Chemical Senses最新文献

{"title":"The taste of trigeminal sensations: relation between taste, lingual tactile acuity, and spicy perception in patients with taste dysfunction.","authors":"Mariano Mastinu, Max-Vincent Schönherr, Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the oral cavity, oral stereognosis and chemesthesis refer to the abilities to recognize shapes and detect noxious substances, respectively, through various receptors distributed on the tongue. The absence of standardized methods to assess oral somatosensory perception has led to a lack of consensus regarding the relationship between taste and trigeminal sensations. While some studies reported lower trigeminal perception in taste disorders, others did not confirm this correlation. In order to analyze somatosensation in quantitative and qualitative taste problems, 28 patients (21 females, mean age 59.2 years) with taste disturbance and 32 participants (20 females, mean age 42.3 years) with normogeusia identified 3D shapes and letters, sized from 2 to 18 mm, with the anterior part of their tongue, in a threshold test. Additionally, participants rated the intensity of increasing amounts of chili. Gustatory and olfactory functions were also tested. Analyses revealed that patients with taste dysfunction had significantly higher thresholds for lingual tactile sensitivity compared to controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, patients rated the intensity of chili significantly lower than controls (p < 0.001), particularly at higher concentrations. Oral stereognosis threshold scores were negatively correlated with gustatory and olfactory functions, and decreased with increasing age, while intensity for chili correlated with taste scores (p ≤ 0.009). The findings of this study suggest that taste dysfunction is associated with low oral mechanosensory and chemesthetic functions. The testing methods used in this study could be valuable in clinical practice for assessing and monitoring sensory impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Universal Chemosensory Testing: Needs, Barriers and Opportunities.","authors":"Steven D Munger, Kai Zhao, Linda A Barlow, Duncan Boak, Katie Boateng, Susan E Coldwell, Pamela Dalton, Richard L Doty, Jennifer E Douglas, Valerie Duffy, F Abron Franklin, John E Hayes, Howard J Hoffman, Patrice Hubert, Paule V Joseph, Jeb M Justice, Joshua M Levy, Julie A Mennella, Marianna Obrist, M Yanina Pepino, Jayant M Pinto, Edmund A Pribitkin, Christopher T Simons, Mark W Albers, Valentina Parma","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millions of people in the United States experience a reduced or distorted ability to smell or taste. Chemosensory disorders such as anosmia (the inability to smell), parosmia (distorted smell), or dysgeusia (altered taste) have major impacts on health and quality of life including difficulty sensing dangers such as fire or spoilage, a diminished palatability of food and drink that can negatively influence diet and nutrition, feelings of social isolation, and an increased incidence of frailty, anxiety, and depression. Smell or taste dysfunction can also be symptoms of other health issues, including sinonasal disease, cancer, or neurodegenerative disease. Aging adults are disproportionately affected. However, smell and taste function are not regularly assessed as a part of routine healthcare despite their prevalence and impact. This is a lost opportunity, as early detection of a chemosensory disorder would enable patients to obtain needed validation, education and support for their health challenge, could direct both patient and provider to treatment options, and may suggest underlying health issues that should be addressed. To better understand the current barriers to including chemosensory testing as a regular component of health care and to identify opportunities to overcome those barriers, the conference \"Towards Universal Chemosensory Testing\" was convened on November 5-7, 2023, in Philadelphia, PA. This conference brought together scientists, clinicians, patients, and other experts to discuss these issues and identify collective ways to overcome barriers to testing. This white paper - which is focused primarily on the US healthcare system - is the result of those discussions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantic congruency facilitates the retrieval of visual associations to odors and decreases retroactive memory interference.","authors":"Mohammad Hamzeloo, Luisa Bogenschüz, Ryan P M Hackländer, Christina Bermeitinger","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Odors are often considered to be powerful memory cues, yet early olfactory paired-associate (PA) studies suggested that they are less effective than other sensory cues, and particularly prone to proactive interference (PI). Research with other modalities indicates semantic similarity increases retroactive interference (RI). Two experiments compared olfactory PA memory to verbal and auditory PA memory, focusing on the role of semantic