Intelligence最新文献

Past reflections, present insights: A systematic review and new empirical research into the working memory capacity (WMC)-fluid intelligence (Gf) relationship

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101874

Ratko Đokić , Maida Koso-Drljević , Merim Bilalić

{"title":"Past reflections, present insights: A systematic review and new empirical research into the working memory capacity (WMC)-fluid intelligence (Gf) relationship","authors":"Ratko Đokić , Maida Koso-Drljević , Merim Bilalić","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to the capacity account, working memory capacity (WMC) is a causal factor of fluid intelligence (Gf) in that it enables simultaneous activation of multiple relevant information in the aim of reasoning. Consequently, correlation between WMC and Gf should increase as a function of capacity demands of reasoning tasks. Here we systematically review the existing literature on the connection between WMC and Gf. The review reveals conceptual incongruities, a diverse range of analytical approaches, and mixed evidence. While some studies have found a link (e.g., Little et al., 2014), the majority of others did not observe a significant increase in correlation (e.g., Burgoyne et al., 2019; Salthouse, 1993; Unsworth, 2014; Unsworth & Engle, 2005; Wiley et al., 2011). We then test the capacity hypothesis on a much larger, non-Anglo-Saxon culture sample (<em>N</em> = 543). Our WMC measures encompassed Operation, Reading, and Symmetry Span task, whereas Gf was based on items from Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (Raven). We could not confirm the capacity hypothesis either when we employed the analytical approach based on the Raven's item difficulty or when the number of rule tokens required to solve a Raven's item was used. Finally, even the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) and its variant, latent growth curve modeling (LGCM), which provide more “process-pure” latent measures of constructs, as well as an opportunity to control for all relevant interrelations among variables, could not produce support for the capacity account. Consequently, we discuss the limitations of the capacity hypothesis in explaining the WMC-Gf relationship, highlighting both theoretical and methodological challenges, particularly the shortcomings of information processing models in accounting for human cognitive abilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"108 ","pages":"Article 101874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101877

Stephen Aichele , Antony Payton , Andrew C. Robinson , Patrick Rabbitt

{"title":"Occupation-related differences in cognitive aging: Comparative effects of job type, skill level, and education","authors":"Stephen Aichele , Antony Payton , Andrew C. Robinson , Patrick Rabbitt","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A century of psychometric research has shown that intelligence is robustly associated with occupational status. Despite a rapidly aging global workforce, occupational differences in cognitive decline remain under-investigated. In a large sample of middle-aged and older adults (<em>N</em> = 5542; age 41–97 years; 70.6 % female), we compared age-based trajectories of general fluid cognition across occupational groups (categorized both by specialization area and skill level). Occupational grouping accounted for 18.6 % of variability in baseline cognitive performance and 3.9 % of variability in rates of decline. Cognitive differences across occupational groups generally followed a skill gradient. These differences were largely retained with increasing age—although between-group variability in rates of decline were also present. Moreover, occupation-cognition associations remained significant after adjustment for education (occupation contributed an additional 5.9 % and 1.8 % to explained variation in baseline cognitive performance and decline in performance, respectively). Having more hobbies in later life accounted for an additional 2.7 % and 1.2 % in explained variation for baseline differences and declines in cognition, respectively. These associations were minimally affected by further adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates, including retirement status. The marked contrast between the cognitive trajectories of academic professionals vs. those of other occupational groups suggests that long-term immersive intellectual engagement may provide tangible benefits for cognitive aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101877"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A special contribution from spatial ability to math word problem solving: Evidence from structural equation modelling and network analysis 空间能力对数学单词解题的特殊贡献：来自结构方程模型和网络分析的证据

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101875

Maxim Likhanov , Fang Wang , Jianing Lyu , Li Wang , Xinlin Zhou

{"title":"A special contribution from spatial ability to math word problem solving: Evidence from structural equation modelling and network analysis","authors":"Maxim Likhanov , Fang Wang , Jianing Lyu , Li Wang , Xinlin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a growing body of research into the factors contributing to math word problem solving. However, these studies usually use limited number of potential predictors (precluding assessing of their contribution in comparison with other factors or “g” general intelligence) and some predictors (such as analogical and hypothetical reasoning) are largely omitted. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore contributions of different types of reasoning to math word problem solving and whether these contributions have added value compared with each other and general cognitive ability. Chinese schoolchildren in Grades 3 (<em>N</em> = 199; Mage = 102.4 months), 4 (<em>N</em> = 162; Mage = 114.6), 5 (<em>N</em> = 174; Mage = 126.1) and 6 (<em>N</em> = 180; Mage = 138.6) completed 8 tasks tapping into spatial, mechanical, verbal, mathematic, hypothetical and analogical reasoning. Our data showed that when 6 general cognitive factors load onto General cognitive ability factor in a Structural Equation Model (SEM), only spatial visualization has additional contribution to Word problem solving factor. Gaussian Graphical models (GGMs) showed that 2 verbal tasks and spatial visualization showed stable (present in at least 3 out of 4 grades) contributions to both word problem solving tasks. Analogical reasoning showed contribution to process of word problem solving only. To sum up, both SEM and GGMs converged on the importance of spatial ability for math word problems solving. Our results call for verbal and spatial ability to be routinely assessed and targeted by educational interventions within math curriculum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142594146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating measurement invariance of the IDS-2 intelligence scales between migrant and non-migrant groups 研究 IDS-2 智力测验量表在移民群体和非移民群体之间的测量不变性

