Vision Research最新文献

Facial expression categorization predominantly relies on mid-spatial frequencies 面部表情分类主要依赖于中空间频率

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108611

Isabelle Charbonneau , Justin Duncan , Caroline Blais , Joël Guérette , Marie-Pier Plouffe-Demers , Fraser Smith , Daniel Fiset

{"title":"Facial expression categorization predominantly relies on mid-spatial frequencies","authors":"Isabelle Charbonneau , Justin Duncan , Caroline Blais , Joël Guérette , Marie-Pier Plouffe-Demers , Fraser Smith , Daniel Fiset","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facial expressions are crucial in human communication. Recent decades have seen growing interest in understanding the role of spatial frequencies (SFs) in emotion perception in others. While some studies have suggested a preferential treatment of low versus high SFs, the optimal SFs for recognizing basic facial expressions remain elusive. This study, conducted on Western participants, addresses this gap using two complementary methods: a data-driven method (Exp. 1) without arbitrary SF cut-offs, and a more naturalistic method (Exp. 2) simulating variations in viewing distance. Results generally showed a preponderant role of low over high SFs, but particularly stress that facial expression categorization mostly relies on mid-range SF content (i.e. ∼6–13 cycles per face), often overlooked in previous studies. Optimal performance was observed at short to medium viewing distances (1.2–2.4 m), declining sharply with increased distance, precisely when mid-range SFs were no longer available. Additionally, our data suggest variations in SF tuning profiles across basic facial expressions and nuanced contributions from low and mid SFs in facial expression processing. Most importantly, it suggests that any method that removes mid-SF content has the downfall of offering an incomplete account of SFs diagnosticity for facial expression recognition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 108611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attention deficits in Amblyopia: A narrative review

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108606

Yuntao Zhou , Benjamin Thompson

{"title":"Attention deficits in Amblyopia: A narrative review","authors":"Yuntao Zhou , Benjamin Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amblyopia has effects on vision that extend from the processing of low-level visual features to higher level functions such as visual attention. In this narrative review, we focus on the impact of amblyopia on visual attention. A structured literature search revealed 28 articles reporting comparisons between amblyopia and normal vision control groups for a variety of visual attention tasks. Several of these articles also included neuroimaging measures. A review of these articles suggested that amblyopia does not affect behavioral performance of tasks with a low attentional load, such as cuing tasks, but deficits emerge for tasks with high demands on visual attention such as multiple object tracking. Deficits are not limited to the amblyopic eye but are also evident under fellow eye and binocular viewing conditions suggesting that abnormal early binocular visual experience can fundamentally alter the development of visual attention. Overall, the current literature suggests that amblyopia is associated with reduced visual attention resources. We raise the possibility that this attention resource deficit may be partially associated with an attentional demand for suppression of the amblyopic eye.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 108606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual pleasantness and unpleasantness of natural surfaces

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108597

Narumi Ogawa , Hiromi Sato , Shiori Mori , Isamu Motoyoshi

{"title":"Visual pleasantness and unpleasantness of natural surfaces","authors":"Narumi Ogawa , Hiromi Sato , Shiori Mori , Isamu Motoyoshi","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the natural environment, we are attracted to pleasant stuffs such as fur and jewels, and turn away from unpleasant stuffs such as decaying matter and gatherings of small insects. Increasing evidence for the dependence of human preferences and aesthetic judgments on simple image features implies that such affective responses to natural surfaces and textures are related to specific image statistics. Using 194 diverse natural surfaces and their statistically synthesized images, the present study examined if and how ratings of pleasantness − unpleasantness are related to low-level image statistics. The results showed that human observers gave similar emotional ratings for natural images and for Portilla-Simoncelli synthesized images. The perceived surface properties such as glossiness, bumpiness, and translucency showed no or little correlation with the emotional ratings and were degraded in synthesized stimuli. The analysis of surface images revealed that the emotional ratings were related to a small set of low-level image statistics, such as excessive power at specific spatial frequencies and cross-orientation energy correlation. The results suggest the critical role of low-level image statistics in affective responses to natural surfaces and textures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 108597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of human binocular vision: An electrophysiological perspective

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108593

Anthony M. Norcia

{"title":"Development of human binocular vision: An electrophysiological perspective","authors":"Anthony M. Norcia","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vision with two eyes confers evolutionary advantages in terms of field of view, binocular summation and the sense of depth from disparity and motion. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the development of binocular vision through the lens of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs). The review begins with early studies of binocular summation that compared monocular to binocular VEP amplitude ratios. This is followed by a description of more definitive indices of binocular interaction afforded by studies of dichoptic masking and intermodulation. We then describe a striking immaturity of binocular motion processing – the developmental motion asymmetry – a monocular nasalward/temporalward asymmetry of motion processing that reflects the child’s developmental history of normal binocular interaction. We end with a review of the development of sensitivity to the primary cue for depth – horizontal retinal disparity. Together, the available results paint a picture of early competency in some respects, combined with both quantitative and important qualitative differences from the adult that suggest the presence of distinct processing mechanisms with different developmental sequences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 108593"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of stimulus onset and offset asynchrony on audiovisual temporal recalibration

