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A Universal Cognitive Bias in Word Order: Evidence From Speakers Whose Language Goes Against It. 词序中的普遍认知偏差：来自语言与之相悖的说话者的证据
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231222836
Alexander Martin, David Adger, Klaus Abels, Patrick Kanampiu, Jennifer Culbertson
{"title":"A Universal Cognitive Bias in Word Order: Evidence From Speakers Whose Language Goes Against It.","authors":"Alexander Martin, David Adger, Klaus Abels, Patrick Kanampiu, Jennifer Culbertson","doi":"10.1177/09567976231222836","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231222836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a long-standing debate in cognitive science surrounding the source of commonalities among languages of the world. Indeed, there are many potential explanations for such commonalities-accidents of history, common processes of language change, memory limitations, constraints on linguistic representations, and so on. Recent research has used psycholinguistic experiments to provide empirical evidence linking common linguistic patterns to specific features of human cognition, but these experiments tend to use English speakers, who in many cases have direct experience with the common patterns of interest. Here we highlight the importance of testing populations whose languages go against cross-linguistic trends. We investigate whether adult monolingual speakers of Kîîtharaka, which has an unusual way of ordering words, mirror the word-order preferences of English speakers. We find that they do, supporting the hypothesis that universal cognitive representations play a role in shaping word order.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"304-311"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139932631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unlocking the Benefits of Gender Diversity: How an Ecological-Belonging Intervention Enhances Performance in Science Classrooms. 释放性别多样性的益处：生态归属干预如何提高科学课堂的表现。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231221534
Kevin R Binning, Danny Doucette, Beverly G Conrique, Chandralekha Singh
{"title":"Unlocking the Benefits of Gender Diversity: How an Ecological-Belonging Intervention Enhances Performance in Science Classrooms.","authors":"Kevin R Binning, Danny Doucette, Beverly G Conrique, Chandralekha Singh","doi":"10.1177/09567976231221534","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231221534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gender diversity signals inclusivity, but meta-analyses suggest that it does not boost individual or group performance. This research examined whether a social-psychological intervention can unlock the benefits of gender diversity on college physics students' social and academic outcomes. Analyses of 124 introductory physics classrooms at a large research institution in the eastern United States (<i>N</i> = 3,605) indicated that in classrooms doing \"business as usual,\" cross-gender collaboration was infrequent, there was a substantial gender gap in physics classroom belonging, and classroom gender diversity had no effect on performance. The ecological-belonging intervention aimed to establish classroom norms that adversity in the course is normal and surmountable. In classrooms receiving the intervention, cross-gender interaction increased 51%, the gender gap in belonging was reduced by 47%, and higher classroom diversity was associated with higher course grades and 1-year grade point average for both men and women. Addressing contextual belongingness norms may help to unlock the benefits of diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"226-238"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Verbal Aggressions Against Major League Baseball Umpires Affect Their Decision Making. 对美国职业棒球大联盟裁判的言语攻击会影响他们的决策。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241227411
Joël Guérette, Caroline Blais, Daniel Fiset
{"title":"Verbal Aggressions Against Major League Baseball Umpires Affect Their Decision Making.","authors":"Joël Guérette, Caroline Blais, Daniel Fiset","doi":"10.1177/09567976241227411","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241227411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessively criticizing a perceived unfair decision is considered to be common behavior among people seeking to restore fairness. However, the effectiveness of this strategy remains unclear. Using an ecological environment where excessive criticism is rampant-Major League Baseball-we assess the impact of verbal aggression on subsequent home-plate umpire decision making during the 2010 to 2019 seasons (<i>N</i> = 153,255 pitches). Results suggest a two-sided benefit of resorting to verbal abuse. After being excessively criticized, home-plate umpires (<i>N</i> = 110 adults, employed in the United States) were less likely to call strikes to batters from the complaining team and more prone to call strikes to batters on the opposing team. A series of additional analyses lead us to reject an alternative hypothesis, namely that umpires, after ejecting the aggressor, seek to compensate for the negative consequences brought on by the loss of a teammate. Rather, our findings support the hypothesis that, under certain conditions, verbal aggression may offer an advantage to complainants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"288-303"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139906302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of Voice Pitch on Social Perceptions Vary With Relational Mobility and Homicide Rate. 声调对社会认知的影响随关系流动性和凶杀率的变化而变化。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231222288
Toe Aung, Alexander K Hill, Jessica K Hlay, Catherine Hess, Michael Hess, Janie Johnson, Leslie Doll, Sara M Carlson, Caroline Magdinec, Isaac G-Santoyo, Robert S Walker, Drew Bailey, Steven Arnocky, Shanmukh Kamble, Tom Vardy, Thanos Kyritsis, Quentin Atkinson, Benedict Jones, Jessica Burns, Jeremy Koster, Gonzalo Palomo-Vélez, Joshua M Tybur, José Muñoz-Reyes, Bryan K C Choy, Norman P Li, Verena Klar, Carlota Batres, Patricia Bascheck, Christoph Schild, Lars Penke, Farid Pazhoohi, Karen Kemirembe, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Caio Santos Alves da Silva, Martha Borras-Guevara, Carolyn Hodges-Simeon, Moritz Ernst, Collin Garr, Bin-Bin Chen, David Puts
