Behavioural Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Brain structure and function and social exclusion reactivity in the Cyberball game","authors":"Rosa H. Mulder ,&nbsp;Bing Xu ,&nbsp;Mónica López-Vicente ,&nbsp;Marian H. Bakermans-Kranenburg ,&nbsp;Marinus H. van IJzendoorn ,&nbsp;Henning Tiemeier ,&nbsp;Ryan L. Muetzel","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social exclusion or rejection is a universal stressor, and strong responses to rejection have been related to mental health issues. Previous studies linked rejection to concurrent brain activity in, amongst others, the insula or cingulo-operculum, areas related to pain processing. To date however, studies have only studied to the state of the brain <em>during</em> rejection, and not rejection in relation more stable brain characteristics. Identifying which brain areas are different among those that respond more to rejection could help us understand more of the biological underpinnings of rejection sensitivity and ultimately alleviate associated mental health issues. Here the relation between brain structure, resting-state functional connectivity and rejection reactivity <em>outside</em> of the MRI scanner was studied, in a multi-ethnic population-based sample of 1814 9-to-12-year-olds. Using the Cyberball paradigm, observed emotional facial expressions and self-reported feelings during peer rejection were measured. Stronger resting-state functional connectivity between the dorsal striatum, visual, and sensori-motor networks, and between the cingulo-operculum and dorsal attention network was related to negative emotional facial expressions during peer rejection (beta = 0.11–0.12). No associations were detected for self-reported reactions or brain structure. The dorsal striatum is related to automated behavior and functional connectivity between these and other networks may indicate why some children are more expressive in their reaction to rejection. Findings in the cingulo-operculum and dorsal attention network are in line with earlier studies, here suggesting that brain activity during rest is related to the risk of feeling ‘hurt’ when socially rejected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-grade chronic inflammatory stimulation alleviates α‑syn accumulation in Parkinson's disease by activating autophagy to promote neuronal survival in the Thy1-h[A30P]α-syn mouse model.","authors":"Min Yin, Yangbo Zhang, Zhijuan Cheng, Zhiping Wu, Qinghua Luo, Weiping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of inflammation on Parkinson's disease (PD) development and progression varies based on factors such as the intensity, duration of inflammation, and the disease stage. Delving deeper into this aspect could unveil novel therapeutic opportunities for PD treatment. (Thy-1)-h[A30P]α-syn mice were used as PD animal models. Low-grade chronic inflammatory stimulation was applied by the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or monophosphoryl lipid (MPL). RT-qPCR, western blotting, IHC, and IF staining were utilized to confirm the relative expression of targeted genes and proteins. Assay kits were used to determine the levels of Cathepsin B (CTSB) activities. The motor function of the mice was assessed by pole-climbing test and field test. Mild inflammatory stimulus activated microglia without elevating their secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This stimulation also induced activation of autophagy, and facilitated the degradation of α-syn in the midbrain by triggering the autophagy-lysosome pathway, thereby fostering neuron survival. Low-grade inflammatory stimulation promoted α-syn degradation via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. These findings offer new perspectives for the treatment of PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":" ","pages":"115703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Shared Genetic Structure and Causal Analysis Between Frailty and Suicide.","authors":"Siyu Deng, Li Qian, Lin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Frailty is associated with decreased physiological reserves, loss of independence, and depression, and may be particularly relevant for identifying elderly individuals at increased risk for suicide attempts. However, the relationship between frailty and suicide attempt risk remains unclear, and the underlying mechanisms linking the two are still insufficiently explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data obtained from genome-wide association study (GWAS) summaries, we employed linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) to determine the genetic correlation between frailty and suicide. To visualize the cross-trait genetic enrichment between suicide and FI, we constructed conditional quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots. Causal relationships were established using two-sample Mendelian randomization. We conducted a gene-based multivariate analysis (MAGMA) to examine the enrichment of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across various tissue types.