Chemical Senses最新文献

{"title":"A cognitive nose? Evaluating working memory benchmarks in the olfactory domain.","authors":"Theresa L White, Nira Cedres, Jonas K Olofsson","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory (WM) processes are assumed to operate on a wide variety of sensory materials, yet WM research rarely extends beyond sight and hearing. In this systematic review, we integrate research from studies that address WM in olfaction, the sense of smell, spanning the last 50 yr (N = 44). We assessed whether 21 proposed \"benchmarks\" for WM generalize to olfactory WM. Seven benchmarks generalized to olfaction, whereas 2 failed to generalize. Evidence was insufficient to address the remaining 12 benchmarks (4 had mixed support and 8 were yet unaddressed). We conclude that the available evidence indicates that the sense of smell has a short-term memory system that mostly resembles WM processes in \"higher\" senses, although there are exceptions related to how olfactory WM performance is associated with other functions. We argue that researchers studying WM should explicitly consider evidence outside of the audio-visual senses when establishing theoretical frameworks. Further, we point out avenues for future research that may help close the remaining gaps in knowledge on this neglected topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11985691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual differences in olfactory fat discrimination are not detected in neural activation.","authors":"Matjaž Pirc, Catoo Krale, Paul Smeets, Sanne Boesveldt","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfaction is involved in detecting, identifying, and discriminating dietary fat within foods, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain uncharted. Our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural correlates of olfactory fat perception and their association with discrimination ability in a complex food matrix. We measured brain activation resulting from orthonasal exposure to an ecologically relevant fat-related odor source-dairy milk, manipulated to contain 0%, 3.5%, or 14% fat. Twenty-six healthy, normosmic adults underwent olfactory fat content discrimination testing, followed by an fMRI task during which the 3 odor stimuli were delivered via an olfactometer (25 times/fat level) and rated on perceived intensity and liking. Participants discriminated between all fat levels, with fat level influencing perceived odor intensity and liking. These perceptual differences, however, were not reflected in differential brain activation. Brain activation differences were observed only when comparing odor exposure with no exposure. Specifically, in response to any odor, activation occurred in the anterior part of the supplementary motor area (SMA) while deactivating parts of the hippocampus, putamen, superior temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and posterior part of the SMA. Exposure to the 0% fat odor also activated the thalamus. No associations were found between perceived intensity and liking and neural responses. Results reaffirm the human ability to distinguish food fat content using solely olfactory cues and reveal a divergence between sensory perception and neural processing. Subsequent research should replicate and extend these findings onto retronasal fat perception while also examining potential effects of hunger, genetics, and dietary habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural comparisons of human and mouse fungiform taste buds.","authors":"Brigit High, Thomas E Finger","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taste buds are commonly studied in rodent models, but some differences exist between mice and humans in terms of gustatory mechanisms and sensitivities. Whether these functional differences are reflected in structural differences between species is unclear. Using immunofluorescent image stacks, we compared the morphological and molecular characteristics of mouse and human fungiform taste buds. The results suggest that while the general features of fungiform taste buds are similar between mice and humans, several characteristics differ significantly. Human taste buds are larger and taller than those of mice, yet they contain similar numbers of taste cells. Taste buds in humans are more heavily innervated by gustatory nerve fibers expressing the purinergic receptor P2X3 showing a 40% higher innervation density than in mice. Like type II cells of mice, a subset (about 30%) of cells in human taste buds is immunoreactive for phospholipase C beta (PLCβ2). These PLCβ2-immunoreactive cells display calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1)-immunoreactive puncta closely opposed to gustatory nerve fibers suggestive of channel-type synapses in type II cells in mice. These puncta, used as a measure of synaptic contact, are significantly larger in humans compared to mice suggesting a higher efflux of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) neurotransmitter in humans. Altogether these findings suggest that while many similarities exist in the organization of murine and human fungiform taste buds, significant differences do exist in taste bud size, innervation density, and size of