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Concepts Are Restructured During Language Contact: The Birth of Blue and Other Color Concepts in Tsimane'-Spanish Bilinguals. 语言接触过程中的概念重构：齐曼西班牙语双语者中蓝色和其他颜色概念的诞生。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231199742
Saima Malik-Moraleda, Kyle Mahowald, Bevil R Conway, Edward Gibson
{"title":"Concepts Are Restructured During Language Contact: The Birth of Blue and Other Color Concepts in Tsimane'-Spanish Bilinguals.","authors":"Saima Malik-Moraleda, Kyle Mahowald, Bevil R Conway, Edward Gibson","doi":"10.1177/09567976231199742","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231199742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Words and the concepts they represent vary across languages. Here we ask if mother-tongue concepts are altered by learning a second language. What happens when speakers of Tsimane', a language with few consensus color terms, learn Bolivian Spanish, a language with more terms? Three possibilities arise: Concepts in Tsimane' may remain unaffected, or they may be remapped, either by Tsimane' terms taking on new meanings or by borrowing Bolivian-Spanish terms. We found that adult bilingual speakers (<i>n</i> = 30) remapped Tsimane' concepts without importing Bolivian-Spanish terms into Tsimane'. All Tsimane' terms become more precise; for example, concepts of monolingual <i>shandyes</i> and <i>yụshñus</i> (~green or blue, used synonymously by Tsimane' monolinguals; <i>n</i> = 71) come to reflect the Bolivian-Spanish distinction of <i>verde</i> (~green) and <i>azul</i> (~blue). These results show that learning a second language can change the concepts in the first language.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10792402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71413570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reason Defaults: Presenting Defaults With Reasons for Choosing Each Option Helps Decision-Makers With Minority Interests. 违约原因：向决策者说明选择每一个选项的原因有助于少数股东的利益。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231198184
Shweta Desiraju, Berkeley J Dietvorst
{"title":"Reason Defaults: Presenting Defaults With Reasons for Choosing Each Option Helps Decision-Makers With Minority Interests.","authors":"Shweta Desiraju, Berkeley J Dietvorst","doi":"10.1177/09567976231198184","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231198184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Defaults are powerful tools for nudging individuals toward potentially beneficial options. However, defaults typically guide all decision-makers toward the same option and, consequently, may misguide individuals with minority interests. We test whether presenting defaults with information about heterogeneity can help individuals with minority interests select alternative options, and we dub this intervention a \"reason default.\" Reason defaults preselect the option that is best for most individuals (like standard defaults) but also explain (a) why the default was selected and (b) who should opt for an alternative. In five preregistered studies using online convenience samples of adults (<i>N</i> = 4,210), we find that reason defaults can improve decision-makers' outcomes over standard defaults and forced choices by guiding most individuals toward the default option while helping individuals with minority interests select an alternative. Further, participants reported that reason defaults enhance transparency, decision ease, and understanding of the choice relative to standard defaults and forced choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71485310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Gender-Equality Paradox in Chess Participation Is Partially Explained by the Generational-Shift Account but Fully Inconsistent With Existing Alternative Accounts: A Partial Concession and Reply to Napp and Breda (2023). 国际象棋参与中的性别平等悖论部分由代际转移账户解释，但与现有的替代账户完全不一致：对Napp和Breda的部分让步和回应（2023）。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231202461
Allon Vishkin
{"title":"The Gender-Equality Paradox in Chess Participation Is Partially Explained by the Generational-Shift Account but Fully Inconsistent With Existing Alternative Accounts: A Partial Concession and Reply to Napp and Breda (2023).","authors":"Allon Vishkin","doi":"10.1177/09567976231202461","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231202461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Napp and Breda (2023) raised three arguments against the generational-shift account of the gender-equality paradox (GEP) in chess participation. First, using finer operationalizations of the age structure of players, they showed that it partially but not fully accounts for the GEP in chess participation. I find merit in these analyses and conclusion. Second, they argued that the country-level age structure is unrelated to the GEP in chess participation, which undermines the generational-shift account of the GEP. In contrast, I provide new analyses to show that the two are related after adjusting for the U-shaped relation between gender equality and female chess participation. Finally, they argued that previous explanations of the GEP are viable for explaining the GEP in chess participation. In contrast, I argue that the global increase in the proportion of female players is incompatible with previous explanations of the GEP, and I provide new analyses to support this.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71522481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones. 人工智能的超现实主义:为什么人工智能的脸被认为比人类的更真实。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231207095
