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Disagreement Gets Mistaken for Bad Listening 不同意见会被误认为是不善于倾听
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241239935
Zhiying (Bella) Ren, Rebecca Schaumberg
{"title":"Disagreement Gets Mistaken for Bad Listening","authors":"Zhiying (Bella) Ren, Rebecca Schaumberg","doi":"10.1177/09567976241239935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241239935","url":null,"abstract":"It is important for people to feel listened to in professional and personal communications, and yet they can feel unheard even when others have listened well. We propose that this feeling may arise because speakers conflate agreement with listening quality. In 11 studies ( N = 3,396 adults), we held constant or manipulated a listener’s objective listening behaviors, manipulating only after the conversation whether the listener agreed with the speaker. Across various topics, mediums (e.g., video, chat), and cues of objective listening quality, speakers consistently perceived disagreeing listeners as worse listeners. This effect persisted after controlling for other positive impressions of the listener (e.g., likability). This effect seemed to emerge because speakers believe their views are correct, leading them to infer that a disagreeing listener must not have been listening very well. Indeed, it may be prohibitively difficult for someone to simultaneously convey that they disagree and that they were listening.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Biases in Improvement Decisions: People Focus on the Relative Reduction in Bad Outcomes 改进决策中的偏见：人们注重相对减少不良结果
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241232891
William H. Ryan, Stephen M. Baum, Ellen R. K. Evers
{"title":"Biases in Improvement Decisions: People Focus on the Relative Reduction in Bad Outcomes","authors":"William H. Ryan, Stephen M. Baum, Ellen R. K. Evers","doi":"10.1177/09567976241232891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241232891","url":null,"abstract":"People often decide whether to invest scarce resources—such as time, money, or energy—to improve their chances of a positive outcome. For example, a doctor might decide whether to utilize scarce medicine to improve a patient’s chances of recovery, or a student might decide whether to study a few additional hours to increase their chances of passing an exam. We conducted 11 studies ( N = 5,342 adults) and found evidence that people behave as if they focus on the relative reduction in bad outcomes caused by such improvements. As a consequence, the same improvements (e.g., 10-percentage-point improvements) are valued very differently depending on whether one’s initial chances of success are high or low. This focus on the relative reduction of bad outcomes drives risk preferences that violate normative standards (Studies 1a–1g and 2a), is amplified when decisions become more consequential (Study 2b), and leads even experienced professionals to make suboptimal decisions (Study 3).","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender-Ambiguous Voices and Social Disfluency 性别模糊的声音和社交障碍
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241238222
Shahryar Mohsenin, Kurt P. Munz
{"title":"Gender-Ambiguous Voices and Social Disfluency","authors":"Shahryar Mohsenin, Kurt P. Munz","doi":"10.1177/09567976241238222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241238222","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, gender-ambiguous (nonbinary) voices have been added to voice assistants to combat gender stereotypes and foster inclusion. However, if people react negatively to such voices, these laudable efforts may be counterproductive. In five preregistered studies ( N = 3,684 adult participants) we found that people do react negatively, rating products described by narrators with gender-ambiguous voices less favorably than when they are described by clearly male or female narrators. The voices create a feeling of unease, or social disfluency, that affects evaluations of the products being described. These effects are best explained by low familiarity with voices that sound ambiguous. Thus, initial negative reactions can be overcome with more exposure.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
People Endorse Harsher Policies in Principle Than in Practice: Asymmetric Beliefs About Which Errors to Prevent Versus Fix 人们赞同原则上比实践中更严厉的政策：关于预防和纠正错误的不对称信念
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241228504
Eitan D. Rude, Franklin Shaddy
{"title":"People Endorse Harsher Policies in Principle Than in Practice: Asymmetric Beliefs About Which Errors to Prevent Versus Fix","authors":"Eitan D. Rude, Franklin Shaddy","doi":"10.1177/09567976241228504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241228504","url":null,"abstract":"Countless policies are crafted with the intention of punishing all who do wrong or rewarding only those who do right. However, this requires accommodating certain mistakes: some who do not deserve to be punished might be, and some who deserve to be rewarded might not be. Six preregistered experiments ( N = 3,484 U.S. adults) reveal that people are more willing to accept this trade-off in principle, before errors occur, than in practice, after errors occur. The result is an asymmetry such that for punishments, people believe it is more important to prevent false negatives (e.g., criminals escaping justice) than to fix them, and more important to fix false positives (e.g., wrongful convictions) than to prevent them. For rewards, people believe it is more important to prevent false positives (e.g., welfare fraud) than to fix them and more important to fix false negatives (e.g., improperly denied benefits) than to prevent them.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oscillatory Coupling Between Neural and Cardiac Rhythms 神经节律与心律之间的振荡耦合