synaptic contacts that may impact gustatory signal transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11795111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142945457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odor localization in structural interhemispheric deficits.","authors":"Keven Lapointe, Sabrina Suffren, Maryse Lassonde, Jean-François Lepage, Johannes Frasnelli","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contrary to all other sensory systems, olfactory information is processed predominantly ipsilaterally. Furthermore, odor localization, based on inter-nostril differences, is usually not possible under controlled conditions. These two observations suggest information exchange between both cerebral hemispheres in the olfactory system, although the exact anatomical substrate remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the anatomical structures necessary for odor localization, with a particular focus on the role of interhemispheric communication. We assessed the ability to localize pure olfactory and mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimuli in 6 participants with structural interhemispheric deficits (including surgical transection or agenesis of the corpus callosum (CC) and agenesis of the CC and anterior commissure (AC, one case)) and compared their performance to 46 healthy controls. Of the six participants with structural interhemispheric deficits, three were unable to localize either stimulus. Two participants performed significantly better than chance for both pure and mixed stimuli, while one participant exhibited the typical localization pattern observed in most controls-accurate localization of the mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus but inability to localize the pure olfactory stimulus. Our results suggest that localization of chemosensory stimuli relies, at least in part, on CC, highlighting its role in interhemispheric communication for olfactory processing. The varying odor localization performance observed in participants with agenesis of CC indicates that compensatory mechanisms may be promoted in some cases, potentially preserving normal localization functions despite the absence of major commissural pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12084763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards universal chemosensory testing: needs, barriers, and opportunities.","authors":"Steven D Munger, Kai Zhao, Linda A Barlow, Duncan Boak, Katie Boateng, Susan E Coldwell, Pamela Dalton, Richard L Doty, Jennifer E Douglas, Valerie Duffy, Frank A Franklin, John E Hayes, Howard J Hoffman, Patrice Hubert, Paule V Joseph, Jeb M Justice, Joshua M Levy, Julie A Mennella, Marianna Obrist, M Yanina Pepino, Jayant M Pinto, Edmund A Pribitkin, Christopher T Simons, Mark W Albers, Valentina Parma","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Millions of people in the United States experience a reduced or distorted ability to smell or taste. Chemosensory disorders such as anosmia (the inability to smell), parosmia (distorted smell), or dysgeusia (altered taste) have major impacts on health and quality of life including difficulty sensing dangers such as fire or spoilage, a diminished palatability of food and drink that can negatively influence diet and nutrition, feelings of social isolation, and an increased incidence of frailty, anxiety, and depression. Smell or taste dysfunction can also be symptoms of other health issues, including sinonasal disease, cancer, or neurodegenerative disease. Aging adults are disproportionately affected. However, smell and taste function are not regularly assessed as a part of routine healthcare despite their prevalence and impact. This is a lost opportunity, as early detection of a chemosensory disorder would enable patients to obtain needed validation, education and support for their health challenge, could direct both patient and provider to treatment options, and may suggest underlying health issues that should be addressed. To better understand the current barriers to including chemosensory testing as a regular component of health care and to identify opportunities to overcome those barriers, the conference \"Towards Universal Chemosensory Testing\" was convened on November 5-7, 2023, in Philadelphia, PA. This conference brought together scientists, clinicians, patients, and other experts to discuss these issues and identify collective ways to overcome barriers to testing. This white paper-which is focused primarily on the US healthcare system-is the result of those discussions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12163592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among postpartum women and impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.","authors":"Patricia T Jacobson, Elena Arduin, Maha Hussain, Margaret H Kyle, Ann Bruno, Emily Powers, Michael Varner, Mirella Mourad, Alan T Tita, Ashley N Battarbee, Tyler Morrill, Lawrence Reichle, Gabriella Newes-Adeyi, Julie A Mennella, Kristina Wielgosz, Suzanne M Gilboa, Melissa S Stockwell, Fatimah S Dawood, Dani Dumitriu, Jonathan B Overdevest","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olfactory dysfunction resulting from COVID-19 has imparted a lasting impact