Elizabeth J Miller, Ben A Steward, Zak Witkower, Clare A M Sutherland, Eva G Krumhuber, Amy Dawel
{"title":"AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones.","authors":"Elizabeth J Miller, Ben A Steward, Zak Witkower, Clare A M Sutherland, Eva G Krumhuber, Amy Dawel","doi":"10.1177/09567976231207095","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231207095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence shows that AI-generated faces are now indistinguishable from human faces. However, algorithms are trained disproportionately on White faces, and thus White AI faces may appear especially realistic. In Experiment 1 (<i>N</i> = 124 adults), alongside our reanalysis of previously published data, we showed that White AI faces are judged as human more often than actual human faces-a phenomenon we term <i>AI hyperrealism</i>. Paradoxically, people who made the most errors in this task were the most confident (a <i>Dunning-Kruger effect</i>). In Experiment 2 (<i>N</i> = 610 adults), we used face-space theory and participant qualitative reports to identify key facial attributes that distinguish AI from human faces but were misinterpreted by participants, leading to AI hyperrealism. However, the attributes permitted high accuracy using machine learning. These findings illustrate how psychological theory can inform understanding of AI outputs and provide direction for debiasing AI algorithms, thereby promoting the ethical use of AI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89719335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Gender-Equality Paradox in Chess Holds Among Young Players: A Commentary on the Vishkin (2022) Study. 国际象棋中年轻棋手的性别平等悖论：Vishkin（2022）研究述评。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231202450
Clotilde Napp, Thomas Breda
{"title":"The Gender-Equality Paradox in Chess Holds Among Young Players: A Commentary on the Vishkin (2022) Study.","authors":"Clotilde Napp, Thomas Breda","doi":"10.1177/09567976231202450","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231202450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vishkin (2022) shows that female participation in chess is lower in more gender equal countries (the \"gender-equality paradox\") but that this relation is driven by the mean age of the players in a country, which makes it more of an epiphenomenon than a real paradox. Relying on the same data on competitive chess players (<i>N</i> = 768,480 from 91 countries) as well as on data on 15-year-old students (<i>N</i> = 312,571 from 64 countries), we show that the gender-equality paradox for chess holds among young players. The paradox also remains on the whole population of chess players when controlling for the age of the players at the individual rather than at the country level or when controlling for age differences across countries. Therefore, there is a gender-equality paradox in chess that is not entirely driven by a generational shift mechanism as argued by Vishkin (2022), and previous explanations for the paradox cannot be dismissed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71522480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Visual Distraction's "Silver Lining": Distractor Suppression Boosts Attention to Competing Stimuli. 视觉分散注意力的“一线希望”：分散注意力的抑制增强了对竞争刺激的关注。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231201853
Xiaojin Ma, Richard A Abrams
{"title":"Visual Distraction's \"Silver Lining\": Distractor Suppression Boosts Attention to Competing Stimuli.","authors":"Xiaojin Ma, Richard A Abrams","doi":"10.1177/09567976231201853","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231201853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient search of the environment requires that people attend to the desired elements in a scene and ignore the undesired ones. Recent research has shown that this endeavor can benefit from the ability to proactively suppress distractors with known features, but little is known about the mechanisms that produce the suppression. We show here in five experiments (<i>N</i> = 120 college students) that, surprisingly, identification of a sought-for target is enhanced when it is grouped with a suppressed distractor compared with when it is in a different perceptual group. The results show that the suppressive mechanism not only downweights undesired elements but also enhances responses to task-relevant elements in competition for attention with the distractor, fine tuning the suppression. The findings extend the understanding of how people efficiently process their visual world.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54230759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prototypes of People With Depression. 抑郁症患者的原型。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231204035
Ignazio Ziano, Yasin Koc
{"title":"Prototypes of People With Depression.","authors":"Ignazio Ziano, Yasin Koc","doi":"10.1177/09567976231204035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231204035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article investigates the content and the consequences of the prototypes of people with depression in a multimethod fashion. Fourteen preregistered studies (total <i>N</i> = 5,023, with U.S. American, British, and French adult participants) show that laypeople consider people with depression as having specific psychological, social, and physical features (e.g., unattractive, overweight, unsuccessful, introverted). Target prototypicality influences how much laypeople believe others have depression, how much observers believe that depression-like symptoms cause someone to experience psychological pain, and how much professional mental health care is appropriate for others. This effect was not reduced by instructing people to focus on the symptoms and ignore the target features yet was weakly reduced by informing them of the effect. We discuss theoretical implications for the understanding of prototypes of people with depression and practical implications for alleviating the impact of prototypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71434617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reason Defaults: Presenting Defaults With Reasons for Choosing Each Option Helps Decision-Makers With Minority Interests. 默认理由:为选择每个选项提供默认理由有助于少数利益的决策者。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4521908