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101873

Lily Gantscheva, Martin Steppan, Alexander Grob

{"title":"Investigating measurement invariance of the IDS-2 intelligence scales between migrant and non-migrant groups","authors":"Lily Gantscheva, Martin Steppan, Alexander Grob","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intelligence plays a crucial role in various aspects of human life, impacting health, academic achievement, and socio-economic success. However, cultural and linguistic disparities in intelligence testing pose challenges, particularly for individuals from migrant backgrounds. This study replicates and extends the landmark study by Wicherts and Dolan (2010) exploring measurement invariance of the German language intelligence test, the Intelligence and Development Scales – 2 (IDS-2), between children and adolescents from migrant (<em>N</em> = 132) and non-migrant (<em>N</em> = 1898) groups. The results revealed partial strict measurement invariance in the IDS-2 intelligence scale subtests across the examined groups. The breach of full strict measurement invariance is primarily due to intercept differences on the verbally loaded subtests—Naming Categories, Naming Opposites, and Story Recall—highlighting the confounding impact of language complexity on test outcomes. These discrepancies resulted in a cumulative intercept difference disadvantaging migrant participants of approximately 4 IQ points on the Full-Scale IQ Score. The findings indicate that while the IDS-2 scales generally assess intelligence consistently across diverse groups, the influence of language complexity on the verbal subtests may result in a disadvantage for children and adolescents with migration backgrounds. To address these biases, we propose the development of non-verbal and culturally fair intelligence tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investment theory and tilt: Evidence from jobs and job families 投资理论与倾斜：来自工作和工作家庭的证据

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101872

Thomas R. Carretta , Malcolm James Ree

{"title":"Investment theory and tilt: Evidence from jobs and job families","authors":"Thomas R. Carretta , Malcolm James Ree","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cattell's (1987) investment theory states that individuals make choices to “invest” their cognitive ability in some areas but not in others. The theory suggests that individuals should gravitate to training and occupations that align with their investments. To test this theory, scores reflecting academic ability (ACAD) and technical knowledge (TECH) were derived from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery for a large sample of United States Air Force enlistees. The ACAD and TECH scores were used to create an index of ACAD-TECH tilt. Analyses were performed separately for 19 training courses with a technical knowledge requirement (mechanical or electronic) and 34 courses with no technical knowledge requirement. Consistent with investment theory, most of the technical training courses (63 %) had a technical tilt (TECH > ACAD), whereas most of the non-technical training courses (88 %) had an academic tilt (ACAD > TECH). ACAD had the strongest correlation with training grades for both the technical (<em>r</em> = 0.386) and non-technical (<em>r</em> = 0.318) courses. Tilt demonstrated weaker correlations with training grades than either ACAD or TECH for both the technical and non-technical courses. Final School Grade (FSG) was regressed on ACAD, TECH, and Sex. Similar results were observed for all courses, technical courses only, and non-technical courses only. ACAD was significantly correlated with FSG, with little incremental validity for either TECH (Δ <em>r</em> from 0.000 to 0.010) or the contribution of TECH and Sex (Δ <em>r</em> from 0.001 to 0.012).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101872"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DNA and IQ: Big deal or much ado about nothing? – A meta-analysis DNA 和智商：大事还是小事？- 荟萃分析

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101871

Florence A.R. Oxley , Kirsty Wilding , Sophie von Stumm

引用次数: 0

Ecological cognitive assessment has incremental validity for predicting academic performance over and above single occasion cognitive assessments 生态认知评估在预测学习成绩方面的有效性高于单一场合认知评估的有效性

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101869

Arabella C. Vaughan, Damian P. Birney

{"title":"Ecological cognitive assessment has incremental validity for predicting academic performance over and above single occasion cognitive assessments","authors":"Arabella C. Vaughan, Damian P. Birney","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout the history of psychometric testing, cognitive ability has predominantly been construed as an ability that differs between individuals but not within individuals. As a result, the influence of time and context on within-person variation in cognitive performance has not been well explored. This is despite the fact that the criterion outcomes that cognitive assessments are used to predict, such as educational and workplace performance, inherently encompass performance variability over time and context. In this paper, we provided novel evidence that ecological cognitive assessment has incremental validity for predicting academic performance over and above single occasion cognitive assessments. We proposed the use of a cognitive Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) approach to generate short-term repeated measures of cognitive performance and recommended a set of parameters that can be used to describe ecological within-person variation in EMA data. We then empirically tested these parameters across two studies in which participants completed a series of cognitive tasks delivered via the EMA as well as a traditional single occasion cognitive assessment that is time and context-invariant. Our findings showed that a range of ecological cognitive performance parameters had incremental utility for predicting first year university performance above and beyond the traditional cognitive assessment. Further, this appeared to occur because ecological cognitive performance parameters describe some aspect of cognitive performance not captured by the traditional time and context-invariant assessment. We suggest that what these parameters capture is information about an individual's typical ecological cognitive performance over the short-term, which is critical information for predicting educational and workplace success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000631/pdfft?md5=c819b7409536b6af3b26837db6f76ad7&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000631-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The threshold for teratogenic effects on child intelligence of prenatal exposure to phenylalanine 产前接触苯丙氨酸对儿童智力产生致畸影响的阈值