congruency. In Experiment 1, a mixed design tested the efficiency of odors as a PA cue under semantically congruent versus incongruent conditions. One hundred one participants were randomly assigned to four groups, each experiencing one of the following cross-modal pairs: olfactory-visual and verbal-visual (as a control group for olfactory-visual), auditory-visual, and verbal-visual (as a control group for auditory-visual). Replicating prior work, odors were less effective than verbal or auditory cues. However, semantic congruency enhanced performance across modalities, with a greater effect for olfactory PAs. Experiment 2 employed a mixed design to assess PI and RI in olfactory versus verbal PA memory. Thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of two cross-modal pair groups (olfactory-visual and verbal-visual). RI was more pronounced than PI for both modalities, with RI levels increasing when the second pair of associations was semantically congruent, but the first was not. Semantic congruency consistently enhanced olfactory retrieval cues, supporting its role in mitigating interference effects. These findings demonstrate that while odors are less effective associative cues than verbal or auditory stimuli, semantic congruency significantly improves their utility, highlighting the nuanced interplay between modality and memory processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of physical exercise and olfactory training with pleasant and unpleasant odors on verbal fluency and depression.","authors":"Agnieszka Sabiniewicz, Aleksandra Reichert, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Antje Hähner, Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanisms of olfactory training (OT) in older adults require a more thorough investigation, considering its potential beneficial effects in age-related olfactory, cognitive, and affective decline. To address this question, we examined the role of OT odor hedonics in 128 participants aged between 50 and 85 years (Mage = 68.2 ± 7.4; 105 women and 23 men). Additionally, we explored the role of physical activity in olfactory function, depression scores, and verbal fluency. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, of which two performed OT with either a) pleasant or b) unpleasant odors, or c) performed physical exercises and no OT or d) a control group without OT or physical exercises. Results indicate a beneficial effect of OT, both with pleasant and unpleasant odors, on one key domain of cognitive function, namely verbal fluency. Furthermore, physical exercise alone also caused an increase in verbal fluency. Finally, a significant beneficial effect of OT on depression score was noted, but only in the group that displayed relatively robust depression symptoms in the pre-training session. OT may be of particular use for older people due to their risk of age-related cognitive decline and depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensory responses of olfactory and vomeronasal neurons in does are influenced by buck odors and their reproductive status.","authors":"Maxime A Meunier, Elliott Trives, Emma Gerardin, Chantal Porte, Adrien Acquistapace, Philippe Chemineau, Pablo Chamero, Hélène Vacher, Matthieu Keller","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In mammals, olfactory communication between conspecifics is crucial in modulating reproductive function. In anestrous does (i.e., female goats), exposure to hair from sexually active bucks (SAB, i.e., male goats) triggers a luteinizing hormone response that may induce ovulation, the \"male effect\". However, the chemicals in buck hair responsible for this effect and the sensory pathways used by the females to detect this information remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated whether sensory cells from the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of does respond differently to olfactory stimuli from SAB versus wethers (CAS, i.e., castrated bucks) and how this response is influenced by the female reproductive status (breeding season, anestrous, or ovariectomized (OVX)). To explore this possibility, we stimulated freshly dissociated cells of MOE and VNO cells with chloroform/methanol and aqueous extractions from buck hair, and we assessed cell activation using calcium imaging. Regardless of the extraction method, we observed more cells activated by SAB hair compounds than by those from CAS males. More MOE cells from anestrous were activated by both chloroform and aqueous extracts from SAB than MOE cells from breeding season, or OVX does. Most of these responses originated from non-mature olfactory neurons. These findings suggest that females can discriminate buck sexual activity through sensory detection by the MOE and VNO. The increased response in the MOE to SAB hair compounds during the anestrous period suggests that the MOE may play a more significant role in the \"male effect\" during this period.