Shweta Desiraju, Berkeley J. Dietvorst
{"title":"Reason Defaults: Presenting Defaults With Reasons for Choosing Each Option Helps Decision-Makers With Minority Interests.","authors":"Shweta Desiraju, Berkeley J. Dietvorst","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4521908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4521908","url":null,"abstract":"Defaults are powerful tools for nudging individuals toward potentially beneficial options. However, defaults typically guide all decision-makers toward the same option and, consequently, may misguide individuals with minority interests. We test whether presenting defaults with information about heterogeneity can help individuals with minority interests select alternative options, and we dub this intervention a \"reason default.\" Reason defaults preselect the option that is best for most individuals (like standard defaults) but also explain (a) why the default was selected and (b) who should opt for an alternative. In five preregistered studies using online convenience samples of adults (N = 4,210), we find that reason defaults can improve decision-makers' outcomes over standard defaults and forced choices by guiding most individuals toward the default option while helping individuals with minority interests select an alternative. Further, participants reported that reason defaults enhance transparency, decision ease, and understanding of the choice relative to standard defaults and forced choices.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83751678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Role of Humor Production and Perception in the Daily Life of Couples: An Interest-Indicator Perspective. 幽默产生和感知在夫妻日常生活中的作用：一个兴趣指标的视角。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231203139
Kenneth Tan, Bryan K C Choy, Norman P Li
{"title":"The Role of Humor Production and Perception in the Daily Life of Couples: An Interest-Indicator Perspective.","authors":"Kenneth Tan, Bryan K C Choy, Norman P Li","doi":"10.1177/09567976231203139","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231203139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In established relationships, are couples who are funny more satisfied with each other, or are satisfied couples more able to see the funny side of their partners? Much research has examined the evolutionary function of humor in relationship initiation, but not in relationship maintenance. Using a dyadic daily-diary study composed of college students from Singapore, results showed that relationship quality was positively associated with same-day humor production and perception. Importantly, and consistent with an interest-indicator perspective in which humor exchanges communicate relationship interest, relationship quality was also positively associated with next-day humor production and perception, and across both sexes. Results also indicated some support for a sexual-selection perspective in which humor exchanges predicted only same- and next-day satisfaction, but not commitment. Our findings suggest that humor can ultimately function as a strategy to monitor and maintain established relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Political Person-Culture Match and Longevity: The Partisanship-Mortality Link Depends on the Cultural Context. 政治人物文化匹配与长寿：党派死亡的联系取决于文化语境。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231196145
Tobias Ebert, Jana B Berkessel, Thorsteinn Jonsson
{"title":"Political Person-Culture Match and Longevity: The Partisanship-Mortality Link Depends on the Cultural Context.","authors":"Tobias Ebert, Jana B Berkessel, Thorsteinn Jonsson","doi":"10.1177/09567976231196145","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231196145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies demonstrate that Republicans live longer than Democrats. We examined whether these longevity benefits are universal or culturally varying. Following a person-culture match perspective, we hypothesized that Republicans' longevity benefits occur in Republican, but not in Democratic, states. To test this argument, we conducted two studies among U.S. adults. In preregistered Study 1, we used large survey data (extended U.S. General Social Survey; <i>N</i> = 42,855). In confirmatory Study 2, we analyzed obituaries/biographies of deceased U.S. political partisans (novel data web-scraped from an online cemetery; <i>N</i> = 9,177). Both studies supported the person-culture match perspective with substantial effect sizes. In Republican contexts, up to 50.1% of all Republicans but only 36.3% of all Democrats reached an age of 80 years. In Democratic contexts, there was no such longevity gap. Robustness tests showed that this effect generalizes to political ideology and holds across spatial levels but is limited to persons with strong political convictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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