Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior最新文献

Effects of two sorting formats and four test criteria on equivalence class formation. 两种分类格式和四种检验标准对等价类形成的影响。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70017

Erik Arntzen, Lanny Fields

{"title":"Effects of two sorting formats and four test criteria on equivalence class formation.","authors":"Erik Arntzen, Lanny Fields","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70017","url":null,"abstract":"The likelihood of forming equivalence classes was influenced by the format used in sorting tests and by four different test criteria applied to the same data set. After 30 participants learned 12 conditional discriminations, MTS tests evaluated the emergence of three 5-member equivalence classes. These tests were followed by sorting tests that were conducted in clustering or stacking formats. After training, 20% of participants formed the classes. Of the 75% who did not, classes emerged for 36% and 15% of participants during stacking and clustering, respectively, with a criterion of consecutive class-indicative sorts in the first two sorting tests, and by 45% and 15% of participants during stacking and clustering, respectively, with a criterion of two successive class-indicative sorts in any of the four sorting tests. Overall, a somewhat higher percentage of participants formed classes during stacking than during clustering, sometimes on a delayed basis. Finally, even higher yields were obtained when criterion was defined as two nonconsecutive class-indicative sorting tests. When classes did not form, clustering rather than stacking tests generated larger proportions of stereotyped, participant-defined, three-member classes and two-term relations but stacking generated more one-stimulus \"groupings.\" Thus, class formation was influenced by sorting format and the criteria used to define class emergence. Also, sorting influenced performances even during failed class formation.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional equivalence and class expansion in rats using olfactory stimuli. 嗅觉刺激下大鼠的功能等效和分类扩展。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70021

Elijah J Richardson, Madeleine G Mason, Skylar Murphy, Katherine E Bruce, Mark Galizio

{"title":"Functional equivalence and class expansion in rats using olfactory stimuli.","authors":"Elijah J Richardson, Madeleine G Mason, Skylar Murphy, Katherine E Bruce, Mark Galizio","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70021","url":null,"abstract":"Simple discrimination reversal procedures have been successful in demonstrating functional equivalence classes in animals. The current study tested whether class expansion could be demonstrated in rats following the formation of functional equivalence classes. Olfactory stimuli were assigned to two arbitrary sets, and rats were trained on a successive simple discrimination task to respond to members of only one set at a time. When discriminated responding emerged, the reinforcement contingencies were reversed. After repeated reversals, probe sessions demonstrated functional equivalence classes in 14 of 15 rats across three experiments. Subsequently, the reversal procedure was used to train functional equivalence between one exemplar from each established class and two novel stimuli. Tests for class expansion, conducted between stimuli in the same set but without a history of training in the same session, were mixed. Experiment 1, which began expansion training after six-member classes were formed, did not provide clear evidence for class expansion. In Experiments 2 and 3, where expansion training began with smaller classes, class expansion was observed in six of eight rats. Class expansion is a property shared with human equivalence classes, suggesting that the discrimination reversal procedure provides a promising strategy for continuing research on equivalence in animals.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144111348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of rules on schedule performance with synchronous schedules of reinforcement. 规则对同步加固进度进度性能的影响。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70022

Daniel J Sheridan, John T Rapp, Ashley N Anderson, Anna Kate Edgemon, Jonathan W Pinkston, Emma J Walker

{"title":"Effects of rules on schedule performance with synchronous schedules of reinforcement.","authors":"Daniel J Sheridan, John T Rapp, Ashley N Anderson, Anna Kate Edgemon, Jonathan W Pinkston, Emma J Walker","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70022","url":null,"abstract":"Two recent studies provided participants with their preferred music on synchronous schedules for increasing and decreasing their walking speed on a treadmill. Both studies demonstrated schedule control with most of their participants; however, the researchers speculated that presession rules may have contributed to this control. The purpose of this study was to examine how rules influenced schedule control of walking speed with the treadmill preparation. First, we randomly assigned 39 participants to one of three groups: accurate rules, inaccurate rules, or no rules. Second, we identified each participant's preferred music genre using a conjugate assessment. Third, we exposed each participant to five mixed-schedule components while they walked on a treadmill. The components differed in terms of the walking-speed requirements for participants to access reinforcement, and participants received accurate rules, inaccurate rules, or no rules about upcoming contingencies prior to each component presentation. Results showed schedule control emerged for (a) 8 of 13 (61%) participants in the accurate rules group, (b) 0 of 13 (0%) participants in the inaccurate rule group, and (c) 1 of 13 (7.69%) participants in the no rules group. Results also showed that 24 of 26 (92.3%) participants in the two rules groups changed their speed in accordance with the rules before contacting consequences. Collectively, the findings suggest that rules can either facilitate or impede schedule control with synchronous reinforcement schedules during the treadmill preparation.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of reinforcer probability on attending to element and compound sample stimuli. 强化物概率对单质和复合样品刺激的影响。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70023