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143961347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin-induced sweet taste sensitivity reduction and compensatory receptor expression in mice.","authors":"Keisuke Mogi, Misaki Azuma, Shiori Iwaki, Yuka Matsuda, Katsuya Morito, Kentaro Takayama, Kazuki Nagasawa","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cancer chemotherapy, the development of taste disorders is a serious problem because it not only reduces quality of life but also deteriorates patients' nutritional status, sometimes resulting in cessation of chemotherapy. Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used anticancer anthracycline, reportedly alters patients' taste perception. However, little information exists on the detailed characteristics of DOX-induced taste disorders. In this study, we investigated whether taste responsiveness was altered in DOX-administered mice using a brief-access test and examined the underlying mechanisms. DOX-administered mice exhibited decreased responsiveness to sweet taste, but not to umami, bitter, salty, or sour tastes, on day 7, with recovery by day 14. Although there was no detectable alteration in the number of type II-taste cell marker-immunoreactive cells in the circumvallate papillae (CP), expression of mRNA for sweet taste receptors T1R2, T1R3, and α-gustducin in the CP was greater in DOX-administered mice than in control mice on day 7. Interestingly, in DOX-administered mice on day 7, the lick ratios for a 300-mM sucrose solution showed a significant correlation with the relative expression of T1R3 mRNA in the CP and a trend toward a correlation with food consumption. Together, these findings suggest that the decrease in sweet taste sensitivity in DOX-administered mice might result from dysfunction in signaling downstream of taste perception, with increased sweet taste receptor expression potentially representing a compensatory response to decreased energy intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction among Postpartum Women and Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy.","authors":"Patricia T Jacobson, Elena Arduin, Maha Hussain, Margaret H Kyle, Ann Bruno, Emily Powers, Michael Varner, Mirella Mourad, Alan T Tita, Ashley N Battarbee, Tyler Morrill, Lawrence Reichle, Gabriella Newes-Adeyi, Julie A Mennella, Kristina Wielgosz, Suzanne M Gilboa, Melissa S Stockwell, Fatimah S Dawood, Dani Dumitriu, Jonathan B Overdevest","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfactory dysfunction resulting from COVID-19 has imparted a lasting impact on olfaction among the general public, including pregnant women contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection. While olfactory dysfunction can impact physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being, there has been little research on olfaction during pregnancy and postpartum, nor the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on olfaction while pregnant. Therefore, the primary study aims are to evaluate olfaction in the postpartum period and determine the impact of antecedent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We recruited two cohorts of postpartum women, those with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection before or during pregnancy (COVID cohort; n = 109) and those without (non-COVID cohort; n = 226), and evaluated their olfaction during the postpartum period by administering the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Participants were queried about demographics, past SARS-CoV-2 infections, self-reported sense of smell (both in overall ability to smell and for the presence of qualitative smell issues such as parosmia and phantosmia), and perceived cause of smell loss, if any. We found significantly fewer postpartum women with normosmia capabilities in both COVID (27%) and non-COVID (46%) cohorts compared to normative data for aged-matched (30-39 years) women (83%). Women in the non-COVID cohort had significantly higher UPSIT scores and mean subjective olfaction ratings than those in the COVID cohort (95% CI [0.77,2.41] and 95% CI [-0.83,7.34], respectively). This study reflects the largest published cohort of postpartum women evaluated for olfactory function with standardized psychophysical testing. Our findings suggest both postpartum and SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with diminished smell function.