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108595

Yaru Wang , Makoto Ichikawa

{"title":"Effect of stimulus onset and offset asynchrony on audiovisual temporal recalibration","authors":"Yaru Wang , Makoto Ichikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When short audiovisual stimuli are presented with a consistent temporal lag, adaptive temporal recalibration occurs to reduce the asynchrony between the stimuli. We investigated adaptive temporal recalibration in prolonged audiovisual stimuli. Specifically, we examined whether temporal recalibration occurs for both the onset and offset of stimuli when these stimulus parts can be distinguished. We also examined whether a constant temporal lag (the auditory stimulus preceded or followed the visual stimulus by 240 ms or 0 ms) at the onset (or offset) of the audiovisual stimuli would allow recalibration for the stimuli’s offset (or onset). Experiments 1 and 2 explored whether temporal recalibration occurs at the audiovisual stimuli’s onset (or offset) when the onset (or offset) is asynchronous in the adaptation phase. Significant temporal recalibration was found only in the auditory leading condition in these experiments. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated whether temporal recalibration occurs at the audiovisual stimuli’s offset (or onset) when the onset (or offset) was asynchronous in the adaptation phase. No significant temporal recalibration was observed in auditory and visual leading conditions in these experiments. These results demonstrated that temporal asynchrony adaptation is only effective when the temporal context (onset or offset) of adapting and test events is matched. The present results suggest that the adaptive temporal recalibration process for prolonged audiovisual stimuli depends upon the onset/offset channel processes and awareness of the temporal lag between those stimulus parts, rather than upon some automatic processing of each stimulus part.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural and functional analysis of the eye according to the accommodation-age relationship

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108596

María Arcas-Carbonell , Elvira Orduna-Hospital , Sara Oliete-Lorente , María Mechó-García , Guisela Fernández-Espinosa , Ana Sanchez-Cano

{"title":"Structural and functional analysis of the eye according to the accommodation-age relationship","authors":"María Arcas-Carbonell , Elvira Orduna-Hospital , Sara Oliete-Lorente , María Mechó-García , Guisela Fernández-Espinosa , Ana Sanchez-Cano","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how accommodative demand affects ocular function by examining variations in the anterior chamber depth (ACD), as well as the retinal and anterior surface curvatures of the crystalline lens across different age groups.</div><div>The study included 96 right eyes from healthy individuals aged 18 to 66 years. Accommodation was assessed using an aberrometer under demands up to 5 diopters (D). Images of the anterior segment and retina were recorded and analyzed with custom software to adjust these surfaces to conic curves, providing data on changes in ACD, anterior surface curvature of the crystalline lens, and retinal shape during accommodation.</div><div>The average age of participants was 35.42 ± 13.55 years. Accommodation matched the demand at low levels (up to 1D) but under-accommodated at higher demands. No significant differences were found in the anterior surface curvature of the crystalline lens with increased accommodation, though a weak trend was observed in younger individuals. ACD significantly decreased with accommodation due to the anterior displacement of the lens. Retinal curvature showed significant changes, including flattening, with increased accommodative demand. There were correlations between the anterior surface eccentricity of the crystalline lens and both ACD changes and retinal eccentricity.</div><div>In conclusion, accommodation effectively responds to demands up to 1D across all ages. Our findings suggest a tendency for retinal curvature to flatten to higher demands, requiring further validation. While the central curvature of the anterior surface of the crystalline lens does not change significantly, ACD decreases with accommodation, indicating how age and presbyopia influence accommodative capacity and structural changes in the eye.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of tripolar and traditional EEG recording of the visual evoked potential

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108594

Mackenzie V. Wise, Gideon P. Caplovitz, Gabriel Foster, Michael A. Crognale

{"title":"Comparison of tripolar and traditional EEG recording of the visual evoked potential","authors":"Mackenzie V. Wise, Gideon P. Caplovitz, Gabriel Foster, Michael A. Crognale","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) is an effective method to quantify brain activity because it is noninvasive and has high temporal resolution. Even so, EEG is highly susceptible to physiological and non-physiological noise. Tripolar concentric ring electrodes (TCREs) provide an EEG measure (tEEG) designed to be robust to extraneous sources of noise. Previous studies have demonstrated this benefit in settings of high physiological noise such as muscle-related potentials and seizure detection. However, less has been done to study the efficacy of this technology in visual neuroscience. This study compares the noise profiles of traditional EEG and tEEG as well as the morphology of the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential recorded simultaneously using tEEG and emulated traditional EEG techniques. Our results indicate the two approaches have qualitatively similar noise profiles with the tEEG being significantly more robust to line noise (i.e. 60 Hz and its harmonics). In addition, while the overall morphology of the evoked potentials are similar, systematic differences in the latencies of the primary peaks of the waveforms indicate the two approaches do not detect exactly the same signal. Arising from the distinct electrode configuration of the TCRE, we hypothesize that the observed differences reflect the spatiotemporal geometry of the underlying neural responses to the pattern-reversing stimulus. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that tEEG is well suited to the study of human visual processing and offers both increased robustness to non-physiological sources of noise and a new opportunity to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of visual processing in the human brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scleral ultrastructure in young rhesus monkeys: A stereological approach

