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Where Do Children Look When Watching Videos With Same-Language Subtitles?
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251325789
Anastasiya Lopukhina, Walter J B van Heuven, Rebecca Crowley, Kathleen Rastle
{"title":"Where Do Children Look When Watching Videos With Same-Language Subtitles?","authors":"Anastasiya Lopukhina, Walter J B van Heuven, Rebecca Crowley, Kathleen Rastle","doi":"10.1177/09567976251325789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251325789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influential campaigns in the United Kingdom and the United States have argued that same-language television subtitles may help children learn to read. In this study, we investigated the extent to which primary-school children pay attention to and read subtitles and whether this is related to their reading proficiency. We tracked the eye movements of 180 British children in Years 1 to 6 who watched videos with and without subtitles. Results showed that attention to subtitles was associated with reading proficiency: Superior readers were more likely to look at subtitles than less proficient readers and spent more time on them. When children looked at words in the subtitles, they showed evidence of reading them. We conclude that some degree of reading fluency may be necessary before children pay attention to subtitles. However, by the third or fourth year of reading instruction, most children read sufficiently quickly to follow same-language subtitles and potentially learn from them.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976251325789"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Disagreeing Perspectives Enhance Inner-Crowd Wisdom for Difficult (but Not Easy) Questions.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251325518
Philippe P F M Van de Calseyde, Emir Efendić
{"title":"Disagreeing Perspectives Enhance Inner-Crowd Wisdom for Difficult (but Not Easy) Questions.","authors":"Philippe P F M Van de Calseyde, Emir Efendić","doi":"10.1177/09567976251325518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251325518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, it has been demonstrated that taking a disagreeing perspective increases the accuracy of inner crowds by enhancing estimation diversity. An insightful commentary reanalyzed the data using maximal random structure models and found no increase in accuracy when taking a disagreeing perspective. These findings present a curious challenge for inner-crowd research and hint at the importance of question variability. Here, we present the results of three preregistered experiments (total <i>N</i> = 2,884, with online adult participants from the United States and the United Kingdom) that reconcile these findings by discerning between the ease and difficulty of questions. The results support the notion that taking a disagreeing perspective is beneficial for difficult questions, yet harmful for easier questions. We emphasize that question difficulty is a key factor to consider when evaluating the effectiveness of any intervention designed to improve the accuracy of aggregate estimates through the enhancement of diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976251325518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does Religious-Service Attendance Increase Mental Health? A Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis Across 18 Years.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251325449
Gabriele Prati
{"title":"Does Religious-Service Attendance Increase Mental Health? A Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis Across 18 Years.","authors":"Gabriele Prati","doi":"10.1177/09567976251325449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251325449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to investigate the within-person relationship between religious-service attendance and mental health using data from the British Household Panel Survey (<i>N</i> = 29,298), a longitudinal survey of adult British households between 1991 and 2009. The outcome variables were mental health (as measured with the General Health Questionnaire) and life satisfaction. Using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models over 10 waves of data spanning over 18 years, the associations between religious-service attendance and mental health at the within-person level were mostly nonsignificant. The few significant findings indicated that an increase in religious-service attendance is associated subsequently with either higher or lower levels of mental health, suggesting both detrimental and beneficial effects. A series of robustness analyses (including the use of marginal structural models) mainly supported these findings. The results suggest that there is a need to question the assumption that religious-service attendance provides mental health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976251325449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reluctance to Downplay: Asymmetric Sensitivity to Differences in the Severity of Moral Transgressions.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251314972
Amanda E Geiser, Ike Silver, Deborah A Small
