Psychological Science最新文献

The Gender-Equality Paradox in Intraindividual Academic Strengths: A Cross-Temporal Analysis 个人学业优势中的性别平等悖论：跨时空分析

IF 8.2 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241271330

Marco Balducci, Marie-Pier Larose, Gijsbert Stoet, David C. Geary

{"title":"The Gender-Equality Paradox in Intraindividual Academic Strengths: A Cross-Temporal Analysis","authors":"Marco Balducci, Marie-Pier Larose, Gijsbert Stoet, David C. Geary","doi":"10.1177/09567976241271330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241271330","url":null,"abstract":"Independent of overall achievement, girls’ intraindividual academic strength is typically reading, whereas boys’ strength is typically mathematics or science. Sex differences in intraindividual strengths are associated with educational and occupational sex disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Paradoxically, these sex differences are larger in more gender-equal countries, but the stability of this paradox is debated. We assessed the stability of the gender-equality paradox in intraindividual strengths, and its relation to wealth, by analyzing the academic achievement of nearly 2.5 million adolescents across 85 countries and regions in five waves (from 2006 to 2018) of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Girls’ intraindividual strength in reading and boys’ strength in mathematics and science were stable across countries and waves. Boys’ advantage in science as an intraindividual strength was larger in more gender-equal countries, whereas girls’ advantage in reading was larger in wealthier countries. The results have implications for reducing sex disparities in STEM fields.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistical Learning Facilitates Access to Awareness. 统计学习有助于提高认识。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263344

Luzi Xu, Chris L E Paffen, Stefan Van der Stigchel, Surya Gayet

{"title":"Statistical Learning Facilitates Access to Awareness.","authors":"Luzi Xu, Chris L E Paffen, Stefan Van der Stigchel, Surya Gayet","doi":"10.1177/09567976241263344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241263344","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical learning is a powerful mechanism that enables the rapid extraction of regularities from sensory inputs. Although numerous studies have established that statistical learning serves a wide range of cognitive functions, it remains unknown whether statistical learning impacts conscious access. To address this question, we applied multiple paradigms in a series of experiments (N = 153 adults): Two reaction-time-based breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) experiments showed that probable objects break through suppression faster than improbable objects. A preregistered accuracy-based b-CFS experiment showed higher localization accuracy for suppressed probable (versus improbable) objects under identical presentation durations, thereby excluding the possibility of processing differences emerging after conscious access (e.g., criterion shifts). Consistent with these findings, a supplemental visual-masking experiment reaffirmed higher localization sensitivity to probable objects over improbable objects. Together, these findings demonstrate that statistical learning alters the competition for scarce conscious resources, thereby potentially contributing to established effects of statistical learning on higher-level cognitive processes that require consciousness.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

People Place Larger Bets When Risky Choices Provide a Postbet Option to Cash Out. 当风险选择提供投注后兑现选择时，人们会下更大的赌注。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241266516

Daniel Bennett, Lucy Albertella, Laura Forbes, Ty Hayes, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, Lukasz Walasek, Elliot A Ludvig

{"title":"People Place Larger Bets When Risky Choices Provide a Postbet Option to Cash Out.","authors":"Daniel Bennett, Lucy Albertella, Laura Forbes, Ty Hayes, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, Lukasz Walasek, Elliot A Ludvig","doi":"10.1177/09567976241266516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241266516","url":null,"abstract":"After a risky choice, decision makers must frequently wait out a delay period before the outcome of their choice becomes known. In contemporary sports-betting apps, decision makers can \"cash out\" of their bet during this delay period by accepting a discounted immediate payout. An important open question is how availability of a postchoice cash-out option alters choice. We investigated this question using a novel gambling task that incorporated a cash-out option during the delay between bet and outcome. Across two experiments (N = 240 adults, recruited via Prolific), cash-out availability increased participants' bet amounts by up to 35%. Participants who were more likely to cash out when odds deteriorated were less likely to cash out when odds improved. Furthermore, the effect of cash-out availability on bet amounts was positively correlated with individual differences in cash-out propensity for bets with deteriorating odds only. These results suggest that cash-out availability may promote larger bets by allowing bettors to avoid losing their entire stake.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Valuing Happiness Lead to Well-Being? 重视幸福会带来福祉吗？