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108592

Suharsha Paidimarri, Baskar Arumugam, Li-Fang Hung, Earl L. Smith III, Alan R. Burns, Lisa A. Ostrin

{"title":"Scleral ultrastructure in young rhesus monkeys: A stereological approach","authors":"Suharsha Paidimarri, Baskar Arumugam, Li-Fang Hung, Earl L. Smith III, Alan R. Burns, Lisa A. Ostrin","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sclera provides mechanical support to the globe and plays a key role in maintenance of ocular structural integrity. Evidence shows that scleral remodeling contributes to biomechanical weakening, increasing the risk of pathologies, such as glaucoma and posterior staphyloma in high myopia. A precise characterization of normal regional ultrastructure is needed for a better understanding of scleral remodeling. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a stereological analysis method to characterize scleral ultrastructure in healthy young rhesus monkey eyes. Monkeys (N = 4 eyes) first underwent normal emmetropization in a primate nursery. At 150 days of age, scleral tissue was collected in 1 mm<sup>2</sup> sections from three regions, equatorial nasal, posterior, and equatorial temporal, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Images were captured at three depths: outer, middle, and inner, for all regions. Scleral thickness, fibroblast volume fraction, volume fraction of fibrillin microfibrils, and collagen fibril diameters were quantified using stereology and manual segmentation. The sclera was thickest in the posterior region with a mean thickness of 217.1 ± 10.1 μm. A total of 103 micrographs were analyzed to compute the volume fraction of fibroblasts and fibrillin microfibrils. Median fibroblast volume fraction was 7.4 %, and fibrillin microfibril volume fraction was 1.8 %. A total of 3564 collagen fibrils, encompassing 99 fibrils per region and depth per eye, were analyzed. Median collagen fibril diameter was 79.8 nm and ranged from 23 nm to 205 nm. This stereological approach provides a foundation for future studies investigating myopic scleral remodeling, where axial elongation and scleral thinning are known to show regional differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108592"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of stimulus size on binocular luster and its implications for the interocular conflict model

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108590

Gunnar Wendt, Franz Faul

{"title":"The effect of stimulus size on binocular luster and its implications for the interocular conflict model","authors":"Gunnar Wendt, Franz Faul","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a series of dichoptic center-ring-surround stimuli in a psychophysical experiment, we examined how the phenomenon of binocular luster is affected by the size of the central target area. Generally, we found that the lustrous sensation continuously decreases with increasing patch size. However, this effect also depends on further stimulus features such as the interocular contrast polarity pairings and the width of the ring element. To account for these complex influences on the magnitude of the lustrous response, significant extensions had to be made to our interocular conflict model. We present two improved versions of our model, a summation and an averaging model, which differ in the way the local conflict values are spatially integrated. Both versions have a very high predictive power. At least for the summation model, we show that the modifications are in good agreement with physiological processes. In particular, we provide evidence that the influence of stimulus size on the lustrous effect can be explained by the combination of two mechanisms: An increasing receptive field size of contrast detector cells and at the same time a decrease of the local density of these cells with increasing retinal eccentricity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attentional misguidance from contextual learning after target location changes in natural scenes

IF 1.5 4区心理学

Vision Research Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2025.108591

Markus Conci, Feifei Zhao

{"title":"Attentional misguidance from contextual learning after target location changes in natural scenes","authors":"Markus Conci, Feifei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.visres.2025.108591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attentional orienting in complex visual environments is supported by statistical learning of regularities. For instance, visual search for a target is faster when a distractor layout is repeatedly encountered, illustrating that learned contextual invariances improve attentional guidance (contextual cueing). Although contextual learning is usually relatively efficient, relocating the target (within an otherwise unchanged layout) typically abolishes contextual cueing, while revealing only a slow recovery of learning. However, such a “lack-of-adaptation” was usually only shown with artificial displays with target/distractor letters. The current study in turn used more realistic natural scene images to determine whether a comparable cost would also be evident in real-life contexts. Two experiments compared initial contextual cueing and the subsequent updating after a change in displays that either presented artificial letters, or natural scenes as contexts. With letter displays, an initial cueing effect was found that was associated with non-explicit, incidental learning, which vanished after the change. Natural scene displays either revealed a rather large cueing effect that was related to explicit memory (Experiment 1), or cueing was less strong and based on incidental learning (Experiment 2), with the size of cueing and the explicitness of the memory representation depending on the variability of the presented scene images. However, these variable initial benefits in scene displays always led to a substantial reduction after the change, comparable to the pattern in letter displays. Together, these findings show that the “richness” of natural scene contexts does not facilitate flexible contextual updating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23670,"journal":{"name":"Vision Research","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 108591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0