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241235932
Kaia S. Sargent, Emily L. Martinez, Alexandra C. Reed, Anika Guha, Morgan E. Bartholomew, Caroline K. Diehl, Christine S. Chang, Sarah Salama, Tzvetan Popov, Julian F. Thayer, Gregory A. Miller, Cindy M. Yee
{"title":"Oscillatory Coupling Between Neural and Cardiac Rhythms","authors":"Kaia S. Sargent, Emily L. Martinez, Alexandra C. Reed, Anika Guha, Morgan E. Bartholomew, Caroline K. Diehl, Christine S. Chang, Sarah Salama, Tzvetan Popov, Julian F. Thayer, Gregory A. Miller, Cindy M. Yee","doi":"10.1177/09567976241235932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241235932","url":null,"abstract":"Oscillations serve a critical role in organizing biological systems. In the brain, oscillatory coupling is a fundamental mechanism of communication. The possibility that neural oscillations interact directly with slower physiological rhythms (e.g., heart rate, respiration) is largely unexplored and may have important implications for psychological functioning. Oscillations in heart rate, an aspect of heart rate variability (HRV), show remarkably robust associations with psychological health. Mather and Thayer proposed coupling between high-frequency HRV (HF-HRV) and neural oscillations as a mechanism that partially accounts for such relationships. We tested this hypothesis by measuring phase-amplitude coupling between HF-HRV and neural oscillations in 37 healthy adults at rest. Robust coupling was detected in all frequency bands. Granger causality analyses indicated stronger heart-to-brain than brain-to-heart effects in all frequency bands except gamma. These findings suggest that cardiac rhythms play a causal role in modulating neural oscillations, which may have important implications for mental health.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Motion-Silencing Illusion Depends on Object-Centered Representation 运动失声幻觉取决于以物体为中心的表象
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241235104
Qihan Wu, Jonathan I. Flombaum
{"title":"The Motion-Silencing Illusion Depends on Object-Centered Representation","authors":"Qihan Wu, Jonathan I. Flombaum","doi":"10.1177/09567976241235104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241235104","url":null,"abstract":"Motion silencing is a striking and unexplained visual illusion wherein changes that are otherwise salient become difficult to perceive when the changing elements also move. We develop a new method for quantifying illusion strength (Experiments 1a and 1b), and we demonstrate a privileged role for rotational motion on illusion strength compared with highly controlled stimuli that lack rotation (Experiments 2a to 3b). These contrasts make it difficult to explain the illusion in terms of lower-level detection limits. Instead, we explain the illusion as a failure to attribute changes to locations. Rotation exacerbates the illusion because its perception relies upon structured object representations. This aggravates the difficulty of attributing changes by demanding that locations are referenced relative to both an object-internal frame and an external frame. Two final experiments (4a and 4b) add support to this account by employing a synchronously rotating external frame of reference that diminishes otherwise strong motion silencing. All participants were Johns Hopkins University undergraduates.","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140570022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Interactive Effect of Incentive Salience and Prosocial Motivation on Prosocial Behavior. 激励显著性和亲社会动机对亲社会行为的交互影响。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241234560
Y Rin Yoon, Kaitlin Woolley
{"title":"The Interactive Effect of Incentive Salience and Prosocial Motivation on Prosocial Behavior.","authors":"Y Rin Yoon, Kaitlin Woolley","doi":"10.1177/09567976241234560","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241234560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Charities often use incentives to increase prosocial action. However, charities sometimes downplay these incentives in their messaging (pilot study), possibly to avoid demotivating donors. We challenge this strategy, examining whether increasing the salience of incentives for prosocial action can in fact motivate charitable behavior. Three controlled experiments (<i>N</i> = 2,203 adults) and a field study with an alumni-donation campaign (<i>N</i> = 22,468 adults) found that more (vs. less) salient incentives are more effective at increasing prosocial behavior when prosocial motivation is low (vs. high). This is because more (vs. less) salient incentives increase relative consideration of self-interest (vs. other-regarding) benefits, which is a stronger driver of behavior at low (vs. high) levels of prosocial motivation. By identifying that prosocial motivation moderates the effect of incentive salience on charitable behavior, and by detailing the underlying mechanism, we advance theory and practice on incentive salience, motivation, and charitable giving.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"390-404"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140111268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Practical Significance Bias in Laypeople's Evaluation of Scientific Findings. 外行人评估科学发现时的实用意义偏差。
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241231506
Audrey L Michal, Priti Shah
