ages 13 and 17. Annual assessments of social connectedness comprised reports of closeness with mother, peer social self-worth, and belonging/affirmation in racial/ethnic identity. In early adulthood (ages 18-21), participants reported on psychological flourishing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 10% (<i>N</i> = 83) of participants reported having experienced sexual trauma during adolescence. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that adolescent sexual trauma predicted lower psychological flourishing, whereas peer social self-worth and belonging in racial/ethnic identity predicted higher psychological flourishing in early adulthood. Tests of moderation revealed no significant effects of social connectedness on the association between adolescent sexual trauma and later psychological flourishing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that Black women survivors of adolescent sexual trauma may experience lower psychological flourishing than those without histories of such trauma and support the importance of multiple domains of social connectedness for Black adolescent girls, in general. However, further research is needed on race- and gender-specific contextual factors that enable Black women survivors of sexual trauma to thrive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11749672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141427438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and concordance of International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fifth Edition posttraumatic stress diagnostics among Northern Irish military veterans.","authors":"Martin Robinson, Maj Hansen, Chérie Armour","doi":"10.1037/tra0001638","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are two primary competing diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); the <i>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</i> and the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).</i> These systems differ in terms of the number and nature of PTSD symptoms, the implied latent structure of the disorder, and associated posttraumatic diagnostic classifications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence and concordance of <i>ICD-11th Revision (ICD-11)</i> and <i>DSM-Fifth Edition (DSM-5)</i> PTSD, complex-PTSD (C-PTSD), and dissociative subtype of PTSD (D-PTSD) criteria in a sample of Northern Irish military veterans.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Data were collected from a community sample of military veterans living in Northern Ireland (NI). Prevalence rates of <i>ICD-11</i> PTSD and C-PTSD and <i>DSM-5</i> PTSD and D-PTSD were estimated using validated self-report measures for each system. Concordance of caseness determined by diagnostic criteria was compared using Cohen's kappa.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>DSM-5</i> algorithm criteria produced significantly higher prevalence estimates of PTSD (39.26%) relative to the <i>ICD-11</i> algorithm criteria (32.09%). Both C-PTSD and D-PTSD were identified for subgroups within the sample (24.66% and 27.96%, respectively). There was moderate agreement between the diagnostic systems regarding PTSD caseness, and between C-PTSD and D-PTSD caseness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings have implications regarding the measurement of PTSD and associated diagnostic groupings for the wider literature, suggesting that the choice of diagnostic screening framework may influence classification. Both C-PTSD and D-PTSD may be relevant diagnostic considerations for the NI military veteran group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"396-405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139736017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Black and Latino sexual minority men's perspectives on assessment of sexual history in diverse health care settings.","authors":"Martin J Downing, Ellen Benoit, Jeffrey T Steen","doi":"10.1037/tra0001662","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This exploratory analysis aims to understand conditions under which cisgender Black and Latino sexual minority men (SMM) would be willing to share potentially abusive childhood sexual experiences with health care providers. Black and Latino SMM may be overrepresented among childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors, but some abusive experiences are appraised as consensual due to cultural pressures, leading to underreporting and a delay in identification and treatment. Prior research highlights the importance of screening for sexual abuse histories in primary care and substance use treatment settings, though studies indicate that such assessments rarely occur.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 61 cisgender Black and Latino SMM who reported sexual experiences in childhood that met criteria for CSA. Interviews explored men's experiences with and attitudes toward sexual history taking in diverse health care settings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most respondents felt that providers should assess sexual history and be aware of prior abuse. Barriers to disclosure included perceived provider bias and insincerity and concerns that provider characteristics (e.g., gender) might limit their ability to understand a client's experiences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that a trauma-informed approach to the assessment of sexual histories should consider that patients' current physical and mental states may be (in)directly linked to earlier, traumatic events and that intersecting identities (e.g., gender and race) could influence men's willingness to share their histories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"245-248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal associations between posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety, and rumination among adolescents: Disentangling within-person and between-person associations.","authors":"Yingying Ye, Yifan Li, Xinchun Wu, Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.1037/tra0001721","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and separation anxiety often show high comorbidity after trauma, which complicates the course of disease and treatment response. However, it is unclear how PTSD and separation anxiety comorbidity occur. According to the cognitive model of PTSD, rumination may be a key cognitive process linking the two constructs. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety and to assess the mediating role of rumination in this relation among adolescents after trauma.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A follow-up survey was conducted among 204 adolescent survivors of the Ya'an earthquake, at 6 months (T1), 12 months (T2), and 18 months (T3). A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used for data analysis to disentangle within-person dynamics from stable between-person differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that at the within-person level, PTSD increased separation anxiety via rumination, and early PTSD further exacerbated later PTSD through increased rumination and separation anxiety.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the mediating role of rumination, elucidate the relation between PTSD and separation anxiety, and provide theoretical support for the development of transdiagnostic clinical interventions and treatments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"331-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141458974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS).","authors":"Cristian Di Gesto, Marta Spinoni, Caterina Grano","doi":"10.1037/tra0001728","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS) assesses postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (5th ed.) criteria. Although it has been validated worldwide, predictive validity has not been previously examined. Moreover, no Italian version of the scale exists. This study aimed to test the bifactor latent structure and alternative models, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, divergent validity, and predictive validity of the City BiTS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Women (<i>N</i> = 629) who had given birth within the past 3 months completed an online survey including sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, the City BiTS, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. After 3 months, women completed the City BiTS again and reported their intention to breastfeed during the 1-year postpartum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the two-factorial structure. In confirmatory factor analysis, the two-factorial solution showed the best model fit. Internal consistency was good to excellent for the subscales and the total scale. Correlation analyses showed strong convergent validity with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, high divergent validity with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, high test-retest reliability, and good predictive validity with the intention to exclusively breastfeed. Moreover, the Birth-Related Symptoms subscale distinguished between different types of delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The City BiTS-Italian is the first measure evaluating and diagnosing childbirth-related PTSD symptoms based on <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (5th ed.) in Italy. The factorial structure and validity reported in other cultural contexts were confirmed; moreover, findings add evidence to the scale's temporal stability and predictive validity. Besides contributing to clinical purposes, the City BiTS-Italian will facilitate international comparability regarding the prevalence of PTSD following childbirth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"341-352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}