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263784

Kuan-Ju Huang

引用次数: 0

The Double-Edged Sword of Social Sharing: Social Sharing Predicts Increased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is Low but Decreased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is High. 社交分享的双刃剑：当反刍情绪较低时，社交分享会预测情绪分化的增加，而当反刍情绪较高时，社交分享会预测情绪分化的减少。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241266513

Laura Sels, Yasemin Erbas, Sarah T O'Brien, Lesley Verhofstadt, Margaret S Clark, Elise K Kalokerinos

{"title":"The Double-Edged Sword of Social Sharing: Social Sharing Predicts Increased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is Low but Decreased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is High.","authors":"Laura Sels, Yasemin Erbas, Sarah T O'Brien, Lesley Verhofstadt, Margaret S Clark, Elise K Kalokerinos","doi":"10.1177/09567976241266513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241266513","url":null,"abstract":"Laypeople believe that sharing their emotional experiences with others will improve their understanding of those experiences, but no clear empirical evidence supports this belief. To address this gap, we used data from four daily life studies (N = 659; student and community samples) to explore the association between social sharing and subsequent emotion differentiation, which involves labeling emotions with a high degree of complexity. Contrary to our expectations, we found that social sharing of emotional experiences was linked to greater subsequent emotion differentiation on occasions when people ruminated less than usual about these experiences. In contrast, on occasions when people ruminated more than usual about their experiences, social sharing of these experiences was linked to lower emotion differentiation. These effects held when we controlled for levels of negative emotion. Our findings suggest that putting feelings into words through sharing may only enable emotional precision when that sharing occurs without dwelling or perseverating.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Directing Attention Shapes Learning in Adults but Not Children. 引导注意力会影响成人的学习，但不会影响儿童的学习

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263347

Marlie C Tandoc, Bharat Nadendla, Theresa Pham, Amy S Finn

引用次数: 0

Exploration, Distributed Attention, and Development of Category Learning. 探索、分散注意力和类别学习的发展。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241258146

Qianqian Wan, Vladimir M Sloutsky

引用次数: 0

Children Sustain Cooperation in a Threshold Public-Goods Game Even When Seeing Others' Outcomes. 即使看到他人的结果，儿童也能在阈值公共物品游戏中保持合作。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241267854

Patricia Kanngiesser, Jahnavi Sunderarajan, Sebastian Hafenbrädl, Jan K Woike

引用次数: 0

Electroencephalogram Decoding Reveals Distinct Processes for Directing Spatial Attention and Encoding Into Working Memory. 脑电图解码揭示了引导空间注意力和编码到工作记忆的不同过程

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263002

Henry M Jones, Gisella K Diaz, William X Q Ngiam, Edward Awh

{"title":"Electroencephalogram Decoding Reveals Distinct Processes for Directing Spatial Attention and Encoding Into Working Memory.","authors":"Henry M Jones, Gisella K Diaz, William X Q Ngiam, Edward Awh","doi":"10.1177/09567976241263002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241263002","url":null,"abstract":"Past work reveals a tight relationship between spatial attention and storage in visual working memory. But is spatially attending an item tantamount to working memory encoding? Here, we tracked electroencephalography (EEG) signatures of spatial attention and working memory encoding while independently manipulating the number of memory items and the spatial extent of attention in two studies of adults (N = 39; N = 33). Neural measures of spatial attention tracked the position and size of the attended area independent of the number of individuated items encoded into working memory. At the same time, multivariate decoding of the number of items stored in working memory was insensitive to variations in the breadth and position of spatial attention. Finally, representational similarity analyses provided converging evidence for a pure load signal that is insensitive to the spatial extent of the stored items. Thus, although spatial attention is a persistent partner of visual working memory, it is functionally dissociable from the selection and maintenance of individuated representations in working memory.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Language of (Non)Replicable Social Science. 不可复制的社会科学语言》。

IF 4.8 1区心理学

Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241254037

Michal Herzenstein, Sanjana Rosario, Shin Oblander, Oded Netzer

引用次数: 0