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101868

Keith F. Widaman , Jonathan Lee Helm

{"title":"The threshold for teratogenic effects on child intelligence of prenatal exposure to phenylalanine","authors":"Keith F. Widaman , Jonathan Lee Helm","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary aim of this study was to model the form of the relation between prenatal phenylalanine exposure and offspring cognitive outcomes and thereby identify the threshold for teratogenic effects of prenatal phenylalanine exposure. The participants were the 413 children and their mothers from the International Maternal Phenylketonuria Collaborative (MPKUC) Study. Consistent with prior research, average phenylalanine (PHE) level in the mother's blood throughout the pregnancy was the strongest predictor of later developmental status. Both linear regression and two-piece linear spline models were fit to the offspring outcome data, using average prenatal PHE exposure as independent variable. Results supported a nonlinear relation between prenatal PHE exposure and offspring cognitive outcomes, with damage to the developing fetus if average PHE levels were above approximately 6 to 7 mg/dL (360 to 420 μmol/L). Interestingly, prenatal PHE exposure had a moderately strong effect on offspring outcomes at 1 year of age and then had stronger effects on offspring outcomes at 2 years, even stronger at 4 years, and then stronger still at 7 years of age. The results of this study have major implications for dietary treatment of pregnant women with PKU and for conceptions of the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in affecting children's intellectual development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

g: Formative, reflective, or both? g:形成性、反思性，还是两者兼有？

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101870

Elena Kazali , George Spanoudis , Andreas Demetriou

{"title":"g: Formative, reflective, or both?","authors":"Elena Kazali , George Spanoudis , Andreas Demetriou","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined how general cognitive ability, g, is formed from preschool to late childhood and how it interacts with specific mental processes. A large sample (<em>N</em> = 401), about equally drawn from each of the age years 4 through 12 were examined with a large array of attention control, working memory, relational integration, Raven-like matrices, and awareness of perceptual and inferential origins of representations. Confirmatory Factor Analysis examined if g is a reflective construct causally affecting these processes or a formative construct gradually emerging from mastering these processes, and how it varies throughout this age period. We found that g is a reflective construct gearing on a core of relational integration and mental awareness, which changes in cycles: it is primarily based on attention control and perceptual awareness from 4 to 6, inferential awareness and working memory from 7 to 9, and inhibition, inferential awareness, and complex inductive reasoning from 10 to 12 years. The implications of the study for the century-old dispute about the nature and development of human general intelligence and modern theories of intelligence and cognitive development are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inconsistent Flynn effect patterns may be due to a decreasing positive manifold: Cohort-based measurement-invariant IQ test score changes from 2005 to 2024 不一致的弗林效应模式可能是由于正流形递减造成的：2005 年至 2024 年基于队列的测量变量智商测试分数变化

IF 3.3 2区心理学

Intelligence Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2024.101867

Sandra Oberleiter , Jonathan Fries , Florence Dejardin , Johanna Heller , Christian Schaible , Marco Vetter , Martin Voracek , Jakob Pietschnig

{"title":"Inconsistent Flynn effect patterns may be due to a decreasing positive manifold: Cohort-based measurement-invariant IQ test score changes from 2005 to 2024","authors":"Sandra Oberleiter , Jonathan Fries , Florence Dejardin , Johanna Heller , Christian Schaible , Marco Vetter , Martin Voracek , Jakob Pietschnig","doi":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intell.2024.101867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Generational IQ test score changes in the general population (i.e., the Flynn effect, typically reported as increases of 2–4 IQ points per decade) have recently been observed to behave inconsistently. It has been speculated that these inconsistencies may be attributable to the well-established negative relation of test score gains with psychometric <em>g</em>. Here, we provide the first direct empirical investigation of cross-temporal changes in the positive manifold of intelligence. In this cohort-comparison study, we examined performance changes in two population-representative Germanophone samples (<em>N</em> = 1267) across six measurement-invariant intelligence subscales from 2005 to 2024. Our analyses revealed substantial declines in single-factor analysis-based <em>g</em> assessments (Δ<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> range: ‐.037 to -.066) from 2005 to 2024. Despite this decrease in the positive manifold strength, we observed meaningful test score increases in all domains (<em>d</em> range: 0.18 to 1.24), with the largest gains in the lower tail of the intelligence distribution (i.e., conforming to Rodgers', 1998, idea of narrowing ability distributions). Our findings provide direct evidence for a decreasing strength of the positive manifold of intelligence as a noticeable driver of the accumulating evidence for negative Flynn effects, which may be a consequence of increasing ability differentiation in the general population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13862,"journal":{"name":"Intelligence","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 101867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000618/pdfft?md5=a8260e2b3ed8b833cca81e41bd73d121&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289624000618-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0