{"title":"Reluctance to Downplay: Asymmetric Sensitivity to Differences in the Severity of Moral Transgressions.","authors":"Amanda E Geiser, Ike Silver, Deborah A Small","doi":"10.1177/09567976251314972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251314972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A common-sense moral intuition is that bad acts should be condemned according to severity. Yet seven experiments (<i>N</i> = 6,075 U.S. adults) show that the extent to which people differentiate between transgressions hinges on the direction of comparison. When scaling up from a less severe transgression to a more severe one, people readily express stronger condemnation of the worse transgression. But when scaling down from a more severe transgression to a less severe one, they differentiate less, often condemning the lesser transgression just as strongly as one that is transparently worse. Indicating that one transgression is less bad than another can be construed as downplaying such transgressions, signaling bad moral character. Supporting this account, the asymmetry is larger for judgments that implicate moral character and for transgressions that seem especially important to condemn. Observers' moral-character judgments reveal a similar pattern, suggesting that the asymmetry is reinforced by social incentives.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976251314972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differentiation in Cognitive Abilities Beyond g: The Emergence of Domain-Specific Variance in Childhood.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251321382
Lisa Bardach, Robert Kalinowski, Drew H Bailey
{"title":"Differentiation in Cognitive Abilities Beyond <i>g</i>: The Emergence of Domain-Specific Variance in Childhood.","authors":"Lisa Bardach, Robert Kalinowski, Drew H Bailey","doi":"10.1177/09567976251321382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251321382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how the structure of cognitive abilities changes depending on age and ability (age and ability differentiation) has critical implications for cognitive-ability assessments and cognitive-developmental theories. Most differentiation research has focused on general intelligence; however, we argue that the investments children make in specific domains and school-taught subjects should rather affect their domain-specific ability structures. Leveraging a representative longitudinal sample of 17,979 U.S. children who were assessed in mathematics, reading, science, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, we found that loadings on a general intelligence factor remained similar, whereas most domain-specific factor loadings increased over time. Hence, age and ability differentiation are conceptually distinct, with the former pertaining to specific abilities and the latter to general intelligence. We find some evidence that domain-specific abilities can compensate for lower general intelligence. Overall, our results encourage a nuanced understanding of children's cognitive development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976251321382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Co-Occurrence and Causality Among ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241293999
Elsje van Bergen, Eveline L de Zeeuw, Sara A Hart, Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J C de Geus, Kees-Jan Kan
{"title":"Co-Occurrence and Causality Among ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia.","authors":"Elsje van Bergen, Eveline L de Zeeuw, Sara A Hart, Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J C de Geus, Kees-Jan Kan","doi":"10.1177/09567976241293999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241293999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia often co-occur, and the underlying continuous traits are correlated (ADHD symptoms, reading, spelling, and math skills). This may be explained by trait-to-trait causal effects, shared genetic and environmental factors, or both. We studied a sample of ≤ 19,125 twin children and 2,150 siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register, assessed at ages 7 and 10. Children with a condition, compared to those without that condition, were 2.1 to 3.1 times more likely to have a second condition. Still, most children (77.3%) with ADHD, dyslexia, or dyscalculia had just one condition. Cross-lagged modeling suggested that reading causally influences spelling (β = 0.44). For all other trait combinations, cross-lagged modeling suggested that the trait correlations are attributable to genetic influences common to all traits, rather than causal influences. Thus, ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia seem to co-occur because of correlated genetic risks, rather than causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"9567976241293999"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Verbal Fluency Selectively Predicts Survival in Old and Very Old Age.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241311923
Paolo Ghisletta, Stephen Aichele, Denis Gerstorf, Angela Carollo, Ulman Lindenberger
{"title":"Verbal Fluency Selectively Predicts Survival in Old and Very Old Age.","authors":"Paolo Ghisletta, Stephen Aichele, Denis Gerstorf, Angela Carollo, Ulman Lindenberger","doi":"10.1177/09567976241311923","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241311923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intelligence is known to predict survival, but it remains unclear whether cognitive abilities differ in their relationship to survival in old age. We analyzed longitudinal data of 516 healthy adults (age: <i>M</i> = 84.92 years, <i>SD</i> = 8.66 years at Wave 1) from the Berlin Aging Study (Germany) on nine tasks of perceptual speed, episodic memory, verbal fluency, and verbal knowledge, and a general composite intelligence score. There were eight waves, with up to 18 years of follow-up; all participants were deceased by the time of analysis. We used a joint multivariate longitudinal survival model to estimate the unique contribution of each cognitive ability in terms of true (i.e., error-free) current value and current rate of change when predicting survival. Additional survival covariates included age at first occasion, sex, sociobiographical status, and suspected dementia. Only the two verbal-fluency measures were uniquely predictive of mortality risk. Thus, verbal fluency showed more salient associations with mortality risk than did measures of perceptual speed, episodic memory, and verbal knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"87-101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Group Affiliation Versus Individuating Information on Direct and Indirect Measures of the Evaluation of Novel Individual Group Members.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251315689