Eric A Thrailkill, Christopher A Podlesnik, Stacey L Quick, Timothy A Shahan

{"title":"Effects of reinforcer probability on attending to element and compound sample stimuli.","authors":"Eric A Thrailkill, Christopher A Podlesnik, Stacey L Quick, Timothy A Shahan","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70023","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that divided-attention performance is sensitive to variations in relative reinforcement in a manner consistent with the generalized matching law. Two experiments with pigeons were designed to better understand the effects of different reinforcement conditions on divided-attention performance. Experiment 1 asked whether separate experience with different relative reinforcement probabilities for elements alone would produce changes in performance during nondifferentially reinforced divided-attention trials with compound samples consisting of those elements. The results suggest that accuracy following compound sample trials varied as a function of relative reinforcement experienced in element trials in a manner consistent with the matching law. Experiment 2 used an adjusting-sample-duration procedure to maintain constant accuracy on element and divided-attention trials and varied the probability of reinforcement across conditions. The sample durations that were required to maintain constant accuracy increased as reinforcement probability decreased even though that longer sample durations were required to maintain accuracy for compound-sample trials than for element-sample trials (the element-superiority effect). Overall, the present results are consistent with the notion that increased attention is allocated to stimuli that are associated with more reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Peter Urcuioli's lasting contribution: Animal memory research and an important model of stimulus class formation. Peter Urcuioli的持久贡献：动物记忆研究和刺激类形成的重要模型。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70019

Thomas R Zentall

{"title":"Peter Urcuioli's lasting contribution: Animal memory research and an important model of stimulus class formation.","authors":"Thomas R Zentall","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.70019","url":null,"abstract":"My collaboration with Peter Urcuioli started with research on delayed matching to sample. Initially we asked, what do pigeons remember during the delay in delayed matching to sample: a retrospective coding of the sample or a prospective coding of the comparison-related response? This led us to examine the basis of the differential outcomes effect. Why are samples associated with differential outcomes learned faster and remembered better than samples associated with common outcomes? This research helped us discover a procedure that resulted in functional stimulus equivalence: Samples associated with the same comparison are commonly associated. This research led Peter to develop his creative model of pigeon equivalence class formation. His model predicts the conditions under which pigeons satisfy the three components of what is known as Sidman equivalence: reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity, phenomena that are difficult to demonstrate in pigeons. Importantly, his model predicts the opposite of reflexivity (anti-reflexivity) and symmetry (anti-symmetry). Research confirming Peter's model laid to rest the belief that the emergent relations defining Sidman equivalence can be satisfied only by an organism capable of using language. In his long career, Peter Urcuioli has made an important and long-lasting contribution to the field of learning and comparative cognition.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Training numerousness to numerosity in the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) 对狗进行大量对大量的训练（犬类）。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70013

Kristie E. Cameron, Aryan Muzumdar, Kayla Briden, Nicola J. Starkey

{"title":"Training numerousness to numerosity in the dog (Canis lupus familiaris)","authors":"Kristie E. Cameron, Aryan Muzumdar, Kayla Briden, Nicola J. Starkey","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.70013","url":null,"abstract":"Dogs show numerousness, which is the ability to identify the larger of two stimuli, most often the number of treats on a plate. However, dogs seem to use mechanisms other than counting to make this discrimination. This study builds on existing research by controlling for (a) olfaction, (b) the surface area of the stimuli, and (c) delivery of a single reinforcer contingent on correct choices in the trained task. Nine dogs were trained to select a dish with 5 dots/treats in a sealed container when presented with comparison stimuli of 1, 4, and 9 dots/treats. The dogs showed numerousness in discriminating between dishes with 1 versus 5 dots, with consistent performance of more than 80% correct. Two dogs could discriminate 4 versus 5 dots, and three dogs learned the 9- versus 5-dot discrimination in which there is a conflict between selecting the larger option and selecting the 5 dots to gain reinforcement in the task. Knowledge of numerical competency, particularly training dogs to select the nonreinforced choice, can offer strategies to facilitate cognitive enrichment and learning in animals or offer enhancement of the capabilities of working dogs where the concept of number might be advantageous in providing additional skills.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"123 3","pages":"486-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Humans exhibit associative symmetry in the absence of backward training and stimulus overlap. 在没有反向训练和刺激重叠的情况下，人类表现出联想对称性。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70020