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is a significant positive genetic correlation between frailty and suicide (rg = 0.35, p = 5.74E-21). Mendelian randomization revealed a causal relationship between the genetic susceptibility of frailty and suicide (OR, 1.77; 95% CI: 1.37-2.31; P = 1.72E-05). The genetic correlation between frailty and suicide showed significant enrichment in both the cerebellar hemispheres and the cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>One limitation of this study is that it relies on summary-level GWAS data, which may not capture individual-level heterogeneity or account for potential confounders in the frailty-suicide relationship.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a genetic correlation and causal relationship between frailty and suicide, and this relationship may be mediated by the cerebellum. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of their pathogenesis and could aid in identifying potential therapeutic targets and early screening strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":" ","pages":"115705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic analysis of protracted withdrawal symptoms, neurotransmitters, cytokine content and psychological status of heroin addicts in Yunnan Province","authors":"Qin Li ,&nbsp;Tingrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Sun ,&nbsp;Zhongyun Lu ,&nbsp;Dongqiong Chen ,&nbsp;Yijie Ma ,&nbsp;Jiao Yan ,&nbsp;Na Che ,&nbsp;Li Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Yunnan Province, adjacent to the \"Golden Triangle,\" a notorious drug trafficking region, faces a severe public health challenge due to high rates of heroin addiction. Despite existing interventions, protracted withdrawal symptoms (PWS) remain a significant barrier to recovery and a primary cause of relapse. This study investigates the dynamic changes in neurotransmitter and cytokine levels and their correlation with PWS and psychological status in heroin addicts undergoing detoxification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective cohort study was conducted with 136 voluntary heroin detoxification patients from March 2018 to October 2021. Participants underwent assessments at 30, 180, and 360 days post-detoxification, focusing on sociodemographic data, heroin usage characteristics, neurotransmitter (dopamine, β-endorphin, epinephrine) and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ) levels, as well as psychological evaluations for anxiety and depression using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS).</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The study identified significant fluctuations in neurotransmitter and cytokine levels throughout the detoxification period, which correlated with the severity and variation of PWS. Notably, symptoms such as emotional anxiety and inability to concentrate gradually decreased over time, whereas drug cravings peaked at 180 days, coinciding with the lowest levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ. These immune function disruptions suggest a critical period of heightened vulnerability to relapse.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>The findings underscore the necessity of long-term rehabilitation strategies that integrate physiological, psychological, and social interventions to manage heroin addiction effectively. Continuous monitoring of neurotransmitter and cytokine levels could provide early indicators of relapse risk, informing targeted interventions during critical recovery periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dorsal striatal glucocorticoid receptor blockade prevents inhibitory avoidance memory impairment induced by restraint stress and corticosterone","authors":"E.A. Rendón-Ochoa,&nbsp;L.N. Cedillo-Zavaleta,&nbsp;A.O. Flores-Sánchez,&nbsp;N.L. García-Saldívar,&nbsp;M.R.A. González-López,&nbsp;A.A. Hernández-Aparicio,&nbsp;S.E. Cruz-Morales","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress exposure triggers the release of corticosterone (CO), which influences learning and memory. The behavioral outcome depends on the type and duration of the stressor and the memory stage at which it is applied. Evidence suggests that CO administered before inhibitory avoidance training may hinder memory acquisition, while stress applied after training may enhance memory consolidation. This study explores the role of dorsal striatal glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) in the acquisition and subsequent retention of inhibitory avoidance memory. The first objective was to determine whether stress induced by restraint (R) or CO injection influenced acquisition and retention in the elevated T-maze (ETM). Rats were exposed to 15 min of R or received a CO injection (5 mg/kg, ip) with or without metyrapone, a glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis inhibitor. R or CO ip reduced acquisition latencies, and metyrapone administration prevented this impairment, indicating that stress disrupts memory acquisition. Next, the involvement of dorsal striatal GCR in memory was examined in ETM. The GCR antagonist mifepristone was administered directly into