Mayan Navon, Yoav Bar-Anan
{"title":"The Effects of Group Affiliation Versus Individuating Information on Direct and Indirect Measures of the Evaluation of Novel Individual Group Members.","authors":"Mayan Navon, Yoav Bar-Anan","doi":"10.1177/09567976251315689","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251315689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Automatic evaluation has emerged as a central concept in contemporary thinking about prejudice. The current research tested a quintessential aspect of prejudice: whether group affiliation dominates the automatic evaluation of individual group members even when diagnostic evaluative information about the individuals is available. Participants read a list of descriptions about the behaviors of two individuals: one from a typically liked group and one from a typically disliked group. The list portrayed one individual more positively than the other, and we manipulated the extremity and direction of that difference. We conducted six studies (<i>N</i> = 11,572) with samples consisting of U.S. adults across different regions and group types (age, gender, and race) and two indirect measures that purportedly measure automatic evaluation: the implicit association test (IAT) and the evaluative priming task (EPT). Group affiliation (relative to personal characteristics) influenced the IAT and the EPT more than it influenced the self-reported evaluation. These results may suggest that the automatic evaluation of individuals is more prejudiced than nonautomatic evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"130-142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can One Donation a Day Keep Depression Away? Three Randomized Controlled Trials of an Online Micro-Charitable Giving Intervention.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251315679
Yuyang Zhang, Qianyu Jiang, Yushen Luo, Jinting Liu
{"title":"Can One Donation a Day Keep Depression Away? Three Randomized Controlled Trials of an Online Micro-Charitable Giving Intervention.","authors":"Yuyang Zhang, Qianyu Jiang, Yushen Luo, Jinting Liu","doi":"10.1177/09567976251315679","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976251315679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prosocial interventions grounded in social interactions have shown limited effectiveness in alleviating depressive symptoms, possibly because of the discomfort and unease that depressed individuals experience during such interactions. We developed and examined an innovative prosocial intervention-an online micro-charitable giving intervention, in which individuals voluntarily donated at least one Chinese cent (¥0.01, or about $0.0014) daily. We conducted three preregistered, 2-month randomized controlled trials with depressed individuals (Sample 1: <i>N</i> = 125, Sample 2: <i>N</i> = 296, Sample 3: <i>N</i> = 462). Results showed that, compared with the waitlist group, the intervention group exhibited significantly greater improvements in both depressive symptoms (Cohen's <i>d</i>s = -0.19 to -0.46) and emotional positivity (Cohen's <i>d</i>s = 0.22 to 0.49), and that emotional positivity mediated the intervention's effect on the reduction of depressive symptoms. Exploratory analysis found a slightly larger intervention effect for generous donors than for minimal donors. This low-cost, easily accessible prosocial intervention holds potential for the prevention of depression.[Box: see text].</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"102-115"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Perceiving Topological Relations.
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241309615
Sami R Yousif, Elizabeth M Brannon
{"title":"Perceiving Topological Relations.","authors":"Sami R Yousif, Elizabeth M Brannon","doi":"10.1177/09567976241309615","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241309615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are many ways to describe and represent the visuospatial world. A space can be described by its euclidean properties-the size of objects, the angles of boundaries, the distances between them. A space can also be described in nonspatial terms: One could explain the layout of a city by the order of its streets. Somewhere in between, <i>topological representations</i>-such as those commonly depicted in public-transit maps-capture coarse relational structure without precise euclidean detail, offering a relatively efficient, low-dimensional way of capturing spatial content. Here, we ask whether human adults quickly and automatically perceive such relations. In six experiments, we show that differences in simple topological features influence a range of visual tasks from object matching to number estimation to visual search. We discuss the possibility that topological relations are a kind of visual primitive that supports visuospatial representation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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