Victor M Navarro, Edward A Wasserman

引用次数: 0

Low occasion setter salience results in learning conditional stimulus partial reinforcement instead of occasion setting 低情境设定显著性导致学习条件刺激部分强化，而不是情境设定。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70014

Nora M. Barnes-Horowitz, Omar D. Perez, Anastasia Chalkia, Michelle G. Craske, Justin Bois, Tomislav D. Zbozinek

{"title":"Low occasion setter salience results in learning conditional stimulus partial reinforcement instead of occasion setting","authors":"Nora M. Barnes-Horowitz, Omar D. Perez, Anastasia Chalkia, Michelle G. Craske, Justin Bois, Tomislav D. Zbozinek","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.70014","url":null,"abstract":"In real-world settings, stimulus and outcome associations often depend on situational factors, such as Pavlovian occasion setters (OSs), which disambiguate whether a conditional stimulus (CS) will predict an outcome (unconditional stimulus; US). Whereas previous studies show that OSs are often lower in salience than CSs, no study has examined how low-salience OSs affect learning. In two conditioning experiments, we investigated this from the premise that inconsistently reinforced CSs prompt searching for additional stimuli (OSs) that indicate whether the CS will be followed by the US. Occasion setting learning was assessed using extinction rate—as partial reinforcement slows extinction relative to continuous reinforcement—and self-reported latent learning of stimuli. We hypothesized that a high-salience OS would result in faster extinction rates and occasion setting learning, whereas a low-salience OS would result in slower extinction rates and CS partial reinforcement learning. The results of Experiment 1 were mixed; there was no effect of OS salience on extinction rate, but the results for latent learning supported the hypothesis. We conducted Experiment 2 to specifically test extinction rate, and the results supported our hypothesis. The findings suggest that if a salient OS is found, occasion setting is learned; otherwise, CS partial reinforcement is learned.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"123 3","pages":"497-513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generalization across dimensions: A model for three-alternative choice 跨维度的泛化：三种选择的模型。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70012

Michael Davison, Sarah Cowie

{"title":"Generalization across dimensions: A model for three-alternative choice","authors":"Michael Davison, Sarah Cowie","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.70012","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment was an investigation how reinforcers for one response in the presence of one stimulus may generalize to other dimensionally related stimuli. Four pigeons were trained on a three-alternative concurrent variable-interval schedule in which, after an initial condition, extinction was arranged for one alternative. In Part 1, we varied the reinforcer rate on a dimensionally distant alternative while keeping the reinforcer rate on the dimensionally closer stimulus constant. In Part 2, the reinforcer rate for the distant alternative was kept constant and that for the closer alternative was varied. Increasing the reinforcer rate for the closer alternative increased responding on the extinction alternative, but increasing the reinforcer rate on the distant alternative decreased extinction response rates. This result is predicted by the generalization across dimensions model. This model also helps to explain the results from previously reported choice research that involves multiple alternatives, and particularly why Luce's indifference principle is sometimes supported and sometimes not.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"123 3","pages":"471-485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jeab.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An analysis of discounting model selection methods: Assessing the generalization of discounting models 贴现模型选择方法分析：评估贴现模型的泛化性。

IF 1.4 3区心理学

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.70015

Jordan D. Bailey, Mark J. Rzeszutek, Mikhail N. Koffarnus

{"title":"An analysis of discounting model selection methods: Assessing the generalization of discounting models","authors":"Jordan D. Bailey, Mark J. Rzeszutek, Mikhail N. Koffarnus","doi":"10.1002/jeab.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.70015","url":null,"abstract":"How the subjective value of an outcome changes as a function of time, probability, or effort has been an active area of psychological and economic research for decades. The exact functional form of how a commodity is discounted has been debated, and there have been numerous forms proposed. One of the challenges when trying to determine the functional form of discounting data is how models are compared, what modeling methods are used, how many data points are used, and what comparison metrics were used. Thus, we sought to replicate and extend previous research comparing discounting model selection methods by simulating discounting data from five functional forms: the Mazur hyperbolic model (Mazur, 1987), Rachlin hyperboloid (Rachlin, 2006), Myerson–Green hyperboloid (Myerson & Green, 1995), Samuelson exponential model (Samuelson, 1937), and beta-delta model (Laibson, 1997). With each of these models we manipulated the number (i.e., density) of data points, used two forms of modeling, and assessed the degree to which each model generalizes to data it has not used in the fitting process. Model comparisons were conducted using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV). In general, AIC, BIC, and LOOCV selected the correct model, whereas the Rachlin model had the lowest error across folds of LOOCV when relying on multilevel modeling.","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"123 3","pages":"514-525"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0