{"title":"Effects of Voice Pitch on Social Perceptions Vary With Relational Mobility and Homicide Rate.","authors":"Toe Aung, Alexander K Hill, Jessica K Hlay, Catherine Hess, Michael Hess, Janie Johnson, Leslie Doll, Sara M Carlson, Caroline Magdinec, Isaac G-Santoyo, Robert S Walker, Drew Bailey, Steven Arnocky, Shanmukh Kamble, Tom Vardy, Thanos Kyritsis, Quentin Atkinson, Benedict Jones, Jessica Burns, Jeremy Koster, Gonzalo Palomo-Vélez, Joshua M Tybur, José Muñoz-Reyes, Bryan K C Choy, Norman P Li, Verena Klar, Carlota Batres, Patricia Bascheck, Christoph Schild, Lars Penke, Farid Pazhoohi, Karen Kemirembe, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Caio Santos Alves da Silva, Martha Borras-Guevara, Carolyn Hodges-Simeon, Moritz Ernst, Collin Garr, Bin-Bin Chen, David Puts","doi":"10.1177/09567976231222288","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231222288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fundamental frequency ( <i>f</i><sub>o</sub>) is the most perceptually salient vocal acoustic parameter, yet little is known about how its perceptual influence varies across societies. We examined how <i>f</i><sub>o</sub> affects key social perceptions and how socioecological variables modulate these effects in 2,647 adult listeners sampled from 44 locations across 22 nations. Low male <i>f</i><sub>o</sub> increased men's perceptions of formidability and prestige, especially in societies with higher homicide rates and greater relational mobility in which male intrasexual competition may be more intense and rapid identification of high-status competitors may be exigent. High female <i>f</i><sub>o</sub> increased women's perceptions of flirtatiousness where relational mobility was lower and threats to mating relationships may be greater. These results indicate that the influence of <i>f</i><sub>o</sub> on social perceptions depends on socioecological variables, including those related to competition for status and mates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"250-262"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139576351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Racial Prejudice Affects Representations of Facial Trustworthiness. 种族偏见会影响对面部可信度的表述。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231225094
Ryan J Hutchings, Erin Freiburger, Mattea Sim, Kurt Hugenberg
{"title":"Racial Prejudice Affects Representations of Facial Trustworthiness.","authors":"Ryan J Hutchings, Erin Freiburger, Mattea Sim, Kurt Hugenberg","doi":"10.1177/09567976231225094","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231225094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What makes faces seem trustworthy? We investigated how racial prejudice predicts the extent to which perceivers employ racially prototypical cues to infer trustworthiness from faces. We constructed participant-level computational models of trustworthiness and White-to-Black prototypicality from U.S. college students' judgments of White (Study 1, <i>N</i> = 206) and Black-White morphed (Study 3, <i>N</i> = 386) synthetic faces. Although the average relationships between models differed across stimuli, both studies revealed that as participants' anti-Black prejudice increased and/or intergroup contact decreased, so too did participants' tendency to conflate White prototypical features with trustworthiness and Black prototypical features with untrustworthiness. Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 324) and Study 4 (<i>N</i> = 397) corroborated that untrustworthy faces constructed from participants with pro-White preferences appeared more Black prototypical to naive U.S. adults, relative to untrustworthy faces modeled from other participants. This work highlights the important role of racial biases in shaping impressions of facial trustworthiness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"263-276"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Verbal Eyewitness Confidence Statements Using Natural Language Processing. 利用自然语言处理技术评估目击证人的口头证词。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241229028
Rachel Leigh Greenspan, Alex Lyman, Paul Heaton
{"title":"Assessing Verbal Eyewitness Confidence Statements Using Natural Language Processing.","authors":"Rachel Leigh Greenspan, Alex Lyman, Paul Heaton","doi":"10.1177/09567976241229028","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241229028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After an eyewitness completes a lineup, officers are advised to ask witnesses how confident they are in their identification. Although researchers in the lab typically study eyewitness confidence numerically, confidence in the field is primarily gathered verbally. In the current study, we used a natural language-processing approach to develop an automated model to classify verbal eyewitness confidence statements. Across a variety of stimulus materials and witnessing conditions, our model correctly classified adult witnesses' (<i>N</i> = 4,541) level of confidence (i.e., high, medium, or low) 71% of the time. Confidence-accuracy calibration curves demonstrate that the model's confidence classification performs similarly in predicting eyewitness accuracy compared to witnesses' self-reported numeric confidence. Our model also furnishes a new metric, <i>confidence entropy</i>, that measures the vagueness of witnesses' confidence statements and provides independent information about eyewitness accuracy. These results have implications for how empirical scientists collect confidence data and how police interpret eyewitness confidence statements.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"277-287"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139913312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Identity Concealment May Discourage Health-Seeking Behaviors: Evidence From Sexual-Minority Men During the 2022 Global Mpox Outbreak. 隐瞒身份可能会阻碍寻求健康的行为：2022 年全球麻疹病毒爆发期间性少数群体男性的证据》。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231217416
Joel M Le Forestier, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Alison Chasteen