on olfaction among the general public, including pregnant women contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection. While olfactory dysfunction can impact physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being, there has been little research on olfaction during pregnancy and postpartum, nor the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on olfaction while pregnant. Therefore, the primary study aims are to evaluate olfaction in the postpartum period and determine the impact of antecedent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We recruited two cohorts of postpartum women, those with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection before or during pregnancy (COVID cohort; n = 109) and those without (non-COVID cohort; n = 226), and evaluated their olfaction during the postpartum period by administering the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Participants were queried about demographics, past SARS-CoV-2 infections, self-reported sense of smell (both in overall ability to smell and for the presence of qualitative smell issues such as parosmia and phantosmia), and perceived cause of smell loss, if any. We found significantly fewer postpartum women with normosmia capabilities in both COVID (27%) and non-COVID (46%) cohorts compared to normative data for aged-matched (30 to 39 years) women (83%). Women in the non-COVID cohort had significantly higher UPSIT scores and mean subjective olfaction ratings than those in the COVID cohort (95% CI [0.77,2.41] and 95% CI [-0.83,7.34], respectively). This study reflects the largest published cohort of postpartum women evaluated for olfactory function with standardized psychophysical testing. Our findings suggest both postpartum and SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with diminished smell function.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12199236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting human olfactory perception by odorant structure and receptor activation profile.","authors":"Yusuke Ihara, Chiori Ijichi, Yasuko Nogi, Masayuki Sugiki, Yuko Kodama, Sayoko Ihara, Mika Shirasu, Takatsugu Hirokawa, Kazushige Touhara","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans possess a remarkable ability to discriminate a wide range of odors with high precision. This process begins with olfactory receptors (ORs) detecting and responding to the molecular structures of odorants. Recent studies have aimed to associate the activity of a single OR to an odor descriptor or predict odor descriptors using 2D molecular representation. However, predicting a limited number of odor descriptors is insufficient to fully understand the widespread and elaborate olfactory perception process. Therefore, we conducted structure-activity relationship analyses for ORs of eugenol, vanillin, and structurally similar compounds, investigating the correlation between molecular structures, OR activity profiles, and perceptual odor similarity. Our results indicated that these structurally similar compounds primarily activated 6 ORs, and the activity profiles of these ORs correlated with their perception. This enabled the development of a prediction model for the eugenol-similarity score from OR activity profiles (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.687). Furthermore, the molecular structures of odorants were represented as 3D shapes and pharmacophore fingerprints, considering the 3D structural similarities between various odorants with multiple conformations. These 3D shape and pharmacophore fingerprints could also predict the perceptual odor similarity (R2 = 0.514). Finally, we identified key molecular structural features that contributed to predicting sensory similarities between compounds structurally similar to eugenol and vanillin. Our models, which predict odor from OR activity profiles and similarities in the 3D structure of odorants, may aid in understanding olfactory perception by compressing the information from a vast number of odorants into the activity profiles of 400 ORs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semantic congruency facilitates the retrieval of visual associations to odors and decreases retroactive memory interference.","authors":"Mohammad Hamzeloo, Luisa Bogenschütz, Ryan P M Hackländer, Christina Bermeitinger","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Odors are often considered to be powerful memory cues, yet early olfactory paired-associate (PA) studies suggested that they are less effective than other sensory cues and particularly prone to proactive interference (PI). Research with other modalities indicates semantic similarity increases retroactive interference (RI). Two experiments compared olfactory PA memory to verbal and auditory PA memory, focusing on the role of semantic congruency. In Experiment 1, a mixed design tested the efficiency of odors as a PA cue under semantically congruent versus incongruent conditions. One hundred one participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each experiencing one of the following cross-modal pairs: olfactory-visual and verbal-visual (as a control group for olfactory-visual), auditory-visual, and verbal-visual (as a control group for auditory-visual). Replicating