the dorsal striatum (DS). Under these conditions, R or CO injection failed to impair memory, suggesting that GCR activation is responsible for the deficit. Finally, CO was delivered directly into the DS. Intrastriatal CO administration produced impairments similar to those observed with R and CO injection. These findings demonstrate that GCR activation can impair memory acquisition and retention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct behavioural and neurovascular signatures induced by acute and chronic stress in rats","authors":"Daniela M. Simões ,&nbsp;José Carreira ,&nbsp;Alexandre Henriques ,&nbsp;Rita Gaspar ,&nbsp;Eliane S. Sanches ,&nbsp;Filipa I. Baptista ,&nbsp;Ana Paula Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress is a contributing factor for several mood disorders, including depression and anxiety which are associated with significant changes in behavioural and cellular domains. Additionally, sex differences in the prevalence of these neuropsychiatric disorders are well established. Emerging evidence suggests that stress is linked to cerebrovascular diseases and that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction contributes to the development and exacerbation of neuropathology and neuroinflammation. Despite these interesting findings, very little attention has been given to the effect of both acute and chronic stress (unpredictable chronic mild stress-uCMS) on the link between behavioural and BBB alterations. In this study we used the open field and forced swimming tests (FST) to evaluate locomotor activity, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours in male and female Wistar rats. Western blotting or ELISA were used to quantify the levels of different proteins related to BBB components and neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex. We found that acute stress induced anxiety only in males, whereas uCMS had no effect. Additionally, acute stress decreased immobility time in the FST pointing to a coping strategy in both sexes. In contrast, uCMS increased immobility time only in males, indicating depressive-like behaviour. Additionally, both types of stress had no major impact on TNF-α, GFAP and C3/C3aR proteins. Nevertheless, acute stress significantly reduced occludin and VEGF protein levels in both sexes, highlighting significant alterations in the neurovasculature. Concerning uCMS, there was an upregulation in claudin-5 protein levels only in females suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism of the BBB in response to a prolonged situation of stress. In conclusion, acute and uCMS induce distinct behavioural and biochemical profiles, particularly affecting BBB proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent CB1 receptor expression at the BLA and CA1 and acute AM251 effects on sociability and emotional memory are sex-specific, and not modulated by heterotypic stress exposure","authors":"Emmanuelle Person ,&nbsp;Hélène Plamondon","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blockade of endocannabinoid CB1R has shown effects on adulthood sociability, memory and fear responses, under basal and stress conditions. In this study, we examined sex-specific effects of exposure to heterotypic stress in the prepubescent period, marked by maturation of brain systems, on endocannabinoid receptors expression, corticosterone secretion and effects of CB1 receptor blockade on social and cognitive responses. Sixty-four (N = 32 per sex) adolescent male and female rats were randomly assigned to a stress or no stress condition. Rats in the stress condition underwent a 10-day heterotypic stress paradigm alternating between restraint stress and forced swim exposure occurring between postnatal day (PND) 30 and PND39. On PND42 and PND44, rats pretreated with the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist AM251 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) or a vehicle solution underwent behavioural testing in the social interaction and the Y-Maze passive avoidance tests. Our findings indicated acute CB1 antagonism to reduce sociability and fear memory, independently of sex or stress. Notably, baseline and stress-related corticosterone (CORT) detection indicated adolescent male to more rapidly habituate to stress exposure than female rats. Male rats also showed increased CB1 receptor expression at the basolateral amygdala and CA1 regions, although GR-ir remained unaltered. Together, our findings support observed sex- and region- specific differences in CB1 receptor expression during the adolescence period to be minimally influenced by prior heterotypic stress exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Fstl1 on neuroinflammation and microglia activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute depression-like mice","authors":"Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Guo ,&nbsp;Ling Wang ,&nbsp;Yifei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yutao Tian ,&nbsp;Dong Ming ,&nbsp;Xi Xiao ,&nbsp;Jiajia Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric illness, and its pathogenesis is associated with neuroinflammation. Follistatinlike