{"title":"Identity Concealment May Discourage Health-Seeking Behaviors: Evidence From Sexual-Minority Men During the 2022 Global Mpox Outbreak.","authors":"Joel M Le Forestier, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Alison Chasteen","doi":"10.1177/09567976231217416","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231217416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People who conceal their stigmatized identities often experience worse physical health. One possibility for why is that concealment may render certain health-seeking behaviors more difficult. We tested this possibility during the 2022 global mpox outbreak, a public-health emergency that disproportionately affected sexual-minority men. We recruited adult sexual-minority men from Prolific at two time points near the outbreak's peak and attenuation (<i>n</i> = 864 and <i>n</i> = 685, respectively). We found that men who concealed their minority sexual orientations were less likely to (a) receive a vaccine to protect against mpox, (b) receive an mpox test, and (c) report having received an mpox vaccine. The relationship between concealment and vaccine receipt was serially mediated by reduced community connectedness and reduced knowledge of mpox resources. We call for thoughtful consideration of how to reach stigmatized groups with public-health resources, inclusive of those who conceal.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"126-136"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139432885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dissociable Codes in Motor Working Memory. 运动工作记忆中的可分离代码
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231221756
Hanna Hillman, Tabea Botthof, Alexander D Forrence, Samuel D McDougle
{"title":"Dissociable Codes in Motor Working Memory.","authors":"Hanna Hillman, Tabea Botthof, Alexander D Forrence, Samuel D McDougle","doi":"10.1177/09567976231221756","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231221756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory has been comprehensively studied in sensory domains, like vision, but little attention has been paid to how motor information (e.g., kinematics of recent movements) is maintained and manipulated in working memory. \"Motor working memory\" (MWM) is important for short-term behavioral control and skill learning. Here, we employed tasks that required participants to encode and recall reaching movements over short timescales. We conducted three experiments (<i>N</i> = 65 undergraduates) to examine MWM under varying cognitive loads, delays, and degrees of interference. The results support a model of MWM that includes an abstract code that flexibly transfers across effectors, and an effector-specific code vulnerable to interfering movements, even when interfering movements are irrelevant to the task. Neither code was disrupted by increasing visuospatial working memory load. These results echo distinctions between representational formats in other domains, suggesting that MWM shares a basic computational structure with other working memory subsystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"150-161"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139491923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The (Un)ideal Physicist: How Humans Rely on Object Interaction for Friction Estimates. 不）理想的物理学家》：人类如何依靠物体相互作用来估算摩擦力。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231221789
Harun Karimpur, Christian Wolf, Katja Fiehler
{"title":"The (Un)ideal Physicist: How Humans Rely on Object Interaction for Friction Estimates.","authors":"Harun Karimpur, Christian Wolf, Katja Fiehler","doi":"10.1177/09567976231221789","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231221789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To estimate object properties such as mass or friction, our brain relies on visual information to efficiently compute approximations. The role of sensorimotor feedback, however, is not well understood. Here we tested healthy adults (<i>N</i> = 79) in an inclined-plane problem, that is, how much a plane can be tilted before an object starts to slide, and contrasted the interaction group with observation groups who accessed involved forces by watching objects being manipulated. We created objects of different masses and levels of friction and asked participants to estimate the critical tilt angle after pushing an object, lifting it, or both. Estimates correlated with applied forces and were biased toward object mass, with higher estimates for heavier objects. Our findings highlight that inferences about physical object properties are tightly linked to the human sensorimotor system and that humans integrate sensorimotor information even at the risk of nonveridical perceptual estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"191-201"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139521461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Attitudes and Laws About Abortion Are Linked to Extrinsic Mortality Risk: A Life-History Perspective on Variability in Reproductive Rights. 关于堕胎的态度和法律与外在死亡率风险有关：从生命史角度看生殖权利的变异性》（Attitudes and Laws About Abortion Are Linked to Extrinsic Mortality Risk: A Life-History Perspective on Variability in Reproductive Rights）。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231217410
Elena Brandt, Jon K Maner
{"title":"Attitudes and Laws About Abortion Are Linked to Extrinsic Mortality Risk: A Life-History Perspective on Variability in Reproductive Rights.","authors":"Elena Brandt, Jon K Maner","doi":"10.1177/09567976231217410","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976231217410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abortion policy is conventionally viewed as a political matter with religious overtones. This article offers a different view. From the perspective of evolutionary biology, abortion at a young age can represent prioritization of long-term development over immediate reproduction, a pattern established in other animal species as resulting from stable ecologies with low mortality risk. We examine whether laws and moral beliefs about abortions are linked to local mortality rates. Data from 50 U.S. states, 202 world societies, 2,596 adult individuals in 363 U.S. counties, and 147,260 respondents across the globe suggest that lower levels of mortality risk are associated with more permissive laws and attitudes toward abortion. Those associations were observed when we controlled for religiosity, political ideology, wealth, education, and industrialization. Integrating evolutionary and cultural perspectives offers an explanation as to why moral beliefs and legal norms about reproduction may be sensitive to levels of ecological adversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"111-125"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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