prior work, odors were less effective than verbal or auditory cues. However, semantic congruency enhanced performance across modalities, with a greater effect for olfactory PAs. Experiment 2 employed a mixed design to assess PI and RI in olfactory versus verbal PA memory. Thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of two cross-modal pair groups (olfactory-visual and verbal-visual). RI was more pronounced than PI for both modalities, with RI levels increasing when the second pair of associations was semantically congruent, but the first was not. Semantic congruency consistently enhanced olfactory retrieval cues, supporting its role in mitigating interference effects. These findings demonstrate that while odors are less effective associative cues than verbal or auditory stimuli, semantic congruency significantly improves their utility, highlighting the nuanced interplay between modality and memory processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin-induced sweet taste sensitivity reduction and compensatory receptor expression in mice.","authors":"Keisuke Mogi, Misaki Azuma, Shiori Iwaki, Yuka Matsuda, Katsuya Morito, Kentaro Takayama, Kazuki Nagasawa","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cancer chemotherapy, the development of taste disorders is a serious problem because it not only reduces quality of life but also deteriorates patients' nutritional status, sometimes resulting in cessation of chemotherapy. Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used anticancer anthracycline, reportedly alters patients' taste perception. However, little information exists on the detailed characteristics of DOX-induced taste disorders. In this study, we investigated whether taste responsiveness was altered in DOX-administered mice using a brief-access test and examined the underlying mechanisms. DOX-administered mice exhibited decreased responsiveness to sweet taste, but not to umami, bitter, salty, or sour tastes, on day 7, with recovery by day 14. Although there was no detectable alteration in the number of type II-taste cell marker-immunoreactive cells in the circumvallate papillae (CP), expression of mRNA for sweet taste receptors T1R2, T1R3, and α-gustducin in the CP was greater in DOX-administered mice than in control mice on day 7. Interestingly, in DOX-administered mice on day 7, the lick ratios for a 300-mM sucrose solution showed a significant correlation with the relative expression of T1R3 mRNA in the CP and a trend toward a correlation with food consumption. Together, these findings suggest that the decrease in sweet taste sensitivity in DOX-administered mice might result from dysfunction in signaling downstream of taste perception, with increased sweet taste receptor expression potentially representing a compensatory response to decreased energy intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent odor experience selectively modulates olfactory sensitivity across the glomerular output in the mouse olfactory bulb.","authors":"Narayan Subramanian, Lee Min Leong, Paria Salemi Mokri Boukani, Douglas A Storace","doi":"10.1093/chemse/bjae045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/chemse/bjae045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although animals can reliably locate and recognize odorants embedded in complex environments, the neural circuits for accomplishing these tasks remain incompletely understood. Adaptation is likely to be important as it could allow neurons in a brain area to adjust to the broader sensory environment. Adaptive processes must be flexible enough to allow the brain to make dynamic adjustments, while maintaining sufficient stability so that organisms do not forget important olfactory associations. Processing within the mouse olfactory bulb is likely involved in generating adaptation, although there are conflicting models of how it transforms the glomerular output of the mouse olfactory bulb. Here we performed 2-photon Ca2+ imaging from mitral/tufted glomeruli in awake mice to determine the time course of recovery from adaptation, and whether it acts broadly or selectively across the glomerular population. Individual glomerular responses, as well as the overall population odor representation were similar across imaging sessions. However, odor-concentration pairings presented with interstimulus intervals upwards of 30-s evoked heterogeneous adaptation that was concentration-dependent. We demonstrate that this form of adaptation is unrelated to variations in respiration, and olfactory receptor neuron glomerular measurements indicate that it is unlikely to be inherited from the periphery. Our results indicate that the olfactory bulb output can reliably transmit stable odor representations, but recent odor experiences can selectively shape neural responsiveness for upwards of 30 seconds. We propose that neural circuits that allow for non-uniform adaptation across mitral/tufted glomeruli could be important for making dynamic adjustments in complex odor environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9771,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Senses","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142945254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}