protein 1 (FSTL1), a novel inflammatory protein, participates in the pathogenesis of diseases related to neuroinflammation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of FSTL1 in the pathogenesis of depression mediated using neuroinflammation-mediated models. Our results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration could induce despair-like behavior and increase proinflammatory cytokine levels in both male and female mice. Then, a significant positive correlation between hippocampal <em>Fstl1</em> mRNA expression, microglial activation and despair-like behaviors was observed in male mice. Moreover, knockdown FSTL1 significantly reduced microglial activation and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, while overexpression of <em>Fstl1</em> in hippocampus could exacerbate the activation of microglial under the LPS-induced condition in male mice. Mechanically, knockdown <em>Fstl1</em> inhibited LPS-induced activation of BV2 microglia and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby protecting the survival of HT22 neurons. In conclusion, our results implied that <em>Fstl1</em> may modulate despair-like behaviors through regulation of microglial activation and neuronal viability, which would lay the experimental and theoretical foundation for the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144293191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability in CKD: Link with inflammation and cognitive and mood impairment in rats","authors":"Mickaël Bobot ,&nbsp;Amandine Bruyat ,&nbsp;Laurent Thomas ,&nbsp;Samantha Fernandez ,&nbsp;Alexandre Brodovitch ,&nbsp;José Boucraut ,&nbsp;Stéphane Burtey ,&nbsp;Vincent Nail ,&nbsp;Benjamin Guillet ,&nbsp;Guillaume Hache","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with cognitive impairment. CKD is associated with increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in increased cognitive impairment in animals and in humans. The aim of this study is to describe the inflammatory profile in blood and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) during a CKD model induced by adenine rich diet (ARD) in rats, in relation to BBB permeability and to explore the cognitive and mood impairment phenotypes. ARD rats displayed a 5-fold increase in BBB permeability, quantified with brain ^99 mTc-DTPA SPECT/CT isotopic imaging, without alteration of brain perfusion. CKD is associated with increased PDGFRß levels in CSF (445 ± 85.6 vs. 303 ± 104.9 pg/mL, <em>p = 0.03</em>), suggesting pericyte dysfunction, but not with CSF levels of inflammatory cytokines, despite increased systemic inflammation<strong>.</strong> Neurobehavioural evaluation highlighted that ARD rats had impairment of short-term spatial memory, social memory and depressive features but not anxiety. In conclusion, CKD induces systemic inflammation and BBB permeability associated with pericyte dysfunction and alteration of memory and depressive features in rats. BBB disruption seems to be a crucial mechanism involved in cognitive and mood impairment during CKD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of adolescent social instability stress on social reward motivation and dopamine receptor expression in female and male rats","authors":"A.M. Leonetti ,&nbsp;A.C. Sheehan ,&nbsp;S.H. Murray. ,&nbsp;F.F. Burke ,&nbsp;B.C.J. Fletcher ,&nbsp;C.M. McCormick","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social experiences in adolescence are known to modify ongoing brain and behavioural development. We previously reported that adolescent social instability stress (SS; daily 1 h isolation and pairing with a new cage partner from postnatal days 30–45) reduced social interaction in female and male rats. Here, we investigated whether adolescent SS reduced social motivation and altered dopamine receptor mRNA expression in brain regions involved in social reward in female and male Long-Evans rats. When tested in a social operant conditioning task in adolescence whereby nose-pokes at one gate provided access to a social stimulus and at the other did not, SS rats made more social nose-pokes during training than did CTL rats. SS rats did not differ from CTLs when increased effort was required on the progressive ratio test (PRT; progressively more nose-pokes required to open gate; measure of social motivation). In adulthood, however, SS and CTL rats did not differ during training, although SS female rats had reduced social motivation on the PRT. Further, social motivation was higher in female than in male rats. Irrespective of age at testing, SS rats had increased dopamine receptor subtype 2 (D2), but not dopamine receptor subtype 1, mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex in both sexes and in the nucleus accumbens in female rats. Given the evidence that D2 signaling in such brain regions inhibits social behaviour, the present research suggests that the increase in D2 mRNA expression may underlie the deficits in social behaviour evident in SS rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"493 ","pages":"Article 115702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}