{"title":"A Practical Significance Bias in Laypeople's Evaluation of Scientific Findings.","authors":"Audrey L Michal, Priti Shah","doi":"10.1177/09567976241231506","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241231506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People often rely on scientific findings to help them make decisions-however, failing to report effect magnitudes might lead to a potential bias in assuming findings are practically significant. Across two online studies (Prolific; <i>N</i> = 800), we measured U.S. adults' endorsements of expensive interventions described in media reports that led to effects that were small, large, or of unreported magnitude between groups. Participants who viewed interventions with unreported effect magnitudes were more likely to endorse interventions compared with those who viewed interventions with small effects and were just as likely to endorse interventions as those who viewed interventions with large effects, suggesting a practical significance bias. When effect magnitudes were reported, participants on average adjusted their evaluations accordingly. However, some individuals, such as those with low numeracy skills, were more likely than others to act on small effects, even when explicitly prompted to first consider the meaningfulness of the effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"315-327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140028822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multivariate Assessment of Inhibitory Control in Youth: Links With Psychopathology and Brain Function. 青少年抑制控制的多变量评估：与精神病理学和大脑功能的联系
IF 4.8 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241231574
Elise M Cardinale, Jessica Bezek, Olivia Siegal, Gabrielle F Freitag, Anni Subar, Parmis Khosravi, Ajitha Mallidi, Olivia Peterson, Isaac Morales, Simone P Haller, Courtney Filippi, Kyunghun Lee, Melissa A Brotman, Ellen Leibenluft, Daniel S Pine, Julia O Linke, Katharina Kircanski
{"title":"Multivariate Assessment of Inhibitory Control in Youth: Links With Psychopathology and Brain Function.","authors":"Elise M Cardinale, Jessica Bezek, Olivia Siegal, Gabrielle F Freitag, Anni Subar, Parmis Khosravi, Ajitha Mallidi, Olivia Peterson, Isaac Morales, Simone P Haller, Courtney Filippi, Kyunghun Lee, Melissa A Brotman, Ellen Leibenluft, Daniel S Pine, Julia O Linke, Katharina Kircanski","doi":"10.1177/09567976241231574","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241231574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inhibitory control is central to many theories of cognitive and brain development, and impairments in inhibitory control are posited to underlie developmental psychopathology. In this study, we tested the possibility of shared versus unique associations between inhibitory control and three common symptom dimensions in youth psychopathology: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and irritability. We quantified inhibitory control using four different experimental tasks to estimate a latent variable in 246 youth (8-18 years old) with varying symptom types and levels. Participants were recruited from the Washington, D.C., metro region. Results of structural equation modeling integrating a bifactor model of psychopathology revealed that inhibitory control predicted a shared or general psychopathology dimension, but not ADHD-specific, anxiety-specific, or irritability-specific dimensions. Inhibitory control also showed a significant, selective association with global efficiency in a frontoparietal control network delineated during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. These results support performance-based inhibitory control linked to resting-state brain function as an important predictor of comorbidity in youth psychopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"376-389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11145514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Manipulating Prior Beliefs Causally Induces Under- and Overconfidence. 操纵先前的信念会诱发信心不足和过度自信。
IF 8.2 1区 心理学
Psychological Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241231572
Hélène Van Marcke, Pierre Le Denmat, Tom Verguts, Kobe Desender
{"title":"Manipulating Prior Beliefs Causally Induces Under- and Overconfidence.","authors":"Hélène Van Marcke, Pierre Le Denmat, Tom Verguts, Kobe Desender","doi":"10.1177/09567976241231572","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09567976241231572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans differ vastly in the confidence they assign to decisions. Although such under- and overconfidence relate to fundamental life outcomes, a computational account specifying the underlying mechanisms is currently lacking. We propose that prior beliefs in the ability to perform a task explain confidence differences across participants and tasks, despite similar performance. In two perceptual decision-making experiments, we show that manipulating prior beliefs about performance during training causally influences confidence in healthy adults (<i>N</i> = 50 each; Experiment 1: 8 men, one nonbinary; Experiment 2: 5 men) during a test phase, despite unaffected objective performance. This is true when prior beliefs are induced via manipulated comparative feedback and via manipulated training-phase difficulty. Our results were accounted for within an accumulation-to-bound model, explicitly modeling prior beliefs on the basis of earlier task exposure. Decision confidence is quantified as the probability of being correct conditional on prior beliefs, causing under- or overconfidence. We provide a fundamental mechanistic insight into the computations underlying under- and overconfidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20745,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science","volume":" ","pages":"358-375"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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