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worldwide study of the taste of bitter medicines and their modifiers.","authors":"Ha Nguyen, Cailu Lin, Katherine Bell, Amy Huang, Mackenzie Hannum, Vicente Ramirez, Carol Christensen, Nancy E Rawson, Lauren Colquitt, Paul Domanico, Ivona Sasimovich, Riley Herriman, Paule Joseph, Oghogho Braimah, Danielle R Reed","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The bitter taste of medicines hinders patient compliance, but not everyone experiences these difficulties because people worldwide differ in their bitterness perception. To better understand how people from diverse ancestries perceive medicines and taste modifiers, 338 adults, European and recent US and Canadian immigrants from Asia, South Asia, and Africa, rated the bitterness intensity of taste solutions on a 100-point generalized visual analog scale and provided a saliva sample for genotyping. The taste solutions were 5 medicines, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), moxifloxacin, praziquantel, amodiaquine, and propylthiouracil (PROP), and 4 other solutions, TAF mixed with sucralose (sweet, reduces bitterness) or 6-methylflavone (tasteless, reduces bitterness), sucralose alone, and sodium chloride alone. Bitterness ratings differed by ancestry for 2 of the 5 drugs (amodiaquine and PROP) and for TAF mixed with sucralose. Genetic analysis showed that people with variants in 1 bitter receptor variant gene (TAS2R38) reported PROP was more bitter than did those with a different variant (P = 7.6e-19) and that people with either an RIMS2 or a THSD4 genotype found sucralose more bitter than did others (P = 2.6e-8, P = 7.9e-11, respectively). Our findings may help guide the formulation of bad-tasting medicines to meet the needs of those most sensitive to them.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gustatory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Shahryar Rajai Firouzabadi, Ida Mohammadi, Mohammadreza Alinejadfard, Mohammad Yazdan Panah, Saeed Vaheb, Vahid Shaygannejad, Omid Mirmosayyeb","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjae046","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjae046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gustatory dysfunction is an often overlooked symptom in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), potentially leading to poor appetite, malnutrition, weight loss, and decreased quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of gustatory dysfunction in PwMS and compare their gustatory test scores with healthy controls. An online database search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted on 2024 June 29. Observational studies reporting gustatory dysfunction or gustatory test scores in PwMS were included. Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using a random-effects model, with subgroup analyses based on the type of gustatory test used. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for comparisons between PwMS and healthy controls. A total of 9 studies encompassing 1385 PwMS were included. The pooled prevalence of gustatory dysfunction among PwMS was 16.4% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 8.7% to 24.1%, I² = 90%, P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed a prevalence of 18.8% (95% CI: 10.5% to 27.2%, I² = 0%) in 4 studies using the Taste Strip Test (TST), while 3 non-TST studies using liquid tastants or self-reports reported a prevalence of 20.2% (95% CI: 7.2% to 33.3%, I² = 86%). PwMS had significantly lower gustatory test scores compared to healthy controls (SMD: -0.93, 95% CI: -1.20 to -0.65, I² = 0%, P = 0.48). Gustatory dysfunction affects a notable proportion of PwMS, with prevalence rates varying by assessment method. Future studies should assess the possible causes of gustatory dysfunction in PwMS using validated gustatory assessment scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate liking and disgust reactions elicited by intraoral capsaicin in male mice.","authors":"Yibin Han, Daisuke H Tanaka, Naofumi Uesaka","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liking and disgust are the primary positive and negative emotions, respectively, and are crucial for nutrient intake and toxin avoidance. These emotions are induced by multimodal stimuli, such as taste, olfactory, and somatosensory inputs, and their dysregulation is evident in various psychiatric disorders. To understand the biological basis of liking and disgust, it is crucial to establish an animal model that allows for quantitative estimation of liking and disgust in response to multimodal stimuli. The only readout shared by many species, including humans, for liking and disgust, has been taste reactivity. However, readouts of non-taste stimuli-induced emotions remain unestablished. Here, we show that intraoral administration of capsaicin, a chemosomatosensory stimulus, elicits orofacial and bodily reactions in male mice similar to those observed in taste reactivity. Capsaicin-induced liking reactions at low concentrations and disgust reactions at high concentrations. Capsaicin-induced disgust reactions consisted of various reactions, including gape and forelimb flail, with the proportion of each reaction among the disgust reactions being similar to that induced by bitter and sour stimuli. These findings indicate that orofacial and bodily reactions, defined as taste reactivity, are elicited not only by taste stimuli but also by intraoral chemosomatosensory stimuli. Understanding the biological basis of capsaicin-induced orofacial and bodily reactions will advance our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying liking and disgust across sensory modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}